Indianapolis Journal, Volume 53, Number 326, Indianapolis, Marion County, 22 November 1903 — Page 34

PART TIIREE. 10

THE INDIANAPOLIS JOURNAL, SUNDAY, NOVEMBER 22, 1903.

STATUS OF THE CANAL

WORK ALREADY ACCOMPLISHED O THE PANAMA ROTTE. Hrport of Gen IL L. Abbot. 1. v .. a Caadttlona mm He Found Them Daring the Yenra WHAT THE OLD COMPANY DID VAS I' AMOI ST OF AC T! aft "OSSTRI -TIOS WAS COMPLETED. Dnt Seenred for Sneeeaafw! (arryinR on of the Enterprise Statistics aad Reqnlrenaenta of Project. IHEN. io 1896, the New Panama Canal Company rase, phoenix-llke. from tlie wreck of the De Lesseps enterprise, It succeeded not only to valuable franchises and conconcecsions. but to a vast amount of work already accomplished; to a colossal aggregation of plant and appliances for the carrying on to completion of the work, and the most essential requirement of all a broader knowledge of the needs and possibilities incident to the work at hand than the old company had possessed. When the new company put its force of 4.000 men at work it found two-flfths of Um entiK canal work actually completed, according to the estimates of Its own eugineers. Of the 46.5 miles the portions ad:acent to the sea at both ends had been excavated, and on the higher levels beyond the twenty-eighth mile from the Atlantic a large amount of work had been done. At Culebra. the highest point on the canal, the cut was carried, by Dec. 1 of that rear, to a depth of 164 feet. The expending of the old company, as compiled from the report of the receivers, were 1156, 400,000. and of this sum the cost of excavation and embankments was 188.600,001 On the second point that of facilities for carrying on the work it Is not necessary to go to the report of the receivers, nor yet to the prospectus of the new Panama Canal Company, issued on Dec. 26. 1898. Richard Hurling Davis. in his "Thr. . Oringos in Venezuela and Central America," declared that the pathos of the situation was not that the works were rotting and the machinery rusting, but that each and every bit of the appliance? for carrying on the work was kept as if on exhibition, in complete readiness for an army of workmen to take hold and push the work to completion. Regarding the third point, the company stated in its own behalf: "At the present time (December of 1896) the topography of all the grounds involved In the project, and the character of the materials to be encountered, are actually knowa and delineated; deep and extensive excavations, as well as numerous soundings and borings have made known the subterranean strata underlying the surface, and by those means no doubt is left of the soundness of the materials through which the canal la to be dug to great depths, and on which the foundations of the locks, dams and other structures are to be established." One of the first acta of the new company was to appoint a commission composed of the moat eminent engineers in the world, and for nearly two yeara this body of experts went over the ground, investigating very phase of the situation, while the company went ahead with such work as might be done without waiting for their report. Third in the list of these men was Brigadier General Henry L. Abbot, corps of engineers, I. S. A., retired, who signed the report of the commission, and later summarised Its findings in an article published In the Engineering News on Oct. 6, Us. The article sets forth the exact status of the work at that time, and as comparatively little has been done since theL, except to keep the works io order and to prevent, so far as possible, the deterioration of the plant, it is reproduced here aa being a concise description of the property to which, in all probability, the United States will succeed. It also sets forth briefly a comparative statement of the merits and demerits of the Panama and Nicartgua routes. STATISTICS OF CAN Ali WORK. Comparison with Other Similar En tarprlaas Work of Old Company. After the failure of the old Panama Canal Company, lu February, 1889, the property passed Into the hands of a receiver, who, aeeklng to save from ruin the vast number of subscribers of moderate means, referred the technical problems to a "Comite d'Etudes" aelected from amongst the best engineers of France. In May, 1890 this commission made an able report, indicating the numerous points which demanded further investigation before final plans could be Judiciously adopted, but suggeating the general features of such a plan, based on a study of all existing data. To make these further investigations a new company was oigauised in October. 1894; and since that date it baa quietly prosecuted its labors and has now collected all the information needed to command the confidence of engineers in its definite project. It is to set fort! this project, and to ludicate its superiority to anything possible in Nicaragua, that the oresent article is written. It may be proper to add that the writer, as a member of a technical commission of engineers, made last spring a careful examination of the entire route of the Panama canal, and is thus possessed of definite personal information, in some degree assisted by having formerly traversed Nicaragua. The following are the essential featurea of thla project, indoraed, with some possible future modifications in details, by a comite technique, containing French, English. German, Russian and American engineers, among them the chief engineers of the Manchester and of the Kiel ahip canals. The original plan contemplated placing the canal in the bed of the Chagres, and conducting the river to the sea through artificial channels. This project was long ago definitely abandoned, being replaced b the fami iar system of locks and dams which has teen so often successfully app'led to other rivers. Careful measurements and studies of the regimen of this torrential stream have shown the system to be entirely applicable to it. and that none of the constructions demanded will exceed the limits of recognized engineering practice. To these advantages it should be aided that two good harbors already exist at the. Atlartic and PaclflC terminals, that an American railway is in active operation parallel and in close proximity to the line of the canal tnroughout Its entire extent; that about 40 per cent, of the whole length has been actually excavated, and that great progress has beeu made on the Intermediate portions; and finally, that e x-t-naive pre a rations have already been lad tor accommoda iiua the arm of

laborers which will be required on any isthmian canal. These reasons certainly demaud that the comparative merits of this route should be considered before adopting another location for the canal now generally believed to be essential to meet the needs of our Atlantic and Pacific coasts. NICARAGTAN CONDITIONS. In Nicaragua the general conditions are distinctly Inferior. Two ports must be artificially prepared; one at least of great practical difliculty. since nature has already closed the hir'oor. About 120 miles of railroad must be built, mostly traversing a wilderness. Almost nothing has been done in the way of construction or of preparation for the work. Of the whole length of 176 miles, sixty-eight miles follow the bed of a crodked river, where the prevailing trade winds and the currents resulting from the whole outflow of Lake Nicaragua will unite to aggravate the difficulty of shipping In transit. The length of the route is about four times that of the Panama canal, adding proportionately to the time of passage; finally, at least one dam is demanded, quit" without precedent in our canal construction, besides several miles of

huge embankments in the San Francisco basin, where the foundations are extremely bad. and where a rupture at any future time would entail veritable disasters. But passing from generalities, the details of the Panama project will first be considered. The Canal Proper. The total length Is SENATOR JOHN

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Senator Morgan has long been noted for his strenuous advocacy of a canal connecting the Culf of Mexico with the Pacific ocean. He holds out for the Nicaraguan route, and threatens to block the Panama project if he can find a way.

seventy-five kilometers (46.5 miles), of which five (3.1 miles) lie in the Bay of Panama, between Isle Nuos and La Boen. Of the seventy kilometers (43.4 miles) of inland construction, twenty-four IlkWiialSfS (14.88 miles) on the Atlantic side (between Colon and Bohlo) and seven kilometers (4.34 miles) on the Pacific side (between L.a Boca and Miraflores) will be at the sea level, and of this distance about twenty-five kilometers (15.5 miles) are now essentially excavated; thus there remains only thirty-eight kilometers (23.5 miles) to be traversed by the aid of locks; aud here also so much actual work has been done that no visitor can pass over the line without appreciating that the canal can no longer be regarded as an experiment. Of these thirty-eight kilometers between Bohlo and Miraflores. the first twenty-two (13.64 miles) extending from Bohio to Obispo, will traverse a vast lake 5,500 hectares (13,585 acres) in extent, created in the valley of the Chagres by a dam at Bohlo. Its level above the sea will range between a minimum of sixteen meters (52.48 feet) and a maximum of twenty meters (65.60) feet), the normal level being seventeen meters (B.H feet.) A reservoir of 150 million cubic meters (52.950 million cubic feet) is thus provided to control in part the floods of the river. Access to the lake will be furnished by two double locks at Bohlo. There thus will remain to be considered only the sixteen kilometers (ten miles) lying between Obispo, where the canal leaves the Chagres river and Miraflores, where sea-level is reached. This section includes the continental divide at the Culebra, approached on the side of the Atlantic by the valley of the Obispo, a tributary of the Chagres, and on the Pacific by the valley of the Rio Grande. The great economic problem to solve has been to determine the most advantageous level for the bottom of the canal between these two points, with a view to afford the best balance between the cost and the time of constructing the locks and dams on the one hand aud deep cutting on the other. TO REGULATE FLOODS. This problem, with its adjuncts of how to best supply the summit level during the dry season, and how to regulate the floods of the Chagres during the rainy season, and how to provide hydraulic power for lighting and operating the canal at all seasons, has been most thoroughly studied on the spot by the new company since its organisation in 1SJ4. Space is lacking to detail the trivial excavations, aggregating three millions cubic meters, the surveys, the borings, the gaugings of the water courses and the many other details which have been investigated in the most elaborate manner. Suffice it to say that, after comparative estimates of sixteen variants, the comite technique has advised the adoption of a level of 20.75 meters (sixty-eight fatt) abort mean tide, which, should experience in the active prosecution of the work render it expedient, will admit of modification, either by adding two more locks, raising the K -vel of the cut to 29.5 meters (ninety-seven feet), or of suppressing one or perhaps two locks, aud thus reducing it to ten meters (thirtythree feet.) This definite plan, placing the bottom of the canal at a level of 20.75 meters, involves two double locks at Obispo, raising the water surface at the summit level to a maximum of 31.25 meters (l'2.5 fast) and a minimum of 29.75 meters (IMI fast); one double lock at l araiso droppsnl these levels to 23.25 meters (76.2b feet) and 22 25 met. rs r,2'ja feet), two double locks at PedroMigue!, dropping them to 6.25 meters (20.5 feet) and 5.25 meters (1X.22 feet); and a tidal lock at Miraflores. where the water level varies between three meters, or t n feet, above, aud three meters below mean tide. (Ou the Atlantic side the tidal oscillation is only i few Inches, and no such provision f is needful.) The length of the se levels In every case exceeds two kilometers (LM miles), thus avoiding trouble from OST Hl a tlons due to lockages. In reference to the deep cutting at Culebra the bugbear of former days It is ouly needful to say that the excavation has air.al. be. u carried below the level of the .soft uper strata. Which gives so much trouble by slldlug,

and is now and will continue to be in an indurated clay schist, requiring blasting, and passing to veritable rock. 8erious trouble need no longer be apprehended here. This problem has been studied most thoroughly by the new company luvolving the removal of about two milllion cubic meters

of material, the sinking of many pits and ; borings, and the construction at the worst point of a tunnel 210 meters long (6S9 feet) at a level of forty-one meters (134.5 feet.) In locating the line of the canal, great care has been taken to avoid abrupt curves. A minimum radius of 2,500 meters (8.200 feet) is adopted for the central cut. and 3.000 meters (9.840 feet) for the rest of the line, except near Bohio, where radii of 2.500 meters and MM meters (6.500 feeti occur in enlargements having a bottom width of sixtv-two meters U-U feet) and near Obis- i po. where one radius of 1.700 meters (5.576 feet) occurs with I bottom width of eighty meters (262.4 feet.) Even with the large standard curves adopted, suitable enlargements will be provided to render the route perfect in this important detail, in respect to which it is more favored by nature than either Kiel or Manchester. CROSS SECTIONS. The cross-section to be given the canal aries in different localities, as shown In the following table: The depth is uniformly nine meters (29.52 feet), and the side slopes usually three base to two height In earth, and two base to three height in rocky cuts, in respect to berms aud revetments, the latest practice, as recommended T. MORGAN by the recent International Congress of Engineers at Brussels, will be followed. Earth. Rocky cuts. I tot torn Ilottom Sec. width, Sec. width, sq m. nit rs. sq m. mtrs. Colon to Bohio 408.5 30 380.2 34 Lake Bohio (minimum). ..'7!. 50 531.0 53 Summit level 36 379.3 3 Paraiso to Pedro MIruoI. 406.5 30 380.2 34 Pedro Miguel to Mira flores 406.5 30 2S0.2 34 Mlratlores to La Boca. .7-"0.0 30 Hay of Panama (low tide) 693.0 50 Low tide. Enlargements 600 meters (1,968 feet) long and sixty meters (196.8 feet) wide at bottom, to enable vessels to pass each other, will be provided in the canal at intervals of about eight kilometers (4.96 miles); but immediately above and below the locks these dimensions will be raised to 700 meters CUM feet), and sixtyrtwo meters (203.4 feet.) The Locks. The locks, all founded on rock, are to be double, the larger chamber having a serviceable length of 225 meters (738 feet) a width of twenty-five meters (82 feet), and a depth of 9.5 meters (31.16 feet) at the sides, and ten meters (32.8 feet) at the middle. The smaller chamber has the same serviceable length, with intermediate gates to reduce it to 130 meters (SjM fett) when desired; a width of eighteen meters (5!).ü4 feet); and the same depth as the other. The larger will be constructed first, together with the foundations and head of the smaller, thus permitting the latter to be completed after opening the canal to traffic. The maximum lift has baaa fixed at nine meters (29.5 feet), except at Bohio, where provisions for ten meters (32.8 feet) wll! be made, for use during extreme floods of the Chagres, which last ouly for a few hours. The gate will be pivoted single leaf type, and water will be supplied by pipes buried in the lock floors and delivering ou each side and throughout the whole length of the chamber, the flow beiug regulated by valves of the low level cylindrical pattern. Entrance to the chambers from either direction will be facilitated by crib piers, sixty meters long, with detached heads to protect the structure against shocks. The Dams.. There will be six dams, five located on the Hue of the canal at Bohlo. at Obispo, at Paralso. at Pedro-Miguel and at Miraflores. and one at Alhajuela, sixteen kilometers (ten miles) above, on the upper Chagres. Of these only the first and last need be considered, as the other four are minor affairs presenting no engineering difficulties (three of them are to be. of masonry and one of earth.) GREAT BOHIO DAM. The dam at Bohio will be of earth, abut ting on conglomerate rock at the sides, and founded on a compact bed of clay, believed to be diluvial. The length of the crest will be 392 meter- CLZM feet); the extreme height abcVs the bed of the river, twenty-three meters (7".4 feet), and above the foundation HJ n:- ters (93.5 feet). The width at the t which rises three meters (ten feet) above the MajMSi level of the lake, will be fifteen nit ters i::2 feet), the upstream slope has a height of one ou a base of three, with tow huff each three meters (ten feet) wide, the whole riveted with stone laid dry; the downstream slope has a height of two ot: a bast of tlm', with one berm three meters wide, and is supported by a mass of loose rock ribing to a sufficient height to protect the dam if. in spite of all precautions, it should chance to be overtopped by a sudden flood during construction. A puddled core, and a OOecreti wall at the upper toe, will .ut off any possible leakage. The mass of the dam will be of excellent materials found in the ajoas vicinity. During construction the river will be diverted through the rock cut for the locks, with ample provisions by reservoirs for i "Dilating larger floods. All the details have baaa careful! y studied, and the project has received the unanimous approval of the comite teeh.do.ue. The dam it Alhajuela will be of coucrete masonry founded oa and abutting against compac t rock. The length of crest will be 285.5 meters (998.4 feet); aud the height forty-one meters t'54.5 feet) above the bed of the river ami fifty meters (164 feet) above the deepest part of the rock foundation.

The cross-section conforms to the conditions of recent engineering practice. To facilitate construction, a tunnel 300 meters (984 feet) long and seventy-five square meters (807 square feet) In crosssection will be driven through the ridge to a bend of the river below, and a temporary dam will divert into It the minor flood discharges of the river. To meet the case of larger floods, the dam will be raised alternately on the two sides, thus allowing space for a portion to be overflowed without interrupting the work. These details have baaa carefully studied, and meet the approval of the comite technique. Engineers will recogulze the immense advantages possessed by the Panama route, in the matter of dam construction, over the conditions found at Nicaragua, where the diversion of the San Juan river is admitted to be impracticable, and where the foundations present extraordinary difficulties aud demand an unusual structure quite without precedent for canal purposes. Regulation cf the Chagres River. This subject, comprising the control of the floods and the supply of the summit level, has received the elaborate in vestigatien demanded by its importance. Space is lacking for details, but the general features are the following: - CHAGRES RIVER LEVELS. At Alhajuela the low water surface of the river is twenty-eight meters (91. M feet) above sea level; at Gamboa, fourteen meters (forty-six feet), and at Bohio, naught meters. The- mean annual dis

charges at these three points respectively are sixty-three cubic meters (2,224 cubic feet), eighty-four cubic meters (2.965 cubic feet), and 121 cubic meters (4,261 cubic feet) per second. During the three low water months (February. M.irch and April) these mean volumes fall to twenty-seven cubic meters (953 cubic feet), thirty-one cubic meters (1,094 cubic feet), and thirty-nine cubic meters (1,376 cubic feet), the minimum being nine cubic meters (31S cubic feet), ten cubic meters (353 cubic feet), and fourteen cubic meters (459 cubic feet.) The maxi mum flood volumes closely estimated on the basis of the floods of 1879, the largest within the memory of the inhabitants, is at Gamboa, 2,040 cubic meters (57,539 cubic feet) per second, and at Bohlo 3,100 cubic meters (109,410 cubic feer). The floods of the river, great and small, are all of the torrential type, resulting from the heavy and wide spread tempests of the rainy season. Their duration is extremely short, rarely ex ceeding in the greatest floods forty-eight hours at Gamboa and ninety-six hours at Bohio. The maximum heights ever attained above the low water stage are about eleven meters (36.1 feet) at Gamboa, and twelve meters (39.36 feet at Bohio. These figures, resulting from years of patient and careful observations, have furnished the basis for solving the two great questions of river regulation presented by the problem of the canal. I'pon an estimate, known to be safe, of allowing 1,000 cubic meters (35,300 cubic feet) per second to freely pass Gamboa and 1.200 cubic meters (42,360 cubic feet) to freely pass Bohlo. teservoirs to contain 100 million cubic meters (3,530.000.000 cubic feet) above Alhajuela, and 150 million cubic meters (5,295.000.000 cubic feet) above Bohio are needful to restrain the greatest known floods; and these are provided by the dams already described. In no other than the flood of 1879 would so large volumes be demanded. The level of these lakes to be regulated by overflow weirs of the Stoney type, which have given perfect satisfaction on the Manchester canal, aud which have the great merit of allowing the sills to be placed below the water surface without serious leakage. The volume of 1,000 cubic meters (35.300 cubic feet) per second permitted to pass Alhajuela will follow the bed of the Chagres to Lake Bohio. The volume of 1,200 cubic meters (42.360 cubic feet) allowed to escape from the latter, will pass by two overflow weirs one to the left of the canal, discharging 500 cubic meters (17,650 cubic feet) per second through the bed of the Chagres and its derivation, and the other at the sources of Rio Gigante, discharging 700 cubic meters (24,710 cubic feet) by a route also separated from the canal. DRY SEASON NEEDS. To supply the summit level during the season of low water, the inflow of twenty cubic meters (706 cubic feet) per second will be required. To provide 7,000 horsepower for lighting the canal and operating the gates, fifteen cubic meters (530 cubic feet) per second are demanded, falling thirty-two meters (105 feet) at Alhajuela, and sixteen meters (52.5 feet) at Bohlo, and acting on turbines driving dynamos to transmit the power in the form of electricity. The reservoir capacity, in excess of the low water flow of the Chagres, to supply these two needs, is 130 million cubic meters (4.589 million cubic feet). The area of the lake above Alhajuela is 2,300 hectares (5,750 acres) at the level of sixty-one meters (200 feet) above tide water and 3,000 hectares (7,500 acres) at the level of sixty-five meters (213 feet), the crest being sixty-nine meters (226 feet), calling for a layer of water nine meters (29.5 feet) deep to contain loO million cubic meters for flood storage and 130 million for low water supply. Upou this basis the capacity of the lake has been regulated. To transport the needful volume of water (twenty cub'.'- meters per second) from Alhajuela to the summit level, a feeder sixteen kilometers (ten miles) long will leave the lake at a level of fifty-eight meters (10t.3 teet) above tide, and follow the left bank to a lateral valley, discharging gently into the summit level about a kilometer (0.62 miles) from the locks at Obispo. The fall between the lake and point of delivery will be seventeen meters (55.8 feet), and the cross-section is established to carry from twenty-live (882) to forty cubic meters (1.412 cubic feet) per second, with a view to meeting all possible contingencies of a largely increased traffic. At these heights water will flow into the canal even if the higher summit level should finally be found to be more advantageous. The feeder traverses a difficult region and will be costly, but all details of construction have been successfully elaborated. At Lake Bohio, as already stated, a capacity of 150 million cubic meters is needed for storage during great floods, and to assist the overflow weirs in regulating the level during the suddeu influx of smaller floods. This volume calls for a layer of water three meters (ten feet) deep, aud another meter has been added, to contaiu a reserve for supplying evaporation in the lake during the dry season. SOLUTION POSSIBLE. From the foregoing it will be seen that the hydraulic problems presented by this turbulent river at one time regarded as so serious admit of satisfactory solution. This is hardly the case in Nicaragua, where one of the great difficulties of the project is the regulation of a summit level depending on that of an immense lake 2.700 square miles in extent, receiving directly the drainage of 8.700 squar? miles of territory, together w dh that of 2,250 square miles more through the tributaries of the San Juan river above the dam at Ochoa. conditions which reuh r th- ordinary method of storage reservoirs wholly inapplicable. Nevertheless a dellrate regulation of this level, and at an artificial height, is essential to avoid on the- one- haud drowning a cultivated district ou the west shore, aud ou the other haud exposing rocks in the navigable bed of the Sau Juan. These difficulties are ag-

If

PLOT gravated by the necessity of placing the overflow weirs near Ochoa, at a distance of more than 1(X kilometers (sixty-two miles) from the lake. In this connection it may be noted that in the matter of rainfall the Panama canal is the more fortunate. All the difficult excavations and works of construction, except those near Bohio, lie in the interior where the annual downfall, as determined by thirty-two years of observation, is ninety-three inches, or only about 50 per cent, more than on our gulf coast, while in Nicaragua, the most difficult constructions, including the Ochoa dam and In the San Francisco embankments. He a district where the downfall, as determined from the datn collected by the Nicaragua Canal Company (about seven years' observations), Is 266 inches, or nearly three times as much. Estimates. This subject has received the mose careful study, both in determining quantities and unit prices. Much valuable data as to the latter, based on actual experience on the isthmus, has been available. The cost of each different project, and there have been sixteen different variants, has been estimated In detail, and a selection between them has thus been reached intelligently. The sum needed for the work of construction proper is, in round numbers, $lio.O00.000. The element of time is more difficult to determine, but the volume remaining to be excavated at the Culebra being a little less than twelve million cubic meters (15,600,000 cubic yards), it is believed that tea years is a conservative estimate. NICARAGUAN DEMERITS. The Nicaragua Canal. To the general relative merits of the two canals already considered may be added that the Panama route lies In the Interior of Colombia, while that by Nicaragua lies near the Costa Rican boundary, where hostilities are liable at any time to cause difficulties, as they already have done during the canal examination by the "Walker commission last spring. Also that in respect to danger from possible earthquakes, which might easily cause trouble at the great locks, Panama is by far the more safe, because no active volcano is found within a distance of at least 200 miles from it, while three lie in the close vicinity of the route of the Nicaragua canal, and one within only forty miles of its western locks. Last April an earthquake destroyed substantial masonry buildings at Leon, only 100 miles distant from these lock sites. But while it is thus easy to compare the two canals in their general features, and to see that the route by Panama is much superior to that by Nicaragua, when details are considered, we are confronted by the fact that really no definite project can be claimed for the latter. The company's project, as revised by the government commission, of which General Ludlow was president, is shown on the accompanying drawing, which may be compared with that given to illustrate the Panama project, but it should be noted that the latter has double the horizontal scale, thus failing to Impress the eye by 50 per cent., with its relative merit in respect to length. The data upon which this project was based were so unsatisfactory to the Ludlow commission that they reported: "For obtaining the necessary data for the formation of a final project, eighteen months' time, covering two dry seasons, and an expenditure of $350,000, will be required." A new commis sion has been appointed, and new surveys inaugurated, and it appears from the views of the individual members, as given before the select committee of the Senate In June, 1898, that the changes undergoing study are radical In their nature, and that, although some at least of the engineering difficulties which Impressed the former government commission are recognized as grave, no means of avoiding them have yet been dis covered. Under these conditions it is apparent that confidence cannot be accorded to such a project, and that really there is only one canal, that of Panama, whose construction could be judiciously undertaken at the present time. It is to be hoped before the government embarks on so important a work that the relative merits of the two routes will be examined and judged by a commission of expert engi neers, for it is certain that only one canal is now needed, and that that one should be the best possible. In Benjamin'! Own Town. Philadelphia Record. A teacher of singing In one of the public schools attempted the other day to illus träte to her pupils just what was meant by time in asking if any of her pupils had ever watched the pe-ndulum of a clock. There was a dead silence. "Do you know what the pendulum of a clock, is?" asked the teacher. Again there was a dead silence. "Has any member of the class ever seen a pendulum?" was the next query. No member of the class ever had. so far as outward signs would indicate. The final question was: "Has any one ever heard of a pendulum?" The same period of silence ensued, until a boy at the foot of the class began waving his hand frantically In the air. "Well. James, have you ever heard of a pendulum?" asked the teacher. "Yes'm; Pendulum Franklin!" was the astonishing reply. The Peasant Girl. Beyond the sea he goes, beyond the sea De8 he look back to A ready and me? And vet. how could it l-? How should he mate with such a maid as I? Ah. let him go goodby ! Peyond my slaht he Roe, beyond my sight. Does he look back and say, "My sweet, good night?" And yet is love so light? How should he know the pain I could not tell? Ah. let him go fureweli: Beyond my prayer he goes, beyond my prayer. Does he look back from out the great world there? And yet. how could I dare? How should he know if love be wrong or right? Ah, let him go good night: Jwdvhine Daskaia.

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NOW bN SALE AT PER CASE I 52 52265$ SEND FOR AN OLD INDIANA TOWN t ITICA, OS THE OljlO RIVER. HAS AX INTERESTING HISTORY. Knonn aa the -?me Center" of the Inited States Indiana Terrified the Earl Settlers. i Correspondence of the ''.dlananolis Journal. CHARLESTOWN. Ind., Nov. 20. Six miles southeast of tls place the old county-seat of Clark cofnty, and eight miles ty-seat of Clark cofntj above Jeffersonvllle, n situated the quaint Jd lime center of the Unte the Ohio river, is town of Utica, the ited States. The only settlers who came .'from the beautiful Mohawk valley, in western New York, from the vicinity of UticJ., may possibly have had in mind as thel tint boated down the Ohio from Pittsburg J the lines of the poet: No pent-up 1'tioa J-vuiflnes ,our powers, But all the bound! fs universe is ours. That is, they ma vi have sung the above lines if not too busyflodging Indian arrows and bullets as they saddled downward toward the Falls of tlfe Ohio. From old-time reed"ds written by Samuel Morrison, who died f at Indianapolis some twenty-five years Ma, I am enabled to detail some interest! historical facts connected with early pioneer life in Clark county, Indiana, esi -eially the vicinity of Utica. These old-tame records are now In possession of Coif James M. Van Hook, of Charlestown, wh has given much atfrom the misty past tention to securing many authentic stor?s of pioneer life, and is, indeed, Clark couaty's autiquarian. There were originally two settlements made, one between he cliffs and the Ohio river, by James Nofle Wood, in 1785, and another in the aare year on the north bank of the Ohio, ipposlte the mouth of Harrod's creek, Kentucky. At this period the present site of ltica was a dense canebrake, which extent d from the Ohio river back northwardly l?veral miles to Silver creek. The town of UticA was laid out In 1816 by Judge James Nfble Wood, Judge John Miller and Dr. Sanjuel Bleight, of Philadelphia. Dr. Bleigh contracted with James Ferguson to build , ru hundred cabins of round logs, with 4-apboard roofs, at $25 each. Samuel MorrJon, from whose papers this sketch is comfiled, arrived at Utica in September, 1817, finding all these cabins completed and some of them occupied. Mr. Morrison was Utic and remained in tlu first srhonl tpnrbor little town about seven years, picking up lud stringing together much of its pioneeia history. In 1819 four additional families arrived at Utica from Philadelphia. Among them was Evan Thomas, a Aoue mason, who built the first three .stoj houses in the town. What Utica stone hs since produced in the way of lime and cet ent has been enormous. "U. T. K." lime b known In every State and Territory. Tht lime kilns and stone quarries are not reached by any line of railroad, but all shipments are made by steamboat and th regulation lime boat. Utica lime is often 'lughingly alluded to as the "poor man's brother who man! paint." The colored i-ulates the whitewash brush Is frequentlf called "the exterior ces and outbuildings in decorator" when fe spring take on a oat of dazzling whitehls skill. ness, the result of x THE LAS' MAMMOTH. Samuel Morrison':? records tell the following story, which t!e author had from the lips of old father lohn McClintock, in the early days of Utic J: In 1783 John McClintock and eight other men were bringing two large pirogues loaded with flour, paeon and whisky, the "staffs of life" in jtiat day. from old Fort Redstone, to the ifiouth of Fourteen-mile creek, fourteen milT above the Falls of the Ohio. When they were about half a mile above the mouth oj the creek some animal of enormous size ntered the rlv-r from the Kentucky shot It threw the water so high that they c -uld not see its shape or size, and it stirreef up the mud from the very bottom of $he river, making the Jtream so rough tfcey had to land to keep from sinking. Thl animal went out into the mouth of Foui ?en-mile creek, but Just at that time the oatmen Imagined they heard the yells of udians, so they pushed out Into the river j for safety. Several of the men wanted tag return and see the animal's tracks, bu? were refused permission by Commaii'r McClintock. It was generally believed Mn the Utica settlement and is to this dayithat Captain McClintock and his men had v" messed the departure of the last mammoth John Eentz was .the second merchant In rtica. and built te first steam grist mill. Samuel McClintoc) kept the rtrst and only tavern In the towy Judge Wood operated a ferry above Utlu. and Judge Miller the fe rry opposite the Viouth of Harrod's creek. Thomas Worrall. vVho lived on the Kentucky shore, just "fiew the mouth of Harrod's creek, also o rated a ferry from that side of the river. Battle cre k. a sfcift stream which rushes into the Ohio at Ihe foot of Twelve-mile island, was f jm fr ni th- e-nrlie-st days for it;i many sauiinary conflicts between the red man anelnis pale-faced broth-r. It was a great crossing of emigrants from Kentucky tu ladlma. Indiana lands were selling for 11.15 pr acre, and many Kentuckiaus tock adntage of the low prices and fouud home., on lloosicr soil. Thv

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fANLY ?SQT Of AAfCA FRENCH LICK IND RATES-' Per Day MiONONM FOR ROUND TRIP TICKETS PLUTO CONCENTRATED WORLD MO SiCIANS ALL DRUGSTORES PER BOTTLE 15 Wa35c BOOKLET Indianians imagined they had settled on a soil not adapted to wheat growing, hence sold their holdings at a sacrifice In order to locate in the highlands, or knob country, which was a mistake. But they did discover that the highlands were admirably adapted to fruit culture, being above the liue of late spring frosts, which nearly every time caught the fruit buds in the river lowlands. One day a tall, lank Kentucklan of the corn-cracker variety, came to Thomaa Worrall's to make some inquiries and ba "set across the river." Day was just dawning, and the Kentucklan stood on the river shore for some time gazing with am sement on the frowning cliffs and precipitous bluffs about Utica. Finally, turning to Worrall, the Kentucklan said: "Stranger, I won't go bver thar. I've looked over the d d country at this distance, and I'm satisfied to stay on this side of the river. Them big hills and dark ravines are only fit places for thieves, Indians and wild varmints, and I won't risk my life among 'era," and turning on his heel he wnlked briskly away to his old Keutucky cabin. A STRANGE SCALPING STORY. From the valuable manuscript in possession of Colone! Van Hook is coudensed the following remarkable story connected with the early history of Clarksville, now known as Ohio Falls: In the spring of 1790 a family of the name of Smith emigrated from Pennsylvania and settled at Clarksville, with some half dozen other families, and a company of troops under the command of Capt. Robert George. They at once erected a stockade, keeping the families closely confined therein, at prowling bands of Indians were very numerous. The water used in the stockade aas brought from a spring nearly a quarter of a mile distant. The oldest daughter of Mrs. Nancy Smith, about twelve years of age, was sent one day to the spring- for water. Just as she had filled her bucket she was. tired upon by seven Indiana who lay in ambush. The girl fell, and the savages ran to her and removed her scalp, but did not sink the tomahawk into her brain, as was their usual custom. The men in the stockade, hearing the firing, hurried to the spring, where they found the girl weltering in her blood, and. as they thought, dead. Closer investigation revealed the astonishing fact that she was still alive. She was able to describe the savages and how they looked. Seven balls had paaaed through her body, but none had touched a vital spot. Careful nursing enabled the girl to recover from her terrible injuries, though It was recorded as a miracle, and In a few months she was able to walk about the stockade agaiu. And now comes the strange part of the story. The badly wounded scalp healed over, but instead of hair of the natural color the growth was of a snowy whiteness and as coarse as the hair of a horse's tall. Miss Smith, at sixteen yeara of age, waa united in marriage to a Mr. Fairchlld. and herself and husband at an early day re moved to Mississippi Territory and purchased the large island in the Mississippi river just above Natchez, which Is known to this day as Fairchild's island. Here they lived, prospered and reared a large family. Mrs. Fairchlld visited Utica for the last time In 1823. where ht-r aged mother and her only sister, Mrs. James Noble Wood, then resided. She was then a hale and hearty matron, and couversed freely and Intelligently of the early days of Clark's grant, of General George Rogers Clark, and his brother, General William Clark, who surveyed the grant and afterwards went on an exploring expedition to the mouth of the Columbia river in company with Meriwether Lewis, the travels of these pathfinders revealing the greatness and possibilities of the Louisiana Purchase, whose glories we are to celebrate next year by the great exposition aud world's fair at tit, Louis. Mrs. Fairchlld, while on this last visit to I'tlca, exhibited her scalped head to several of her intimate friends, aud though thirty-three years had paaaed since that fearful experience at Clarksville, the scalped spot and its curious growth of white, coarse hair was still as much in evidence as at the time which witnessed its appearance. WILL LI ETZ. Sänke Attaeka Aato Party. New York Herald. Mr. and Mrs. James Davidson and Mr. and Mrs. George W. Monson. of New York, who have been at their summer homes In Denville, N. J., on a hunting trip, had a battle with snakes yesterday morning at Min Hill while touring through German Valley and Newfoundland in an automobile. The reptiles, two copperheads, were collenl up In the middle of the road ready to spring. The big autcmeblle was moving rapidly, and Its wheel struck one of the snakes, killing It instantly. Snake No. 2 vanished. The occupanta of the veflaV !e could not tell white the thing had gone-, so sudden had been Its disappearance. When the party reached Denville Junction a railroad gate man calletl to them that a snake was ou the rear whe and had curled Itself around the spokes. The machine was stoppe'd and the snake stuck its head up In front of Mr. and Mrs. Monson, who were in the- front seat. Mrs. Monson screamed and Jumped out of the automobile into a brook, sinking lu mud auu water over the ahen top. She ihen ran over to the crossing gate shanty and grabbed a broom from Harry Riker, the gateman. When Mrs. Monson waa about to strike the reptile it suddenly opene-d its mouth and made a dash at her. It chased her into the shanty, when she got the door partly lowed on its head. The m n tin party kl.L- l th- snake aith the'ir guns and threw It into the brook. The snake was about three feet long. Riker. the gateman. received IIS fr duc-i-ering the snake, which might have done serious harm if It had uol been delected la