Indiana American, Volume 4, Number 51, Brookville, Franklin County, 16 December 1836 — Page 2

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uH.J . ... , ;smi:.-tr. ' - viio United Add -ball c :tales f ctior ' t : a t!, S 1 : 1 neartfelt satis . . . - - - - f, . v. I . V, J "II Ull tllQ l.lll i ate of prosperity which our beloved country lias ttained; with nocausesat home or abroad lo lessen t ie confidence with which we look to the future for .nnfinn i n nr nrnnfii n C t l.r r-n i.n 1 v r.f nn r f t-r ;., t : mIii' In riinirmtnlatii .-. r. U 1 ;1. v- -'C I - . ( J J ' " . . 1. ' . I 1 1 . L l lutions to produce all t!ie fruits of good (Joveruaiem, inu gciifrui -niiuiuo:i 01 ourauairs may well

ex.-iie our national price, l I i 1 v. ..vi 1 cannot avoid cenprmulatinj yoa and my coan-P, .- 'C deParUnenl ot State; copies of ',-y, particularly, on the success orthe efforts madejt ,t5 trea'ies will be transmitted to you, if reduring my administration by the Executive and ;( eived before, or published, if arriviiif after. Legislature, in conformity with the sincere, con-jthe closing of the present sesion of ConVe'S ' t-tant and ernc:-t desirej of tho peoi.le to main- "Wiil.tnX I. 1 , ,e' ". tain peace, and cstablisl.'cor.Iial relations with all! . 'J . ., r ' ,i i , t0 ,nle.rr"Pt Uiegood foreign powers. Our prntitude due to tho Su-! , that has long existed with the preme Ruler of the Universe, and I invite vnu to I 'lowers, nor to check the good will nite with me in offering to Him fervent su";phc.i- j whi:h is gradually growing up with the dotion, that his providential cire may ever he exten- minions of the Government of the distinuish-

msu w iiiDM. hu i n. iturM-ihe,,, t avoid the dangers and t lie horrors of war. mnsisipmiv with a just and indespensi !le roira rd to tle rights and honor of our country. i;ut, although lh ;iresKUl OiniC Ul VUl 'll ""'HI--, M.lliU 11'. Wit l.fMlt '

important clmnjio. as they did when vou sepcrated i lcU which I hope, will be received in time to in July last, is Haltering in the extreme, I regret': be laid before the Senate previous to the c!oe to say, that many eviction ot an interest in? char-i0f the sesion acter at issue Mth the powers, are yet unadjusted ! v.,., ,Vm - r Amongst the n,,.t promuunt of these is that of o r' Mr f l!prCC,Ve frT th,cro'wlt of tliC SeeNortl.east Joundarv. With a., u.idiminihcd c , i f 7 . reary lhat thc financial means of . . .. . - mi ulc. oil- V,s country continue to ..

licence in me sincere iiesire 01 ms JJritan c M-iiec . n . 1 i' mm na nt,'3 Government to adjust that quosio I amTot U "'"'"r 1 Tca T!' receipt, yet in possession of t!,e precis greu dl o hS I rCSUry- lrGSCnt Car' wil1 t propo.es a tUfactorv adjuaTnent ' iU!ouut to about 47,G'Ji,K, those from custom With France our -diplomatic relation. ,n ! 1,!S csl'" aoout $21,(.00,l!00, 4- the residue been resumed, and under circumstances l ich at i "m '" ,.n,sella.Re?U!j sorce8. The expenditures for test thc disposition ofbothtJover:uiientsto-jroervia "'''r0,' "r!n" Ulu Jear' are estimated not to a mutually benellei,! i ntorcourso, Id f's' " &-MW,l.VQ, which will leave a ballanco amicable feelings which are so strong.- Ventured "i" u', Vca6Ury ior i,ubll purposes, on the first hv the true interests of the t wo cour.n irs I d,.f. next of S.?31.05t). This sum,

llussta, Austria,., l'russia, Naples. SwcJen ,.P ll.in-tT-.- I J h.i.t ini.ti..! ,...... .i,.M......u..iU..,el,,i.Mi? f.xisis, ami our i . i ; i . . " and Commercial intercourse is irraduallv evn n. 'I i,r ...... i.: t' c-V-''i"jr ; - .Hi ii, .n, lUOffC countrie.-, except Aapl-.v, by their mutually advantageous and liberal treaty stipulations with us. I The claims ofour citizens on Portugal are nd-! mitled to be just, but provision fVJr thvf payment of' them has beca ur.fortuuateij delayed by "f.-eeaenf1 political changes i:i that kindniiu 1 '" The blessings of peace hue in t been secured in' Spain. Uur connections with that countrv are on tlithAl fintw.ir witlillii .--....: . ,.-.i i itselt With theai. It 1J liirii:jriirv ,., -I' : , " ' u.e uuni-.-n nnposau upon our commerce with Iier posiessio'id out of l'urope. ' The claims of Ametican citizen for loes !-. tained at the bombardment of Antwerp 1, ie been presented to the (.overnm-r.ts of HoiUad aid f--l : 1 ,...'1 I ..1 ... I i M. I

S"""'""" ..... .... 'i.3-oi iii u:; ff.;jsoa tj Sel'ltf-1.- r i . -v.v- iimjuiiis ment. i'"r p"'fe Keeping until they may be wanted for the With Brazil, and all cur neighbors of thb cc : ' ECVVlce ol ll,J General Government, it has been nent, wecoiuinuo to maint;.i,T relations of anr'-'v ' estcriMvely 6i"';;en ot as an act to give the monand concord, extending .ur commerce with them 'C"I several Mates, and they have been advisas far as the resources of the rropie & tl-e nolicv o' e to tso.1 as a l!t- without ierard to tho means fhnir governments will permit. The ju-t ami Ion- - re,UilVlllf j1 wl,en called for. Such a suest-ftand'mg-elaiina of our citizetig upon noire of therf ' do;,,iUoss boe ln;ltle without a duo cmlsidare yet sources of dissatisuctnm anJ complaint' '"V0" lite obligation of the deposite act, and Xo danger is apprehended, however, that they will ' VV,V-Ut a propor attc,,tion -the various principles n-.t be peaceably, although tardily acknowledged A:. 1 't:5rests u il,c.il affected by it. It is manpaid by all, unices the irritating effect of her strut-' 1 1 , w lti;h cannot sanction such a single with Texas ehouid uniortuneately make oCr f'stion' a"J th'lt as !t now stands the States immediate neighbor, Mexico an exception . have no mere authority to receive and use thee It is already known t a you, bv the orrespondence ; bCpo,l,!8 yf"-'"''t intending to return them, than between thc two governments, communicated at nni' eponte batik, or any individual temporarily your last session, that our conduct in relatioa to chal'f ed VVil1' safe keeping or aplication of the that struggle is legulated by t),e sims principles1 10 ,,lo"e.v' Woui.J &r converting the same

nriml ii 111 H''ll Ii.-i .--.i.l ;,..!.... ..... . . I LJ S:mm .m.i

on the most severe sen.tmv, that our acts have v - , vu-"atlo of punho faith and moral etrictly corresponded with our profe-.ions. That1 , at,on xV,,,ch are involved in this suggestion, tha inhabitants of the United Stales should feel ; " cxami,!c;1 1,1 reference to the terms of the strong prepossessions for the one party, is not sur-' ,)rese''t "eposite act.it is believed that theconsiderprising. But this circumstance should, of itself !a.t'0,,:!' v should govern the future legislation of teach us great caution, lest it lead us into the crror'l Sf'SS " ,lll,s ,suojec'. will be equally concluof suffering public policy to be regulated by parti-! MVG apaM1 u'.e adopt, on of any measure recogniallity or prejudice, and there are cousideratoins V"S principles oa which the suggestion "has

rnnn.vtfi; will. I'm iuk.i'i , i-...,li fti... . ... I twrcii the two parties, of and ' importance to the t inted States, that our character 3, requires that we should neither anticipate events 'J ...,t, m i. , i i . .'V o I. ii v. in.. i ur in. i t.rowii cesire ot too Tcxians, to become a part of our system, althou gh ! its gratification uepeiuls upon the reconcilement of varicus and contlicting interests, nccessarially a work of time, and uncertain in itself, ii calculated to expose our conduct In iiii.v..nt,n..;.. :.. .i

eyes of the world. There are already those wholi ,'lC ecpericnce f,f ot!,cr nations admonished us to indifferent to principle themselves, and nro,, , 'l !'.ae" V,ecxrin?"s 'T.ent of the public debt, lint

sujlieuiiicui,iiji u mi oi ners, charge us with ambitious designs and insidious policy. Vou will perceive, by the accompanying documents, that the extraordinary mission from Mexico has been terminated, on the sole grounds thntthe oblimtions of this sovernmeiit to itself and Mexico, under treaty stipulations, have compelled me to trust a .'i cretionary authority to a high oiiicer of our army to advance into the Terirtory of Texas, if necessary to protectjour own or neighboring frontier from In-!J j;,n j.,.Ui;.. " . . ' ''urn in - utr.iu,..ii.M,. in mu fipiiiioii or tl.e Mexican functionary who hasjust left us, the honor f ,',;J country will bo w unded by American soldiers en-j tering, wiin tne most amicable avowed purpose upon ground which the follow crs of his government I uae oeen expeueu.ar.il over which there i at npM ent no certainty of an effort on its part beinr ,! to re-estabhsh its dominion. The departure ofthis minister was the more singular, as he was apprised that thesuuiciciicy of the cause assigned for the advance of our troops by the comniandin.T General had been seriously doubted bv me, and "that there w as every reason to suppose that the troops of the United States their commamler havimr had time to ascertain the truth or falsehood of the information upon which they had been marched to Naco rdoches would he either there in perfect accordance with theprinciples admitted to bo just in hi conference with the Secretary of State, by the Mexican minister himself, or were alreid'y withdrawn in consequence of the impressive warning their commanding officer had received from lhe Department of War. It j hopod ami behaved his government will take a more dis-).issionat-- and just viewoltb.s aibject, and not bu disposed to

. ,,, ju-uii o e precintion, made iu supiH uio.-.s otour tre ity.to act upon the fron nr, nuoau eiicroaehri.ent upon its ri.'ht. or a atain upjn its honor. In the mean time, the ancient complaints of injustice.m ide on bob uf of or.r citizens, are dtrer.irded, and new causes of li,s.at;faction have ari'en seme of tfceni of a character rtq-.tirin-r pronvit remonstrance, and am, le and imiLiiate redress. I Sv InirT'" y -lTp,"ri"S firmo w.tb conrtesj , and acting w m, s real forbearance upon every incrdeM that has occurred, or tint may happeu Congress. sajjea to tho view ol It"is my duty to remind yon, that no provision has been made to execute our treaty with Mexico for tracirtl.e bouniLirv Ii..,. i,... : .. : UMW ,or tries. Whatever may bo then-;": "'uivei ihe Ivv.. ........

i i . t',v.T.i'. inn, mauei " i.nv iiuiii khj people the ri" it n( nacessary by as known ..ability, i execution of! bearing arms and p,t t'uip i ,! If r thesnpuluiop.sofoui tre.ty.toactupon the f.-on.L , ;,ri. i. ... . i J K . Wt,P' t del-

bein soon able to execute the tieatr ii ,'C ' ' , ' J t,e l,:,ul back again. s sp0r - t.eatt on.t. part, .ti.ng with the substantial interest of the conn-

wecLonl.l I.e. in anticipation, preimeg, to perform our obligations, with-L,,.;

tunes, to nerform our nhiiTntimm u.-;il. 1 e ird to the nrobable rntulir ir.ti of tl men vitli ..om we have contracted tnein. The result of the confidential inquiries made into the londilion and prospects of the newly declared Texian Government, will be comiTiunicaled to you in the course of the session. Commercial treaties offering great advantages to our enterprising merchants and navigators, have been formed with the distant Governments! of Muscat and Shim. Thr. .- .i. itkalions have been exchanged, but have not ed Glucl ot the Ottoman Empire, i. r . . j"-. ..lunimnuii ii, is ut'en reccivou at the I i i if. - i i . ... 1..,., I. . ., Df partme:.tot State, that a treaty with the Lmperor ofWrocco has iust been tK oti ii .. .1 ...i : .1. i i . ii . . . 5 " - - 1' - - ' except ion ot live millions will be trans- !. . . . ' ncconrince Willi L'lll.'l Il iP SUVMn NtitA.. ; 1 . . iu r . ' . . u:b uct rejuiatiny the d ites ot the i.ub c m.incv 1 he unexpended ballances of appropriations, on -fw--Jl'v f Ja,luar "est, are estimated at -M,o-(),i!W, exceeding by t),r,:?0,(,G2. the amount which wi;l be left in tho deposits batiks, subject to the draft ot ".he Treasurer of the United States, after the transfers to the several States are mae'e. II, therefore, the future receipts should uot besuiacier.tto meet these outstanding future appropriallf fn,,vl, ,.:,, ..,. ., . iwi.r-, mcie may oe soon a necessity to use a nortio ! V, ""M'liu h.hii.o oiuies. j J .l,e consequences apprehended, when the de:p(,slle a?1 of lhe Un s:on received a reluctant a;)I,roval- 1,avc becn measurably reahzsd. i'hU(r!, i j in uepoaiiuot the surplus monjcysol tho L.uteJ States in the state Treasuries r . ' . ",v- " "" -'"' u'e consent and aui.iuc. ,,0nSlll,e'ln?- G M!li.mal0 connection of the subJ7 l."u ""aiiciai interests ot the country, and Sreat import viewed. I hai "'i.- in whatever .asneet it .! i t me uiosi anx!"fS. rcHecti0n' ;lntI fo,;l 't to be my duty to state ve bestowed upon it rlie mnct .iv. : , l i . V .l,,JUff1113 as "ave occurred to me, l deliberation hi treating it in the 1 ,''a".ncr est c: Uculatod to conduce to the common Ie"0" - it will b e i vain that we have congratulated each other upon the disappearance of this evil, if we do bu... a-j, n&t lmj equally great one of promoting unnecessary accumulation of public revenue. Ao political maxim is better established than that which tells us that an improvident expenditure of money , the parent of privacy, and that no people can bono III il.inofii.t..l..:-l:l. i . - . - i i"-"-""-c men uuuriies who nii.n.ae :u policy W i:e i t.ivoa l imn r.., l. Cl3. 1ncee'-'sary the legitimate and rtal wants of Iheir f;,..-0r..,r . . - A iiuiBniij as isthe con"t:"n. r our country at the present period, ber - -1 " "nofaiHP ,,, advance in all tl.e steps ' i'""11"' improvement, it cannot be (J,?'J' , th:U tl,C!r,! is a lurking danger alreadJ . l"c "ugiect ot this wariiin truth. - - - -.vc yji mis wu.niiiir truth and that the time has arrive,! -l,0n .1... . " , ...... tne: i -iu useu ta . lives ot tke people should be employed in devising " -iv"i'"io remeuy inati now exists, to avert it. ' I'nder our present revenue system, there is evry probability lhat there will continue io be a surplus beyond the wants Pf the government; and it has become our duty to decide whether such a lesult be consistent with the true objects of our Government. Should a surplus be permitcd to accumulate beyoiul t.ie appropriations, it must be retained in lac treasury as it now is, or distributed among the people of tho States. To retain it in tho Treasury, iinimplovcd inariy wav, is imprai ticnble. " it is, besides, agiiiastthe jjujiui, of our free insti Unions to to IOC lip i;i vaults the lr:inpa r,f (!.., .... tion. To take from h nn.,i , r. r lliu liyill oi ence in the hands of ;i si.-m,!;,,., i ! scarcely more dangorous to their libc-rlie than to permit the Government to accumulate immense amounts of treasure bevond the sunplies necessary to its lentim .i- ... i. a treasure would doubtless be employed, at some tune, as it i,as been in other countries.! vinen oportumty tempted ambition. To collect it merely for distribution to the Elates, would seem to bn h;,ri.K- ,i:.: . :. ;no. as dangerous as the proposition to retain I it- tii 4 .i TI . . . rmi - - ... u.c . .easury 1 j,e shortest retloction must satisfy every one that to require the neon!i ttl li:iv 1.. .1. . ... I , - mc umtrnmont mereiv

trv JUid no , ygl j . proaL;ccs ,Uch , , . pi ounces su.n a ic-

suit can be expected to rprpivn ilm nnt.i; countenance. Nothing could be gained by ii, cvtLi ii eacn individual wlio contributed a portion of the tax could receive back promptly the same portion. But it is apparent that no system of the kind can ever be enforced, which will not absorb a considerable portion of the money, to be distributed in salaries and commissions to the aw,,, mnlm-,J in the process, and in the various losses and deriuLiciuoiisi which arise mm M-.-r -.m.e. anu tne practical ttiec t of such an attempt mu!l tlc' "e io nuraen itic peojile with taxes, not for purposes beneficial to them, but to swell the profits of (he deposite banks, and support a band of useless public ofiicers. A distribution to the people is imnracticaie ana unjust m other respects. It would be taking one man's property and ivin- it io another, ftucii would lie tin. nnn;,!-,. bio result of a rule of eaualilv fand nr.no nil,. er is spoken of,or.would be lil.elv to be adopt .1 : .. i .i . - . . V y in.isiiiucii as mere is no mm o hv w ,ir-l, the amount of the individual contributions of our citizens to the public revenue can be ascertained. We know that they contribu'.e viif(jia!fy, and a rule therefore 'that would distribute to them equally, would be liable to all the objections whichapply to the princi ple oi n equal division of properly. To make tho General Government lim'indm. merit of carrying this odious nrinc'mb. intn eiR'ct, would be at once to destroy the mean . c z i . r . oi us uM'iinno!-?, ami change the character designed lor it by the 1 miners of the consti tution. Cut liie more extended and i n i ii riniia --... seouences likely to result from a nnli-v ,rh;,i, collects a surplus revenue for the purpose of uiMiiouinisj, ii, may oc ioitimy illustrated by the examination cf lhe fdlecis already produced by the present deposite art. Tlds act, although certainly designed for tho safe-keeping of thc public revenue, is not entirely free in its tendencies from many of the ohiccliop.s which apply to this principle of distribution The Government had, without necessity, received from the people laree sunnlif.s. l.i. h i instead of being employed' as lieretofore. and ... .i i .. . i . i . ... ctuintju io mem ny means ot public, expenditure, was deposited with sundry banks The banks proceeded to "make loans upon this surplus, and thus converted it into banking capital; and in this manner it has tended to multiply bank charters, and has had a great agency in producing a spirit of wild speculation. The possession and hsp of tl.o tv out of which this surplus was created be.tug ,u uie peopie; nut the Government has transferred i!s possession to incorporated banks, whose interest and effort it is to make large profit out of its use. This process need only be stated to show its injustice and bad And the same observations apply to the influences which is produced by the steps necessary to collect, as well as to distribute such a revenue. About tl dimes on imports are paid in the city of New Yiirk. but it ij ,.;... il . i .1 . , ' ' "i,,umis inau ine means to pay those duties are drawn from every quarter of the Union, livery citizen in every state, who purchases and consumes an article which has paid a duly iU that port, contributes to the accumulating ma?s. The surplus collected there must, therefore, be made up of moneys or properly withdra wn from nilipp nninfa i " -v.., I-UIIUS (UllJ other slates. Thus the wealth and business ol every region from which these surplus hinds proceed, must be to some extent injured, while that of the place whom !. W are concentrated, and employed in banking ...v- p.poiuonauiy extended, liut both in making the transfer of the funds which are first necessary to pay the duties and collect the surplus and in making the re-transfer necomcs necessary when the time arrives for the distribution ,r i...f . . . v.i unit CUIUUIS there is a considerable period wh.en the funds II n i- 1.-. 1 1 . p... uc oiougiu into use; and it is manifest tnat, besides the loss inevitable from such an operation, its tendency is to produce fluctuations in the business of tl.e country, which p'ouuciivc ct speculation, and vl.....c..i.lt lo me interests ot regular trade. Argument can scarcclv bo i,n..,. i that a measure of this character ouglit not to receive turther legislative enronm.Vnmnnf hy examining the practical operation of the ralid l.n- .1 ; i i :. i . . ... ui3ui.jui.iiHi, adopted in the de posite bill oi the last session, we shall discover other features, that annr-nr rn.mllr ni,;,. tionable. Let il be assumed, for the sake of ..fcumcm, mat tne surplus moneys to be de posited with the States have been collected and belong to them, in the ratio of their fed era! representative population an assumption founded unon tho i-.t tu t r:...1. i "'n- m.ii iiii uuneiencies in our future revenue from imposts and nuuhc laiiil ii, .f i... i i i! ' -'';j,u inauo up oy direct tax tunuticu irom the Stales in that ratio. It vV !T distribute the surplus, sav M,U(M,(k0, not according to the ratio in which it has been collected and belongs to the people of the Stales, but in that of their votes in the colleges of electors of President and ,ce President. The ciiect of a distribution upon that ratio is shown by the annexed table, marked A. Uy an examination of that table, it will be perceived that in lhe distribution of a surplus ot .$30,000,000, upon that basis, there is a great departure from the principle which .wg,... .c-pit-e.itation as the true measure of taxition: and it will be found that the teiuiency of that departure will be to increase whatever inequalities have been supposed to attend the operation of our federal sjMem in respect to its bearings upon the different interests of thc Union. 1 makinthe basis of representation the basis of taction, the framers of the ronslitmion intemM to equalize the burdens which are nccea-y to support the Government; and thc adoption of tint ratio, whila it accomplished ths

object, was also the means of adjusting other groat topics arising out of the conflicting views respecting the political equality of the v r . i f . 1

i.uiuus iiiemoersoi ine contederacy. What ever uierelorc distui hs the liberal spirit of the comprcmises which established a rule of .... i : .... .i j . . . . . i..A..iiu!i jjij51 aiiu equiiai'ie, and wbith experience has proved to be so well adapted to the genius and habits of our people, should be received with the greatest caution and distrust. A bare infpection in thc annexed table, of the differences produced bv the rati.. ns,..l the deposite act, compared' with the result of .. .) . ..: 1. .. a uisuiuuuon according to the ratio of direct taxation, must satisfy every unprejudiced mind, lhat the former ratio ronlnvptirs ihn spirit of the constitution, and produces a dej;iri: oi injusiice in the operation of the Federal Government which would" be fatal to the hope of perpetuating it. liv the ratio of direct taxation, for example, thc State of l)elaware,in the collection of S30.000.000 of revenue, wouid pay into the Treasury, S'lSS,710: and in a distribution of .C-SO.nni finn sl-i. would receive back from the Govcrnment,accordmg to the ratio of the deposite bill, the !Ul" Vl 0,1--, and similar results would follow the comparison between ib,i m.-ill .-.n.l the large Stales througliout the Union; thus realizing to the small States nn sh!v.-i..i which would be doubtless as unacceptable to them as a motive for incorporating the principle in .my system which would produce it, as ir ivn.,1.1 L .- r . . ...... . . ' . - "uiu uc; iiiconsisient wim the rights and expectations of the lanre States. ll?ne rprtamly the intention of that provision of the v.""uiuuoh wir.cn declares tliat "all duties imposts and excises' shall 'I,p nnif.im throughout the United States." to m:.l.-P tl.fJ burdens of taxation fall equally upon the people in whatever State of thc Union thev may res'-de. But what would be the Value of such an uniform rule if the moneys raided l. .. :. iii .. . . " 'i could lie immediate v re urn, ,1 .v n diffient one which w ill give to the people of some oiaies i.mc!i more and to those of others much less, than their fair "mriinnc) V,-o the Federal Government to exempt, in express i I : . . . . 1 ' . ' in m;., me imports, products, anil manufacture of some portions of the countrv from all du . : . . I : I -. . nt line ii imposes heavy ones on other, th -..ii .. i " . ,. ... ii.ju5i.it e (uiiiii hoi oc greater. It would be easy to snow how, bj the operation of such principle, the larre Slates of the IT n inn ht,!: not only have lo contribute their iust share 4 , i i. . f .i uiwaitis u.e support oi liie 1 ederal Govern ii.enf. but also have lo bear in some il the taxes necessary to support the Govern mentsof theirsmallcr sisters: but it U t ed unnecessary to state the details where the general principle is so obvious A system liable to such objection can never be supposed to have been sanctioned by the framers of the constitution, when they conferred on Congress thc taxin power; and I feel pursuaded that a mature examination of the subject will satisfy every one that there are, insurmountable difficulties in the operation ofanv plan which r in Ur rh. vised of collecting revenue for the pupose of uisu uuuiig n. congress is only authorized to levy taxes "to pay lhe debts & provide Jor the common df,nce & general welfare of the United Stairs.'' There is no such provision as would authorize Conrrrcss to collerf- lmrpdmr !., o vxj-,v-l-t Hit property of the country, under the name of icteuuc,ioi me purpose ol dividing it equally or unequally among tho States or the people'. Indeed, it is not probable that such an idea ever occurred to thc States when they adopted the constitution. Pail, hnn-n H,; i-,.-be, the only safe rule for us in interpreting the powers granted to the Federal Government is lo regard the absence of express au- . I . . i. ... . ' iuuiiij iu loucu a suoject so important c delicate as this is, as equivalent to a prohibition. Even if our powers were less doubtful in this respect, as thc constitution now stands, (here are considerations afforded by recent experience, which would seem to make it our duly to avoid a resort to such a system. All will admit tha the simplicity and economy of the State Governments, mainly depend on the fact that money has to be supplied to support them by the same men, or their agents, who vote it away in appropria(ions. Hence, when there axe extravagant and wasteful appropriations, there must ho corresponding increase of taxes; and the people, becoming awakened, will necessarly scrutinise the chaincter of measures which thus increase their burdens. By the watchful eye of self interest, the agents of the people m the State Governments are repressed and kept within the limits of a just cconmy. But it lhe necessity of levying the taxes be taken from those who make the appropriations, and thrown upon a more distant and less responsible set of public a-cnts who have power to approach the people bv an indirect and stealthy taxation, there U reason to fear ihat iirn,i:rr,i;f.- ,.;ii . , . - f s""J "in SUlill supersede those characteristics which have th, lar made us look with so mh j. . ii nit cum continence to the State Government, as 0 The State LeMatureF i Z T' f ' to restrict their St " Vvn 7 , smallest po be tm X l"11' v, their profusion" , Z" hJ ' U?, "T1 me main slay ot our ir.i;.i., i iiin-i i es. I I their profusion, and harr ,s L IOM Government Cor incr L ' . nQ1 My, there would soon be 'bW ,ne power, and that vested in n "r . rS I1-""" ""'" ine people, in which the farm i r . "' iihtii i.ii - - --....0 iuiiu scarceiv be represented. The States would graduallV lose theirnuritv as wpII natl.;.;.i..'i . inv.-i.ii.inic interests r. -..l 1 . . they -would. ,ot dare, o nwm aTTpro! ceedings of the General Government, l" they should lose their supplies; ail would be merged in practical consolidation, cemented by Widespread corruption, whirl, could 0:1be eradicated by one of those bloody revolutions which occasionally overthrow the despotic systems of the old world.

In ad the otner aspects in which I have been able to look at the effect of such a princip eof distribution upon thc best interests of the country, I can see nothing to comiei -te for the disadvantages to whh;h 1 Set

u li'U' 11 wo ri.!i.i.i.M . . . . i" uiecuve duties ucli are, in a irreat decrro r .. "' surplus revenue, beneiicia! to one section of u.e .,., on and prejudicial to another, tl cre linn mmxi;..,, C. . I i - . ' 11,1 1 1 ...v-i.u iui uie en in such i ul ... stribution. On tl.e eo,,.., ' L a Pl"n 0i r.r;,iith-o-p'(;Xh.:;;ve ,V 'e wouid be aggravated i-cry one must be s-nsiKI .!... . . tion of tin- sun ius , ' ' .lii!" to cherish the mens w!,;,? :.."mon my systein, therefore, i.u,. ..:;', : ',; :,nd must have a povverfol .,..!. . u. ,Ucrs' athcr than uni.inish th,. 7" , r "l""' even admitted that the ndvantaWof' , i C, niiule C,il,al U 11 the sectivN of tin; Union. I f r,.-...,, ..i - i --nivN, calling for a rrdicii.M, ,i" . , - , . u.e revewould nevertheless. I., so ,. ,.c .. . . Kn l.:l...;c.il J ,.,, c(.mmni " - - - - II? IL I PVl n I.. I I -tsoi uie anous mar i .,.,...!.. . .i ..mi necessary (o the process. - I he safest and simplest mode cf obviatipill tne dilliculiies which h..v,i i. f meet the wants ot u,,. r:nvn ' u? let the People keep tbeballance orti ;'..!:::' crtv in their own bar . U i . ,. ' I "c iie(l lor their own pro :t. Kacb Si-.io .. :it ,i . 'u'i"cir V. "' liK'" support its n Government, and roni,;i 'A. V ow . . ., i. linn hare towards tne support of th. r...i,. . mi . i .il v0Vernmenl. fhere won .1 1 , , . Miri.uis t.-i cramp and hrsen t!:C resources of in'livi.l " al weahh and enterprise, nr.d the hn,L would be loll to their ordinary nunn" l.alever agitations and llurtuations n,H,t arise from our unfortunate paper sytein lev could never be attributed, jusllv cr ii,.;!tly to me aclion of the Federal Uovcnimrnt! 1 nere wouu, i,e some guaranty that the it of wild speculation, which seeks to con vert the .urplus revenue into banking cam,,! wou.d be effectualh checked, nnJuJ th ' scenes of demorahzation, whic!l nre noWfo preva enl hrough the land, would disappear. ithout doMiing (o'coneeal that the exn0. rience and ouservaation of the lat two v.-'.i-have operated a partial change in ,y Views' upon t.iis interesting subject, it is novertl.oless regreieci that . . i th ie sujrjfestioiis m-,:.i i... me in my annual messages of and KV) have been greatly misunderstood. t that time, the great struggle was be.-rim .i.. ,; that latitudi iarian construction of lhe" construction, vihi.h authorizes the unlimited appropr.a hop. of ti!C reienucs of the Union to internal improvements within the Stair, tending to invest in the hands, and place tin-' der the control, of the General Government, all the principal roads & canals of the country in violation ol State rights, and in derpgation of State authority. At tho wire time, the condition of the maufachirin- in(crest was such as to create an apprehension that the duties on imports could not. without extensive mischief, be- reduced in caon to pi event tho accumulation of a coni,ienble surplus after the payment of the national debt. In view of the dangers of such a surplus, and in preference to its application lo internal improvements, in derogation of Ik rights and powers of the Staler thc suction of an amendment of the ronstitniiim tn .authorize its distribution was made. Itw.n an alternative (or what were deemed greater evns a temnorarv mc-.rt i ,i:.,.". ( 1- . Cll tlf lUIILIC till overouroened Treasury until the Government ii.uiout. a su iden and destructive revulsion in the business of lhe country, grad ll.-lllv rr.i urn 1 T. : . . . . t '. j .V..V..., tu i.ieju.-i principle ot raisins no rndm riirnnii. .1 ... " ,,um U!0 people, in taxes, than is necessary for its economical support Lven that alternative was not spoken of lius m connection with an amendment of the constitution. No temporary inccnveniciirc can justify tlc exerc ise of a prohibited pon- .. poviernot granted by that inslrumen! and it was froni a conviction (!.... il,. nnn,to distribute even a temporary surplus of revonno i.--.f t .'. ' "Hi uiai cuararter, that it was Milled only in connection with an appeal totiif ?"ull,: Ul ;"i power in tl.e (icner Government, fhe States which have csla!.!:. ed it. Ao sue.) appeal has been laken.nm in my opinion a distribution f i!u. snrnhi1 revenue by Congress, cither to the States oi me peooic, is to be considered as union the prohibitions of the constitution. i nl 1 - .i icmy inumatcd, my views have undornone a chancre, so far as to be rnnvlnrcH (lint n alteration of thc constitution in this respect is w"sc or expedient. the influence? ot an accumulating srp.u? upon the legislation cf thc Govornment and the States, its effects upon the cmii: . i .f ii . ?:s,c,n i inn f-ouiitrv, producing d;mrcrcii' i-.viciijioiis an.i ruinous contractions, u unions m tho rri,-;. .. , cm.-i-I Vx "-''f"S exf ravaganee, and a dci : a''n of morals, hare taught us the im rl'1"' 't'-t any trann.t mis.hiefwl Cor. rc-durtion of our revenue , . l-l 'L-l.l l , I .1. II i i inn 1,1 i i ) ,. .:-. . . . . 1 i ,hik p.-, t-ii a i aganee, an-.i a ucin i" mpo! hii "-v :'ed the rednrf.on of our rcvei.nc t !he of r (iovernnienf, is to he horn i ' P'erenc c to a n overflowing Treasinv 1 h.eF ,eave to ca" .vou'- -tcntion to anotl: er subject intimately associated w ith the pre ceding one the currency of the country. Ilis apparent, from the context of (lie constitutionals well as the history cf the in: which gave birth to it, that il was the purpo? . of the convention to establish a currency CO!iistini of the nrerions me!ak The-'. from their peculiar properties, wii:rli reixlcred them the standard of value in ail cthe: countries, were adopted in fliis as iveii to ctablish its commercial standard in refcrencej to foreign countries by a permanent ru!i' as to exclude the use of a mutable medii: