Western Statesman, Volume 4, Number 3, Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, 29 March 1833 — Page 1

TTTT"TTT3

D. S. MAJOR, Editor.

VOLUME IV. COA'G KUSSlOX AL. e xtracts from MU. CALIlOIWs SPEECH, wMQuijun-ttT to provide for the Collection of duttet on Imports. XI. Piril.ii.v . a mi. rose ami ...i,i-er.i .v.. rose ai.,1 eddressed it, senate, lie Knew lint whirl., he SilI, ;1S most objectionable, the provision of the bill, or the temper in which its adoption had been urged. If the extraordinary powers with which the bill proposed to clothe the Executive, to the utter prostration ( (ie Constitution, and the rights of the States, bo calculated to impress our mmds with alarm, at the rapid progress of despotism in our country, the z, al nilli which every circumstance, calculated to misrepresent or exaggerate the con net cf Carolina in the control ersi , was seize d on wilh a view to excite hostility against her, but too plainly indicated the deep decay of that brotherly feeling which once existed hesween these Stales, and to which we are indebted for our beautiful Federal $1 stem. It was not his intention, he said, to adiert to all these misrepresentations, but there were some so well calculated to mislead th ... ! t lie rta I rhnrnrt.r nt ,....! r.,. 1 .. .... 7 - ' : . .. , ami iioiu tin the St.ite in n .do ......1;..... ......... 1 . i Hot feel himself justified in ner.i.itti.. 1 . ;"- nirti ue tun to pass unnoticed . Among them, one of the most prominent was i the false statement that the ohject of South j Carolina was 10 exempt herself from ber share tneiu 1 of the public burthens, while she iiarti.-iiu-t... I I in the advantages of the Goi erumei.t If the I chartre were ture if the Si!., ..r ki I - v vi nil i,ir , 01 oeing actuated ny such low and unworthv motives, mother as he considered hi r, he would not stand up on this floor to vindicate her conduct. Anient: her faults, and faults he would not deny she had, 110 onu had ever yet charged her with that low and most sordid of vices avarice. Her conduct on all occasions had been marked with the very opposite quality. From the commencement of the revolution from its first breaking out at U.istoi , till this hour, no State had been more profuse of its blood in the cause of the country ; nor had any contributed so largely to the common treasury, in proportion to her wealth and population. She had in that proportion contributed more to the exports of the Union, on the exchange of which with the rest of the world, the greater portion of the public burden had been levied, than any other States. No, the controversy was not such as has been stated the State did not seek to .rirticii.ate ia the ndvantag.es of the Govrrnment without con j riK r.. 1 1 ... .i u.:. . . ... I trib iiiui; iiit in. i snare io ii.e imriiic treason . I Her object was far diff. rent. A deep constitutional question lay at the bottom of the controversy. The real question at issue is. has the Government a right to impose burdens on the capttal and industry of one portion of the country, not with a view to revenue, hut to benefit another ! and he must be permitted to a, that after the long; and deep agitation of this controversy, it was with surprise, that he perceived s stronsr a dispositi n to misrepresent its real character. To correct the impression which those misrepresentations w re calculate d to make, he would dwell on the point undi.T consideration for a few morbents longer. . There wai another misstatement as to the riature of the controversy so frequently made in a debate, and so well calculated to mislead, that he fell bound to notice it. It has been said, tlint Soin h Carolina claims the right to annul the. Con-titution and laws of the United StH'.es i Bin' to rebut this supposed claim, the gentleman from Virginia. (Mr. Kivls,) has rave V q i) hi me . .ii.iiin.ion io prove, i.o.i , J H ... , I .. I .. .......... .. l.u 1 ......in tn unre.i. I i ...I.L..V .:..: .. ...... i .DC..- ...1-1 .1.1. It.' II CO.. Hit ...... Ill ...... (i. jM.l ai.ee thereof are the supreme laws of the land; as ifthi State claimed the right to act' cotitrary to this provi-ion of the Constitution. ! i-NoTtni.g coui.i oe more erroneous: nrr oi,,eci is not to resist laws made in pursuance of the Constitution, but those made without its iU1. ; thority, and which encroach on her re,, rved powers, she claims not even the right ,) judgingof the .legated powers; but of those, .. . i.i... .. ... mat are resrrvro, ami io resisi me . lormer when thev rucroach upon the latter. He! would pause to illustrate this important point. All liiust admit, that there are delegated and rrseived powers; and that the powers re- i ..rved are . rved to the States respectively, j The powers then of the Govern.., nt are div.d- ' .. i.i c,.., f- ,...r ed betueen the General and the Ma e G. ie nri.ent; ant! the point immediately under cons.deration iS whether a Stat- has any right to ! judg.a.to the extent f it reserved power, ' ..d to defend them against the encroachments ct the General Government. Without g,ng i . ... . .... .... r.u. ' eieepiy it.io ei.is r.oini.a. nii .oipc ui ink r1 . . , , ,...,.,, .... i .,;.. c.iii.i-nl f.r liwikino' into the nature and ori.'in

ofthe Government, there was a simple view J On this principle, the people of the State, of the subject which be considered asconchi-l acting in their sovereign capacity, in Convensiie. The very idea of a divided power, im- j tion, precisely as they had adopted their own plied the right, on the part ofthe Stale, for nd the Federal Constitutions, had declared which he contended. The exjreioi. was 'y the Ordinance, that the acts of Congress metaphorical when applie d to power. Rvery ', l'ch bad imposed duties under the authority one readily ui.d. r-tamN that the division of to lay imposts, were acts, not for revenue, as matter consists in the separation of the parts. ; intended by H.e Constitution, but Tor protecBut in this sense; it was not applicable to tion. and therefore null and void The Ordmpower. What then is meant by a divi'ioe of " thus enacted by the people ofthe State power' He cold not conceive of a division, then.selies; actinias a sovereign com.nunity, without eiving an equal right to each to in. Ig was, to all intents and pust,os. s a part of the

of the extent of the power allotted to each Such right h held to lie ewntial to the exisncr of a division ; and tlo.t to give lo either .iartv the conclusive right of judging not only the share allotted to it, iut I that allotted

to the other, was to annul the dni'ion, nd -...... j .... . ...n.,,,,,,,,,,. n was, in met, would confer the whole power on the p.r.y ,,'t particular oath of allegiance, and in vested will. Mich right. Hut it i contended "Very respect s,ar to that which is preicribthat the t oii.tit.it. on ha- route rred on lhe Su- "'"'-r lhe Constitution of the I'nited States, rrv.ne Court the right of nidging between the to be ad,.,,..ltc!e.l so all o.r.cers of the Slate State, and the General tiovermnriil . Those !""' federal Government ; and was no mole who make this obj. ctioi.. oi erlooke.l, be con-' U' K "" '",h '"' 'tter epithets which eeiied, bii important pr..uiof. of the tN.nsti- h'l heaped upon it, than that orally tution.' Ry 'urning to the Hlh amended ar- j ""-ilar oath. ticle of the t 'oKstitntio", t wl" be seen that i It ought Io he borne in mind, that, nejcordthe reservation of power to lhe states is not ing to the opinion which prevailed in t:arolina, only i.eau.t the powe rs delegated to Congress, the right of resistance to the uliconst.tutioi.il hut ngam.t the United States lh. u.elves; and la ws of Congre belongs to the State, and not sxtei..!,..f ronrse, as wellto the judiciary, as to her individual citiins, n.id that, though tothti.ther departments of the Government, the b.ttet may, in a mere question of mrutn i tuum, reiis, through the courts, an unThere still remained another mirepresenta- conslitutional encroa. hnient pon thpjr tion cf the conduct ofthe Stale, which has right.; yet the final stand against usurpation been made with the yiewol exc.lii.e odijim. rest, not with them, but with the State of

. . He alluded to lhe e hare that 'uu. .pswud Ue Tariff ol ltJl6,uJ wat lUndore

Our Country,

LAWKEXCfiBUKGH , FRIDAY, DIAKC1I 29, 1833.

.uieT'ILIS- be ! necessary to ascertain the real character f ...... ,.,wneirer u was a tantt lor n venue or lor pr.trclion . which presents inquiry of what was the condition ofthe mnntr at that . 1 n.pi... :..-....... . . 1 ..c wai t-vui. un 1 uniani na.i " i.ue war wim ureat Britain had just terminated, which, with the restrictive : syte. that pieced. .! it, ha.l diverted a large amount ol capita! and industry from commerce

to manufactures, particularly to the cotton wards cit.zens who d. tiered trom the majonti ; 1 liol,s now Oil the table, Utld-T a hopand woollen branches. There was a debt at and, in that spirit, ha.l directed the oalh o j I nat allot her opporl u d 1 1 V would be aftne same time d . 1,. ..,,1,0,1 o,i nri- i. ...1. .... . rl

riii . ""L' 1 cw, ""'J .i5t: ui some oiucia. million, ot dollars l,aiiffm? over the country ; act directed to be performed, in which obedin.d the heavy war dutu s were still in ex.s-, ence to the Ordinance was involved. UorrtLV'TTlT'l A,,d for whrtt P-pose is the unlimiiion wa ? presented, to what point the duties ..j , 1 r.i 1 r , . ou,ht to be reduced? That question involved i lfd C0,"'0, f lhe PUrSe a'"1 of thesword another at what lime the debt oustht to be , ,US phiccd at the disposition of the paid? which was a question of policy, involv-i Executive? To make war against one in in its consideration all the circumstances ; of the free and soverci-'n members of 'r;, "hich the bill proirj. Aiuoiiij the most prominent arg;uments' . , , , , in favor of an early discharge of the debt, was PSeS to dl.'al W,t,1 nl aS il Sti,te' ljUt that of the hili duties which it would require. ' ;is a ColleClion of batldilt or OUlldWS.

to effect it, would have at the same time the i eff Ct of SU-t aillill J- the infant uolillf:ir!iirs 1 I I. r " 1 n.m oeen lorced lln under the c1rc.11. 11II r ... . . ........ ,,.,. 1 , 1 . , ; fiances to w hich he had a. verted. This view I

up uuuer tne circum-:S...,

i ine lunieci nail a ..,.,,.. ..... ' . . . " I . . J. . . ' ...". ternuning n, f;Vorof an early payment of the ibt' 1 ''e s",ki"? was accordingly raised ,rol" eve" to en millions of dollars, with the pr0VISI01! l MI,I,,J the surplus which might '" lhe 1 reasury as a contineent ai 0)la,"," lo that fund and the duties were Sr'ouate.l to meet Ibis increased expenditure. 1 111 was inns that the no irv mclire of nr.i-1 1 .

I

tecting the large amount of capital and in-! Constitution which declares that no nrnurroVu er,ovrn,,H'erliVtedbt to 0,lU port uresot ttie Government, into new channels as i t 1 1 . ' he had stated, was combmed with the fiscal I OVer ""Other. 11 also Violates the COllaction of the Government, and which, while j stltlltioil, liy authorizing him, at his disit secured a prompt payment of the debt, pre- Cretiotl, to impose casll dlllics On One vented the immense losses to the mannfactur port, while t red t is hIIowi d m Others 7:VM"A" nhy enabling th.e President to regulate great reduction. Still, revenue was the main J 0 . . 0 ..hject, and protection but the incidental, j commerce, a power vested in congress The bill to reduce the dntiei was reported by;i'u"e; and by drawing within the juristhe Committee on Ways and Means, and not diction of tile UtlKt'd States1 courts, of .Manufactures; and proposed a Seavy reduc-j powers never intended lo be con-

w.:.t ..f J.cif ...u . . .." ,uuu. ""l

decisive as to the char.icter of the bill, is the; 0,'JCCl,,nS were l,uT became insigfact that it fix.d a much higher rale of duties! niiicant in the provisions of a bill which.

I 011 the unprotected than on the protected ar-j j tides He would enumerate a few leading ! T' ' w,,oMe" a,,tI cotton above , Vallle II .'.) fellt! I IP tnn-.ro .,r, 1 1 . r.n cr l I h o : ut' re the lea I ng objects of protection, were' .,( ',..t...i;..M .,

uhject to a permanent dutv of only 20 perm'u)r considerations, and proceed di-

cent. Iron, another leading article among j the protected, had a protection of not more j than 9 per cent, a, fixed by the act, and but 15 j as reported by the bill. These rates were all; H.i I ,t ... K . I . e i .. .l . . including the protected, the unprotected, and , even the free articles. Mr. C. said he had en- : ......... me iunajs iiuiies as nxeu 111 me act,

tered into some calculation in order to nscer- U ot as an intregal part of the Uniontain the average rate of duties in the act. ! ..: u. , . .1 ' There wa, some uncertainty in the data, but ) h'" n mOIfe . ,0 reS,,St he f. It assured that it was not less than 30 per s achments of the general Governcet.t. ad valorem ; showing the excess of the merit than a county l.as to resist the average duties above that imposed on the pro-; authority of a State; aid treatin"- such irectsd articles en.i.n.-rated, of more than 10 resistance as the lawless arts of so macent., and thus clearly establishing the char- ;i;..:i i, . -,i , , . f., i, . .. , i n lnaividuals, wilhout pose.ssini; sovacter of the measure, that it was for revenue . J . ,. . , . . 1 , : end not protection. ereignty or political rights. It has been I said that the bill declares war against H iving now, said Mr. C, corrected some of South Carolina. No. It declares a the prominent misrepresentations, as to the ' massacre of her citiz'Ml"! War has nature of the c.ntroversy ""d given a rapid i , , j ,,,i ! t .. , sketch of the movement ol the State in reler-. ... . b , . " . ' ence to it, he would next proceed to notice!''1" ,ts horrors, brings into action the

some objections connected with the Ordinance . ,. , . tn' proceedings under it. ' 3 The first and most prominent of these is directed against what i called the test oath w'''clli !ln effort has been made to render odii " . . .. i .... S Jso l;ir tro.ll I peprvutn- tl.u .1 ph ii nri :l I ...n ' " .c.e,.c g;lmsl ,u .; ,r,i tins provision of the Ordinance as but the nat"r:'1 res,,,t of the 'l-'ctrines entertained by the the position which she occupies. . ii-o, ...... ... ion h a union of Mates, and not cf individuals : i'"i n iiiiuiii in iH,m-D, rti.u mil v.1 ll.llll liillilia . .. . . . . .

i:iat it was tormed by the States.and that the I . " ' " imwui inc u i.ii citizens of the several States, were bound loiti h)' jury or any other Safeguard which through the acts of the several States; ihatjlhe Constitution has thrown around the

e;,clh e r:,t,ht,( ' "nstitution for itsell,! ,h;'1 l W:1S bJ "th ratification of a ! hilt .y oblip, ion was imposed upon. 'he citizens, thus be lieving, it was the opinof Corohna, hat it belonged . . ., ' to he fU,e. "l'- the obl.gal.on,) to 'bclare in lhe last resort, the exteit nf that "atio,,, " far as her citizens were con-! ' y . . ' " ' r' 1 which fjut in all analogous cases of compact. , ' between sovereign or pohtiea bodies. tonsil . ii i nm o. me .i.i le ; anil a peculiar cl.aracter, was m obligatory on the citizens of that State, as any portion ol the Constitution. In prescribing, then, the oath to obey the Ordinance, no more was .lone than to prescribe an I. ... ..I.... flt.. f .. . I .. . : ..... r w....n iney are memners; ami that such net ol resita,lw by a State, bind. U,e couscei.ee uud

our Country's Laws, and our Law's Supremacy.

lent to which the State h.t.i "acted under this ' part of the Or.linai.ce. lastcad of sweeping every officer, by a general proscription of the ! .... ; u" . ... I 1 iiniiuiii i ,ti ii,i iH.-pii rnrfniir on in iiohdio -' . I ............. as hr as tar as the kn.iwU.Up r Tr a iele in.iivi.lual nil h " . . " V. . i C PT rpiiila .1. 1 State had, i fact, aclel wilh (h.' neatest ' tenderness, all nirn,nt:.nrp nS.,lUr.l 1... Thus exhibiting the impious spectacle inf ll.lj fl,..,m...,l ll. 1 . C . I. . I I" , ...x. ...........v- . ... . , m.,Kin .,-. t. , c. 1 - . . ! . .. oiates, matung war against the power .... s . 55 r .'. In which it nM ti prulnc PUI 13 ln'S Union on all Utieqt lll!r. contrarv In t!i:it nrnvuioi. d tiiM . - .rrci noon turn. As ffrP!,t 1 !,.,.. -" "I"-'" liieai as . - - .-. ' . ... by a single blow, by treating the Sutes as a mere lawless mass oi individu;ils nostrales ail tlh:,r.ir.r, nf th ;v - onsiuution. new ould pass over the redly to the great point. This bill proceeds on the ground that the entire Lprr-irmt v of this roni.ln- L..lor ... "V .V lhe American People, as forming one r- 7 , great community; and regards the States as mere fractions or counties -.ind . i highest qualities, intellectual and mor al. It was perhaps, in the order of Providence, that it should be permitted . . - - ' r.. i. .i . -I. : ioi in.ti pm iu?e. iui mis inn declares ; rm .rar cvrpnl AanA it l.r. Il... ...u:..1. i savaSTCS watre a War. not against il. ' ' ..v.. , o , - -D .... j ommun.t) . but the citizens of whom that community IS composed. But he , regarded it as worse than savage war-'-jf.ire an attempt to take away life on , . "... J ! j . , r i . . . 'irtprtho rn nr nf n. I il... ,je cf ,he cililim! It authorises the resident or even his d -puties, when , oppose the law to 1) viollt.-d J ...i ujiuj on, i,nv ui ue yioiai'-a, without the intervention of court or j- .... . . ,. J ry, to kill Without mercy Or dlSCrimil.ation! t was said by Senator from Tennessee, f Mr, Grtllld vW.) he a mo . cu""- 1 cs vmi vn uimjj ) io oe A me IS I nm ,.1 nnu.. V.,o ,.!, .. ureolpeate! I es, such peace as the wolf gives to the lamb, the kite to tin dove! Such peace as Russia gives to Poland; or death to its victim. A peace by extingui-diing the poliiical existence of the S ate, by awing her1 into an abandonment of lhe exercise of every pow r wiiich constitutes her a sovereign communit . It is toSouth Carolina a question of self preservation. ;,nt j I proclaim it, that, should this bill pass, ami an aiiempt oe made toenlorce it, it will be resisted at every hazard even that of de alh its: II. Death is t ot the gttest calamnity: there are others still more terrible lo lhe free and brave; and among them may be pi. iced the loss of liberty and honor. There are thousands of her brave sons who if need he, an1 prepared cheerfully to ;1y down their lives in defence ofthe state, and the great principles of constitutional liberty for which she is contending. God forbid that this should become necessary. It never can be, unless thi g ivernrnent is resolved to bring lhe iH 'slioa lo ex'remitv, when her gallant sons will laad prepared to perform the last duly; to die nobly. I go (said Mr. Calhoun) on the ground that this Con-dilution was made by lhe atcs; that It IS a leUetal u.iiou of til Slates ill wllicll the Several SuteS .till

The bill violates the Constitution, I 1 "u,:u 'e w 111 ,"e copi, j plainly and palpablv,in many of its pro-1 ' ti,k'J" in,! v,eiv; wo"l ' ' 'sen, it not ! visions, bv Lthor.7:.,tblr,si,l M,tJd.eslro-v'. Un welSht of 't"or.ty.

'Li 1,;, ..1' . . i . ..... I He had been violently oppose I. i t Co i-

1 i ma imnsuie, 10 juice tne atiicreni . . . ' , , ! r.t- .t . ' . vetmo'i. to lhe ()iistitiiti,ui. :.i- in

their sovereignty. If the. view. : be correcti h h;iJ not characterized

u,e um 100 SllOtigiy, Wllicll presents ; question, whether they be or be . n. 11 . .. ,. 1 1 ui . vt 111 wi iwir iJintir 1 uta run r-t 1 1 rtTtk,.. IT -.11', .....v. ...si im.u i.n. uij , wouiui ' .'' . r)rcSe'" ' " W,K,t he h;,d ! P;lu' 011 the tntl odliclion of t!ie resold ford d for more ample discussion. II would for the present confine his remarks to theohj 'Ctions which h id been raised to the vLnvs w lich lie ha J ores

ented w!ien he introduced them. The ; guislies his faculties from mere sagaciatithority of Luther M utin ha I been! ly which he holds in common with in-

a Idnce 1 by the Senator from I) da war", to prove that the ciiiz -ns of a State, acting under the authority of a S ate, were liable to b:; p:iaN led a traitors by this Government. As eminent as Mr. M tilin was asaliwver, and as ,. , ,. ,.; , , , . ., . . , ..3 ..... ,ui , , 1 ,.4u ui.imi-en-don a I g .1 point, tie coat I no! accept if, in d -ier ni iii io; le point ;,t . verv letter fro-n w iich tin Senator had quoted, was intend -d to li-s itd Maryland from its ad iption. With this view it was to be expected that every consideration calcul tied to elf-ct (hat ob ject should be urged; the real obj.-r-tiotis should be exaggerated, and thai tiiose having no found ition, I'vcepl mere plausible deductions should be presented. It is to this spirit that he attributed th:; opinion of Ir. M irti i.i i reference to the p int u td r co isid 'ration. But if his authority i? good on one point, it must be admitted to be equally so on another. f his opinion be sunn lent to prove that a citizen of the Slate may be punished as a traitor when acting under allegiance to the State, it is aNosnlScient to show, that no authority was intended to bs given in the constitution lor the protection of manufactures hy the general government, and that the provisions in the Constitution, permitting a State to liy an impost duty, with the consent of Congress, was intended to reserve the right of protection to the States themselves, and that each Slate should protect its . A I . . . own muusiry. vssumtng ins opinion to be of equal authority on both points, how embarrassing would be the attitude in which it would place the Senator from Delaware, and those with whom he is acting, that of using the sword and the bayonet to enforce the execution of an unconstitutional act of Congress. He must express his surprise that the slightest authority in favor of porcrr should be received as the most conclusive evidence, while that which is at least equally strong in favor of right and liberty, is wholly overlooked or rejected. Notwithstanding all that has been said. he mast say, that neither the Senator from Delaware, (Mr. Clayton) nor any other who had spoken on the same side, had directly and fairly met toe great questions at issue; Is this a Federal Union? a union of Stntcs,ns distinct from that of individuals? Is tiie sovereignty in the several S ales, or in I tie Am-riean people in tie nggregit.-i Tlie very lang i.ige which we ;.re 1..111pelled to use, when speaking ot'our political institution-, idfirds j roof conclusive as to its real character. The terms, union, federal, united, all im(dy a combination ofsov r. ignlits, a combination of S ates. They are never applied to an association of individuals. Whoever heard of tin United S.ate of New York, of Massachusetts, or of Virginia? W.10 ever heard ti.e term Fed ral, or Union, applied to the aggregation of individuals into one community? Nor is the other point less clear that the sovereignly is in the several States, and lhat our system is a union of twenty-fo ar sovereign powers, under a constitutional compact, and not ofdivid d sovereig ily between lhe States severally and the United States. In spite ofall (hat had been said, lie maintained lhat sovereignty is, i i its nature, indi viible. It is the supreme power in a Stale, and we might just as well speak of half a square, or half of a triangle, as of half a sovereignty. Il is a gross error to confound the ixcrcise of sovereign powe rs with sovereignty it---I ; or the d ligation of such powers with a surrcu'lcf of I hem. A sovereign may dt 1 -gate his powers to be exercised by as many agents as he may think proper, under such conditions, and with such limitations as he may impose; but to surrender any portion of his soveriguty to another is to annihilate the whole. The Senator from Delaware (Mr. Clayton) calls this, metaphysical reasoning, which he says, he cannot comprehend. If hy mdaphsics he meaua that scholastic refinement which

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C.F. CLAUKSOX, Printer Ac Publisher

L UMBER 3, make, distinctions without difference, no one can liold it in more Ultrrcontempt Ulan he, Mr. U.) But if on the contrary, he means the power of all llvs . 1 ..' ! a ,au..u luu.., c 1 j u 11 i i t r rr r )inalion that power which .1.. .it... . . . .cu u, . ,osl complex idea into Its NemflltS, Which traces C auses to their ti 1st pi incinle, and. hv the geiieralisalioii and combination, unites tne whole in one harmonious system; then, so far from deserving contempt, it is the highest attribute of the human mind. It is the power which raises mid abdva the brute wiiich ditinI -rior animals. It is (his power which h is raised the astronomer from bein-; a mere g iz-.r at the stars, to the high "intellectual eminence of a Newton o- Laplace; and astronomy itself from a mere obs -nation of insulated facts into that no ile science which displays to our adm'.raiio 1 the system of tli- universe. A ) I s iall this high power of the mind, whica has ellvcli d s ich wonders, when directed to ih - laws which control the m iteri tl world, be forever prohibited, ualera sensel ss cry of metaphysics, from being appli d to the high purpose of p d.lic il science and legislation. Ha held them to be suhj-ct lo I iws as fixed as matter itself, and to be as fit a subject f.r ih; application of the highest inudl.-clual power. D "nuriciatinn '"may in l,:e I fall upon the philosophical enpirer 111 o these lirst principles, as ii dal upoa Gal I jo a id 15 ion, w ien they tirsi unfolJed the init discoveries. w:nch lave im nortaliz -d th ir nam s: but the tim will come when truth will prevail in spite of prejudice and denunciation, and when pditics and 1 -gis-tion will be con-ideied as m ich a science as astronomy and chemistry. In conn xioa with thispirt ofthe subject, he understood the .Sjnator from Virginia, (Mr. Rives.) to say, that sovereignty was divided, and that a portion remained wi'h States, severally, and that lhe red In was vested in the Union. By Union, !.- supposed lhat the Senator meant th'; United States. If such be his meaning it he intended to affirm, that the sovereignty was in the twentyfour Slates, in whatever light he mi" it view them, their opinions waul I nt disagree; but according to his (Mr. C.'s) conception, the whole sovereignty was in the several States, while The exercise of sovereign powers w is divide 1 a part being etercis -d under conoajt, throughout ibis General G-iveriunen,', and the residue tli rough th senarit'j State Governments. B it if the S jaator from Virginia (Mr. Rives) meant loasserf, that the twenty-four States formed but one community, with a single sovereign power, as to the objects ofthe Union, it would be but the revival of the old question, of whether the Union was a union between States, as distinct communities, or a mere aggregate of the American people, as a mass if individuals, and in this light his opinions would lead directly to consolid ition. B it to return to lhe bill. It is said lhat the bill ought to pass, because the law must be enforced. The Imperial Edict must beexxuied. It is under such sophistry, couched in general terms, without looking to tlie limitations which must ever e xist in the practic il exercise of power, that t ie most cruel and d"potir acts ever have been covered. Il was s ic 1 sophistry as this, lhat cast Daniel into lhe lion's den,and the three Innocents into the fiery furnace. Under the same so ohistry the Moody edicts of N. ro an I C.iligla were executed. Toe law must be enforced. Yes, the "lea lax nuM be ex.-cufed.'5 This was the very argument which impelled Lord North and his administration in that mad career which forever separated us from the British crown. Under a similar sophistry, '-that religion must be protected,1' how many m issacres hive been perpetrated ? and how many m ntyrs have been tied to the slake? What, acting on this vague abstraction are you pn pared (o enforce a law, without considering whether it bejust or unjust, constitutional or unconstitutional? Will you collect money when it is acknowledged lhat itis not wanted? He who earns the money who digs it from the earlh wilh the sweat of his brow, has a just title to it against the universe. No one has a right to touch it without his consent, except his Government, and it o-ojy to the extent of its legitimate w:.ints; to takmere is robbery by murder. Yes, to this result ou must Come, by ihis miserable sophistry, this vague abstraction, of enforci i the law without n regard to tha fct whether the law he just or uoj ist, constitutional or unconstitutional. In the same spirit we are to! 1, '.hit the Union most be preserve I, without regard to the means. An I ho i h proposed to preserve the U lion? By rorce!', Doea any man, in his scaiw,.