Western Statesman, Volume 3, Number 48, Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, 8 February 1833 — Page 1

' WHERE HBERTT DWELLS THKBH IS MT COUNTRY."

TCL. I'll. LA W 11 K X C i: I ? UI !G 2 i 8 X 3$ 1 A X A : Fill DAY, FEBRUARY S, llllh rsisTM AsnPL'ousHtotT of South Carolina observer that hp. Thev are. so far as his ajrenev is con-! and the parties to it. and without itumi- the Government are to be recognized

C. F, CLAHSIiSO., j 'cannot but think, that on a calm and ' cernd. lie cannot either embrace or ring w hether it be merely federal, or '. as valid, and consequently supreme,

dispassionate review bv Congress, and lead to the performence ot the condi- j social, or national, it is sufiicient that it until these remedies slull have been eithe functionaries of the General Govern- Uons. lie has alreadv discharged the i must be admitted to be a compact, and fectually tried ; and any attempt to sub-

OFXTS ri i nic nt, of the true merit? o f this contro- only part in his power, by the recomen- j to possess the obligations incident to advert those measures or to render the t, ri'iiH.V,r(i versy, the ai bitratioii, by a call of a dation in his annual message. The 1 compact; to be a compact by which , laws subordinate to State authority,

constitu-

Ilia ASH SHORT IT1UITI.

TI.HMS : TWO DOLT, A lis ami FIFTY

ear, niva )! within ihe vear. hn mav

v the p'.vm.Mnnf ru b DOi. I, us in a .'.vaiiie. ; convention ofal! the States, which we rest is with Congress and the people;; power is created on the one hand, and .and afterwards to resort to constitu

ih Vn.7u'rt ot thV r m f r1 ; sincerely and anxiously seek and desire, and, until they have acted, his duty will j obedience exacted on the other; a com-; tional redress, is worse than evasive, 'r -'hirrceiv,hVir,i,a,,Mi.TPriaei.c.Mnit'will be accorded to us!' re.juirc him to look to the existing ; pact freely, voluntarily, and solemnly ; It would not be a proper resistance to 'um!."" ,,ost5 or 11 wi" be ,ulhru M,bftri',e-1 From the diversity offeror indicated state of things, and act under them ac- j entered into by the several States and j a government of unlimited powers" as .v. pa;.rr iii hrd.ontitu,. d nmi ai i rr. srapr-r in these two important documents enrdinj: to his obligations. ratified by the people thereof respect-i has been sonv'times pretended but unml .m!. .it tin- npiioii nt t'ie Kiluoi1; anil a failure , . 1 . , ' ' . B, . ,. , I- i . i i- i i 11 r 1 . i it.n .nfy a .lMconunn inc- at tin- ni f ti. tim.ub-, taken in connenion with the progress : By these various proceeding, there-: ively ; a compact by which ilie several lawful opposition to Hie very limitations "IVT.'r'rAo'thr Sir'it "7,,i?,a,r.r of i eccnt events in that quarter, there fore," the Mate of South Carolina has! States and the people thereof respect-' on which the harmonious action of the

.vivrii!semf:.tsi.en..i aim u(1al iatf. jis too much reason to apprehend, with- forced the General Government, una-; ively have bound themselves to each government ana ait us parts, absolutely

out in nnv mrmnr r rfnn ht mo- tK ; ,-, f vnid n A - in .lorlii il imiir A 1 n -: n! 1 ior an.' to the federal government, i depends. South Carolina has appeal-

I resilient .Tvosngo, jtiot. of those public functionaries, that gerous ' alternative of permitting a ! and by which the federal government is ; cd to none ol these remedies, but in ef- ( OMiM i it. j neither the term? proposed in the ad- State to obstruct the laws within its bound to the several States and to eve- iect, has defined them all. If these measures car.not be ricfeateJ ami ; d rcss of the convention, nor those allu- li mils, or seei ng it attempt to execute a ; ry ci t i zen (f tho United States. To! bile threatening to separate from oTprc-.mcby th fowor coniVrrcd.b v the Con- idol to in the message of the (iovenor, threat of withdrawing from the Union. this compact in whatever mod it may ; the Union if any attempt be made to tttution en the Fc'.tral Government, the j ou( appc thc excitement whidi , That portion of the people at present ' have been done, ih.; people of South j etiforee the revenue laws otherwise t,T!oitow excesses. It is exercising the authority of the Slate, Carolina have freely and voluntarily than through the civil tribunal of the law i at an end, and' the riil.ts and lih.'r- obvious, howevc r, that should the latter i solemnly assert their right to do either, j given their assent; an I to the whole ; country, she has not only not appealed tie of the citizens can longer reeeive pro- j bo insisted on, they present an alterna-' and as solemnly announce their deter- j and every part of it they are upon eve-: in h.'r own name to those tribunals teeUon from the Cuvemn,.-nC of tho Union, j ti a e v l,n h tl e C c i eral Govemmcnt.of midalion to do one or the other. rv principle of good faith, invioablv which the Constitution has providad for The.T not only abu-to t e arts of Congress ; j(,clf cani,v no possibili'.v grant. since,bv i In inv opinion, both purposes are to1 bound. Under his obligation, the'y ; all cases in law or equity arising under Cthev pro.tlMt. "old ' wreu'y1 a!1 vr Vvc P'iMon of the Constitution, ' be regarded as revolutionary in their j are bound, and shall be require.!, to the Constitution and laws of the United at once, and" wiJ'oni exception every -'on?rt "s cr,!! cal! ' c ;.vention ior the character and tendency, and subver- contribute their portion of the public ; States, but has end avoied to frustrate act and'everv p;-rt o'f tverv act imnos- : rroPs':ii:!g' amendments only 'on the np-; sivc of the s-ipremacv of the laws and ! expense, and to submit to all laws made their proper action on her citizens by it any amount whatever of dm v en ! l'lirn,ion of ,he legislatures of two-' of the integrity the Union. The result by the common consent in pursuance of , drawing the cognizance of cases under nifvfrtrV.: mrrb-,1 1,t ,! viri.nll, 1 thi rds of the States.'' And it is not per- i of each is the same ; since a state in ! the Constitution, for the common de-; the revenue laws to her own tribunals, '.. ., 1 ... Vvr h,- ' crived that the terms presented in the ! which, by aa usurpation of power, the ! fence and general welfare until they ; specially ptepared and luted tor the pure tr t XiMHiji ac t v tacn lias t otto t , , , , . . i . . - , ' . . .. ... . i , . i t ... i. ti i r r,.. .. t. t,

t- , 01 fiw. i address ate more practicable than those ' constimtional authority ol ttie I ederal ; can ne ciiangea in ine moue v men ine , vw ui c.nu.t-in- mo cv..L5 (.tssuu i,j tnc coik-ction 01 inc , 1 i,, . . , .1 . - r. ii i mi..i i ut,- ti,, .,A utU

1 ..i! ,

i ipjcu iii i no I ii I'll

inrlu' rth rt of lSl( -r'l ' rc,orr'n 10 ine message. 1 irovernmeni is openiv dcuou, and et 1 cotupaci was pioiueu 101 me mi-un-i juhu iv wuuvi ...... d !t!u'rnlbrri rTl , vnf I "00 ihVrn ! It will not escape attention, that the ' aside, wants only ihe form to be hide- merit of those great ends of the Govern- 'judges and jurors of which will be It i tu on .lit v n vb irb h ,l ' " Wn ' conditions on which it is said in tho ad- pendent of the Union. ment and of the Union. Nothing less j bound by the import of oaths previous.am c vaica iu . r .cn Ulrcss of the convention they would he I The right of the people of a single than causes which would justify revolu-j ly taken to treat the Constitution and J,., , ? - , 5C ouats : willipjr (o acquiesce, forms no part of State to absolve themselves, at will.an,! lionary remedy can absolve the people j laws of the U. Statts in thia respect as vnicn are cnargca to ,i.ue won tmpo- pnlinance. While this ordinance! without the consent of tho other Stales, from tins obligation; and for nothing a nullity. IW has the State made the t"bHt are trbvYp?'1 1 T.t II cars all the solemnity of a fundamen-1 from their most solemn obligations, and ' can the Government permit it to b- : proper appeal to public opinion and to

" l " " . i i . i. .i i. . .... .. till l. i:i t: .. 1 l :

.-r fl ,M,n-l b.:,l I'.r tlwv .,.., f,.- ,;" li!, IS lO W 11U UIOI 1 Ul C U K) I I i M . I ,1 I i I I . I C I1UUUVS UU1 li.l, MiU'l-S Ul u1 ...liivm -iv... .v, ...... ..j,. ;- - e;s, though laal lor the pntposc ot re-. :.. . .. .a . ,!,, - .1 .-l ... ! K,- ,,,,,1,... il, rnmn-.t it ;J out waitin-r to lrn whether the other

emiemeit.v.at.uupon aii.cjc in no oe- ..s (hiohi(( unconditional in it s cannot be acknowledged. Such an- j bound to the other States and to every j Mates will consent to a Convention, or fe iU5pCti , 0uJ0C,S rr;' U rn.s, the address conveys only the sen- thoritv is beiieve.l to be utterly repug- citizen of the United States. I if they do, will construe or amend the tlUniir inSli r?lT i tMnents of the convention in ' no bin-1 nant. both to the principles upon which! These deductions plainly flow from j Constitution to suit her views, she has .irnrtrd ,n practical form: one is the act !he Ger.eral Government U constituted.j the nature of the federal compact, of her own authority altered the im,rrnnt 5-T-rl ,tl I nrV Tht fmn ; State, the other only the cxpros-lnnd to the objects which it is exr.res.lv ! idi is on-of limitations not only up-port of that instrument and given imr o!l?H 5 " i n I n-u-1 IV 1 1 ' I n r. 1 ; the ' members otiiormed to attain. 1 ' on the powers originally possessed by ! mediate effect to the change. In hue, S i'p ' J Is- " r ;Z ' the convention. To limit the elfect of! Against all acts which mav be alleged the parlies thereto, but also upon those j e basset her own will and authoniy V,;'" , 2 V r "I ri.ft" that solemn act bv any terms or condi-j to traascend the constitutional power of: conferred on the (lovrrnm-ut and eve-(above tne law., has made hcrscll arrfjt TtJp vXUt- tll ' tions whatever, tliev Vhot.ld have been ' the Government, or which may be in-jry department tiiercof. It will be free-j biter in tier own case, and has passed If V ; r If f rl S I n embodied in if, and made of import no! convenient oi oppressive in thir opera-: 1.- conceded, that by the principles of at once over all intermediate steps to the subject ot Joic.gn S.ates mav es? avthor.ta1i ve than the act itself. I tion, the Constitution itself has ,ms-i our system, all power is vested in tiie : measures of avowed resistance, which, rrrti,Zt,Mvr t.tv ' h , TZ' lv the positive enactments of the ordi-j cribed the modes of redress. It is' the i people, but to be exercised in the mode, ! unless they be submitted to, can be endiand.ic without an ,u tv V' tncc tile ex. culion of the laws of the ! acknowledged att.ibntes of free intitu-i and subject to tho checks which the orced only by the sword. hat S.ate ,s thus, relieved (rem u s: Ut .o L fl)Mlu!cIv roiip.,i!(,4, . n., lLo (iuns, that, under them, the empire of! f'ople themselves have prescribe,!. In dec.d.ng upon the cour.s which a and impc, ts are not ,vU icndetce. rot a - I j KW js snLmi!!ed for the! These check, are, undoubtedly, only bigb sense ot duty to ail the people of

I"11 V s: : ; being again testored.even in the modi-! power of the sword. To no other , different madiheations of the same fc Unile-l states imposes upon tnc au-

T A I- I v , ficd form proposed, than what depends ; source can appeals for vh wmngs.'at popular principle which l.es atjinonucs oi ine union, ,n mis emergentome ports ot that Mate cnci tbse f;unnn tho jU!.0,,aHe conlin-encv. that be made. coi;siVfently -.vitli the obli.,a. ; t be foundation of the vvlude, but are cy, it cann.t be overlooked that there theetaei . " n i!, m . c,)an,rin cveJ(s and 'increasine,! lions of South Carolina; to no other can : Vm tiiat account, to be less regard-its not sufficient cause for the acts of manifest uolat.on of the positive provis-; rxoiUw,(t senlimentg pf (ho nres-l such appeals be. made with safety at odor les obligatory. South Carolina, or for her thus placing lorsolthe lonslilufion. lent members of the convention, and i an v time: an.d to those decisions, when : Upon the power of Congress, the ve-j 111 jeopardy the happiness of so many Inpouto, duration. Jilso, those ag-. sucecssor, wiH remain the j constitutionally pronounced, it becomes to of the Executive, and tne authority millions of people. Misrule and op pressions upon the authority ci v on- ! the duty, no bss of the public authori-: of the Judiciary which is "to extend to! pression, to warrant the disruption of gress. vhul,. i-y tee u.oiar.rce, .e; jt is to he regretted, however, that! ties, than of the people, in every case ; all cases in law and equity arising un- j t,ie Irc-e institutions oi the union of made parto! tae funuamvntal law cd roIu!i(ioI1;,veM i- lh h:Xli been i to ield a patriotic 'submission. " 'dor the Constitution and" laws of the ! these States, should be great and lastSoufniaiOiina.prc a,.solute, ir.ut unite oIli.cd iu lhe ?am, binding form, are! that State, or nnv other great por-i United States, made in pursuance j ingdeQ-n5 all ether remcdv. For ana vithout limitation 1 r.ey rntoer fo u; (lrf-nC(U d j on nliJnv ! fin,, of the people, suffering long and ; thereof," are the obvious checks; aad ; us ot m"r character, the GovernpieKtieeibe pu.od when te.ey Vill . cot:linnco,. and are M directlv oPpo- intoler. ble oppression, and 'having1 the sound action of public opinion, witli 1 lncnt could not submit to such a catascensc, nor ir.Ouate any t, ml:, ions vyoi , , .... on;rinni nr, f,if r-.-.t : tried ail miioit "otional rom.tdie with.;tK nl,;!,, ,irr of nmi ndmont. .ir;trophe, without a iolationot its most

which those who have te.u un.u-rlaiiur " ... , . . , . . ' .... i.. r i : . . 1 . . ' i.. e ! sacretl obligations to the ofliei States of

umtuuious upon i o it: ... i. i ..! :..! 4i.:

1 I.l' ITl fl '1 I III 1.1 V- fll n ' . 1 fllll .lll rf0- f 1 1 I I 1 M I ! fl .11 ' I I I I I - 1 I I 's. I J V 111 II I- Til C'l I ' I T '1 I'l ! 11 . 1 f 1 ill V

. i .n r i l-i. lit, w :.ro " l j . .

tO.HHSl nx t', t "'- ' ' '-"-1 r.. au,..K,. ,nl.,(4nf..lt.,;nmi.r.l tlnnn rif. .t tt hrn .:,..!.,. .-.i ! , i U m ,v LniOH, 1HI . .IV a SUUKllUUU vweu

to retrace their stej-.atul ,e-c ind t neir of i ,)C no hvvv.Ue secured.and'wben they j owcvor it tMV he alleged that a vi-j di!' to its hiU,J?' measures, l.cvilliiio tin. 'u . .We. will certainlv not rotwent that ' can do so without creater iniuiv fo i t...: ... ,.r n,nnr tl,.. m,.a. There is, m the present instance,1

State- no r.tei native but unccuMiiiional tl;o ri.o(c,.lilg duties shall be wholly I others, to absolve themselves from their o- (1, government can atlect thcisch cause either in the degree of submission J te.o sc pe o. the Uu ' abrogated, never to be re-enacted aV obligations to the Government. aml!,Mi.,,,;nn' rj- tw uni ties, it cannot ! rule or oppression complained of,

l.aticc is to he received n? ine -cde 01 nnv tutnro time, or in aav nossilde ron-! anneal to the last re-ort. needs r.of . .. .,, ,,,,1 ,,., ,,1, v ;,-,l-.iti,Mi ! the hopelessness of redress by

ronresMon . their i.t n a. , , c.n . til:pM10V. As little practicable is it to ' on ib.e present occasions, be d.-r.in Uc predicated of those measures tional means. 1 he long sanction 1'fied onlv bv a repeal ol the Umae -rxi. tf. c.itii rt r 1 ! ,., ,', ' . 4:....: 1 ...1;.., ! have received from the nroner au

no

miior in

constitu-

they

thori-

- j 1 j t , -. - fT 'i"n"i. iii.ii. in,- .-.mil. i.iiv.. v.. ""i.J v- : Ui;J an UK: V OllSUli.UiUiI.li I cuieu n.s I 1 tr m t.f revenue . ans. an.i .n .u.;ia.ii. . s,.aU imvm,t up0n the protected ar-! The existence of this right however, U'.-.all have been full v tried. If the Fed- j lies and from the people, not less than from the. col.ecl.on ol an) ,U1 , tides that , hall be imposed upon the.imvu.t depend neon the causes which Ural Government ekereise powers not . the unexampled growth and increasing iinpm-tswe.atevei. unprotected ;' which, moreover, would i m,,v justify its ' exercise. It is the u!- warranted by the Constitution and im-1 prosperity of so many millions offreelt is trnr, t.yu in t.Ku,,.tess o .. w oppn.ssivo (() the poor;and in time ; ,:a .aio: ,vhich presupposes that the ! .nediahdv albctingi viduaU, it will! men, attest that no such oppression as teoplect lee I ni.e-l n J ,,f u.ar. u-ouj a(d greatly to its rigors. I pro,)or appeals to all other means of: scarcely be denied that the proper re-1 would justify, or even palliate such a Convention of eoa;a L..i...n.:, a . (here can be no objection ' redress have been made in good failhJnvdv i's a recourse to the judiciary. resort, can be justly imputed either to announcing t .e oxed ami naai uu r- (o hc rrin,.Spe, properly understood,' a:ia which can never be rightfully re-'.Such undoubtedly is the remedy for! the fnt policy or past measures of ne.nat-on ot tho Mate.in c ,10 that no more revenue shall be raised ; sortcd to, unless it he unavoidable. It i (hose who deem 'the acts of Congress j the Federal Government. The mo protecting Mst.m itav sav mar u 1 - ,.oce,sary for ,hc constitutional ! not tlc ri-ht of the Slate, hut of the I lav in- duties on imports ard providing' mode of collecting duties and for the mains tor p,sul.m.t apt.u o. tax c, ,1k. Government, which , dividual, and of all the individuals in j for ,h(.ir collection to bo unconslitu-', ame general objects, yvhich began with ti.t iawh.cn we wouKi.c. umu p.in.ijdo has been already reeommcr-; lC Stale. It is the right of mankind, ' Uonel. Thevvh.de operation of such j the foundation of the Government, and acou.esce. m a liberal M'- " c ' ded bv the Executive as the true basis ; nerallv, to secure, by all means in ; laws is upon the individuals importing j w hich has conducted the country seam, provmed we ate m.- in ' ' 0f taxation ; yet it is very certain that ; ,heir pow-cr, the blessings of liberty and! the merchandise: a State is absolutely i through its subsequent steps to its pres. ane in a becoming spit it, "')' - ' Si)U(h (;a.0ilia alone cannot be per-; happiness: but when, for these purpo-i prohibited from' laying imposts or du-ent enviable condition of happiness and interested in m .i.uf.H lures. 1.1 1 I1)ilk,l to decide w hat these constitu-! any body of men have voluntarily ! tic on imports or exports, without the renown, has not been changed. Taxaomnion of toe Convenl.on an uu. c ,ioliaI purposes are. associated themselves under a partial-! consent of Congress, and cannot become; tion and representation the great r,an would be ..at -ii.e w .on. , Thf; ;0(, whi(h consti(u(cs the due! lar form of government, no portion of a party under those laws without im-; principle of the American Revolution protected articles s u.u.a nc ,n I ' iinie ia i5ch the term, proposed in ihe! them can di-'solve the association with-i portitnr i her own name, or wrongfully 1 have continually gone hand in hand; heecifall i.ulv, and m.u 1.. ' ;ul(Ie,s an to hc accepted, would seem ! out acknowledging the corrective right interposing her aut hority against them.U"d at all times and ,n every instance, derived from imj oil eiu.n s . . to present scarcely less diilivulty than'!i:i ihe lemainder to decide whether! !ly thus interposing, however, she "o tax of any kind has been imposed raised extmtivclv lion. ..... xhe terms themselves. Though the 1 that dissolution can be permited, con-i cannot rightfully obstruct the opera-1 without the participation and in some nrti.lcsortbat w la tav . a 1 lvvrue aws are alreadv to he void insistently with the general happiness, i tion of the laws upon individuals. For ' .instances w hich have been complained posed upon protre lei aim ns ... i j, Sl,llh carolilia as wv "as the bonds : in this view, it is a right dependant their disobedience to or violalion ofthejol, with the express assent of a part, ot an ex. iseuaty of the same . - UIuk.,. them, and the judicial upon the power to enforce it. Such a aws the ordinary remetlies through the ! the UepresentatiTes of South Carolina i e imposed upon all 8"" .' flC,.,.dmgs for carrving them into : light, though it mav he admitted to' judicial tribunals would remain. And,: in the councils of the Government. Up manufactured m too v . . law . , rU as the full action and opera- pre-exist and cannot be w holly Mirren-. i a case where an individual should be to the present period, no revenue has addles pro. eeb lo statf. oowevet. ... . ( t!ir, ordinance are to be susi.cn-Ulered, is necessarily subjected to lin.-j prosecuted for any offenc a-aaist the'; been raised beyond the necessary wants "they are w. II. ng to ...aue a ''' 'j"1 '"I d(d U;1,, lUc lrA nf Februarv, the in- Stations in all free governmenf, a-.d in aws, he could not set up, in justiika-l of the country, and the authorized exiog to preserve the L mot, a.,.t vv in ,t(na, niay ,e assumed as the time in compacts of all kinds freely and voh,n-i,ion of his act, a law of a Siate,which pendilures of the Government. And as ilislinet dc. b.iationt! at is a m-i.m ; 1 , . , , . . j : ,,,, wo; therefore I soon as the burthen of the public debt

ou our part, we will consent that tne, portion of the'., atioual legisla-1 interest and welfare of the individual ! ,0 rga, ded as null and void. The ', removed, those charged with the ad-

;iate cannot authorize th ministration have promptly recommen.fofa crime against the U. ! cd a corresponding reduction of rev-

y other act w hich, accord-j nue. supreme law of the Union That this system, thus pursued, hni

necessary lo meet Ihe oem. . " I pia.,ce is impossible. i tions these principles are acknovvl-Uvould he otherwise unlawful. And it! resulted in no such oppression upon Governme..! for constitn mna l'l-- l( (,(. unror(a-,tv then, that exists1 edged to create a sacred obligation: and is rnllally clear, that, if there be anyjSoulh Carolina, needs no other proof i,nu rrOV,,tlle. lipoid upon all for-i as to the duration of Ihe ordinance, and in compacts of ivil government, in-! Case ,n nhie I, a State as such, is afTecf-jthan tho solemn and ofitcia dec aration Hally uniform be impo.cu 1 ! of the enactments for enforcm- if it volv iug the liberties and happiness of rd ,v the law, bevond the scope of pi- of the Chief Magistrate of tnal State, in dpn imports.' , , mce, 1o' becomes imp. , iously the dutyof 'the millions of mmkind, (he obligations' dicial power, Ihe remedy consist !.. ap- hi address to the Legislature. In that insalsoltue ,1 a n ne-1 Fx c.tive of ihe I'.iiled States, acting cannot he less. peals to the people either to affect -a, h, m, that "the occurrence, of lie the Lrg.sb.tn.( .v ' w(,1; rrga,d to all th,-great in-1 Without adverting fo the particular1 change ,n the represent it.on or to pro-. pa,t year, in connection with our dorc.i,.v 7'T ,,.!..-:-. for rr-t.resue,.m.,.it.e.l to bis care, to treat then, ies (o which the federal compact ' cure relief by an amendment of the . mcstic concerns, are to be reviewed lhnr" r- I'Vv fo.ee- the Gove, nor Uboe acu us absolute and uuluuited.-i has 8iven rie, both as toil, for.natiu.i"! Constitution. But the measures off concluded on i.r vag. yelhng forte iy .e-.v

ou our pan. -mPOM d n,,ni phcated portion ofihe nalioual legisla-! interest and we Hare of the individual ,0 regarded same rate -;'u' ".iithaVb.' im- ,ion' a stern of long standing,' and becomes identified with those of the -law of a S the protect., j 1 .inn . atli-ciin great interests of the mmmntti- community ofwl.ichhe is a memhet.1 commission . posed upt.n the utj "''' ')!nn x , j, to he rescinded and abolished, li In compacts bet ween individuals, bow- State or any that no more revenue ... s. . . . M.,niired. it is clear that a com- ever d.eply they mav affect their rela-' jg t,, the si H,.,arf to meet the demand 01 tie : . ... ... 1 .. .. .. ... l J. .1 1 1