The Wabash Courier, Volume 10, Number 31, Terre Haute, Vigo County, 9 April 1842 — Page 1

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EAST.

IwDUKAroLia—C W Csdy. Moore GIBXHCASTLX—Col. Sigler, W Tolbert WILLIAMSTOWN—Postmaster HARMOXY—George McKinley MOOJTT MEXIDU*—J W Osborn MAJTHATTAK—Ssmnel Coleman PcTkAMVILLK—C Hand PLCAAAVT GAIDCK—\V Matkiaa CoirmaavtLLE—Gen. McCarty HAKOIROS STORE—S S Harding 8TYLESVI(.LE—S McAchron CirtLCicoTHE—John Liggott Pt*t!FFIEI.n—Lindley Potts WBEELIKO, VA A Armairong 4* U»-

WESTERLY.

G«^w-^Tpf^"Th». Smith

nnBE~Mf C»l»in,

PAI

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SOUTHERLY..

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BOOKS! BOOKS!! BOOKS!!!

very extensive assortment

'.f^MSoow

the entire series now ia.

bracin

Terre-Haute, March »•, 1849-«-«m:

I at Ufcyette, I«d»?5:

VOL 10.

the small

ng the entire series now i«—» -v juvenile to the highest academical s«d ctal*K*l snww*The whole will bS told low, rery tew, for MONKY. A* its representative, provided FUJTT.

REMOVAli.

DOCT.

HOLMES has wo**! his Olllw ***& ling to the first buiMiM. »«th of ^jwblii .equare, on Second street—where all lav ore will be thsnkfullv received.

TWre*Haate, Dee. to, IMl-lt-tf

ATTEND.

•rrrtLL

ffMdt with -S.

those indebted to «s be kind enough to

Terre-Haute. #a%. I84»-8S-3re

DA^ALDSON.

NEW PAPEB Mlllsl*

TO TUB THE WABA8H AIXBY.p.pE£ rpHE subwnbere have ereetod si

coat ta obtaining most apprO*edJ«^i^jMJ»J on the Industry tvsseall, abb. which will be received in change for Paper ©r Cash at fair pricea.

most ravarable term- The Inends ol «ome and Western Eni«^pri*e. are invited to ft** and to eave their Rage, which will be received in exan. wl jt Cash

Jan. l,194«-n-ty

IOOn

THOMAS At YANDES

KaaawhaSaUd«sttecetT*d, of

twv a 'Mnperior^aaKty/'faraaU by 1 April 3-30-tf. SMITH d. ftCTTONt

PUT* eetshsated 8. Chopping and Broad AXIS, *r -i. *. C-«S8s-

Tsrre4faote, Jan. let, lMt-17-tl

fcA BOXES Shy }0a«id 10hy lt,«tste*|lsM,l* aalshy ...... AprilS-3»-«f- 1%

smith a wrrrow

SPEECH OF MR. CTjAY,

Upon his Rntiution* contxt*i*g ike Tariff and atktr great object* -pvHic policyW IK SENATE—MAKCK 1,1818.

The resolutions having been readMr. Clay rose and adefrdsaed tho Senate nearly as followsMr. Prendent: The resolutions which have just been read, and which are to form the eubject of the present discussion, are of the greatest importance, involving interests of the highest character, and a system of policy which, in my opinion, lies at the bottom of any restoration of the prosperity of the country. In diacussing them, I would address myself to you in the language of plainneas, of soberness, and truth. I did not come here as if I were entering a garden fpU of flowers and of the richest shrubbery, to cull tbe tearofees, tbe japontcas, tbe jasmines and woodbines, and weave them into a garland of the gayest colore, that by the beauty of their assortment and by their fragrance I may gratify fair ladies. Nor is it my wish— it is far, far from my wish—to revive any subjects of a party character, or which might be calculate *L- —s——*'•— —k-jh unhappily have hithc me iwu great political parties in the eoun try. My course is far different from thia: it is to apeak to you of tbessd condition ol our country—to point out, not the remote and original, but the proximate, the immediate causes which have produced and are likely :o continue our distresses, and to auggest a remedy. If any one, in or out of the Senate, has imsgined it to be my intention, on this occasion, to indulge in any rhetorical flights, or to deal in any Other figures than figures of arithmetic, he will find himself great!v disappointed. The farmer, If he ia a judicious nttfi,' docs not, begin to plough till he haa first laid off his land, and marked it off at proper dwtances by planting atakes by which hia ploughmen are to be guided ia their movements slid the ploughman accordingly fixes bis eye upon ifw sta^S opposite to the end of the destined furrow, snd theft ended*or» to reach it by a straight and direct furrotfr. 1 apse resO' lutionssre my stakes

it is tar, tar Irom my wish—to revive any sumecia 01 a

iivu* mt IHJ But, before 1 proceed to examine them, let me meet and obviate certain objections, which asl un-». stand, have been or may be urged against them gene rally. I learn that it is said of these resolutions that they present only general propositions, and that, instead of (hit, I should ai once have introduced soperate bills, and entered into dotail and ihown in what manner I propose to accomplish tbe objects which the resolutions propose. Let me here say, in reply, that the ancient principles and mode, of legislation which has ever prevaUHa from the foundation of this Government, haa been to fix first upon tho general principles wtiich are to guide us, and then to carry out these principles by detailed legislation. Such has ever been the course pursued, not only in thecountry from which we derive our legislative institutions, but in our own. The memorable resolution offered in the British House or Commons by the celebrated Mr. Duniiine Is no doubt familiar to tho mind of every one—that 'the power of tbe Crown (and it is equally true of our own Chief Magistrate) had increased, was increasing, "and ought to be diminiohed." When I was a member of another legislative body, which meets in the opposite extremity of this Capitol, it was the course, in reference lo the great questions of internal improvement and other leading measures of public policy, to propose specific resolutions going to mark out the principles of action which ought to be adopted, and then to carry out these principles by subsequent enactments. Another objection is urged, as I understand, against one of these resolutions, which is this: that by tne Constitution no bill for raising revenue can originate any where but ia the House of Representatives, it is true that we.cannot originate such a bill: bat, undoubtedly, ^e^ub-

tiont touching thoamount of the revenue and 'he tnodfi ia which it shall be raised, and involving tha great questions of expenditure and retrenchment, and bow far the expenses of the Government may safely ana properly be diminished, it is perfectly legitimate for us to deliberate and to act as duty may demand. I here can ho no question but that, durine the prewnt session of Congress, a bill of revenue will be sent to

The first resolution declares— That it is the duty of the General Government, lor conducting i(fe administration, to provide an adequate revenne within thofwar to meet the current expenses of the year and that any expedient, either by loan or Tressury^notes, to supply, in time of pesoe, a detictency of revenue, especially during the successive years, is unwise, snd must lead to pernicious consequences.

I have iward it aaserted that thia resolution is but a truism. If to, I regret to say that it is one from which Governments too olten depart, and from which this Government especially baa departed during the last five rears. Has sn adequate revenue been provided within each of those years to meet the necessary expenses of those same years! No far otherwise.

In 1837, at the called session, instead of imposing the requisite amount ol tax on the free articles, accotd? ing to the proviaions of the compromiseact, what was the resort of the administration? To Treasury notee. And the same expedient of Treasury notes waa ever since adopted, from year to year to supply the deficit accruing. And, of necessity, this policy cast upon the administration succeeding an unascertained unliquidated debt, inducing a temporary necessity on that Administration to have resort to tbe same means ol

pixyuuivcV) a»i« »i7

at any measure proposed for the public rdief ss patnots and statesmen. I say, then, that during tbe four jrsais of the administration of Mr. Van Buren ._^here was an excess of expenditure ove» the income ot tne Government to the amount of between wren ana eight millions of dollars and 1 any that tt wasi the doty of that Administration the moment they rouoa thia deficit to exist in the revenne, to have resorted to the adequate remedy by laying the Nquwte amount of tues on the free articles to meet and to supply the

nothing more on the first resolution, be-

caasa I do hops thatt whatever the previous practioaof this Government may have been, there is no Sewator here who will hentate to concur in the tratn of the general proposition! it contains.

The next three resolutions all relate to tha same fsneral subjects- subjects which I consider much the most important of any here set forth and I Aall, tor that reaaon,consider them together.

The secood resolution assertt— That sacb an adequate revenne cannot be obtain odby daties on foreign imports wit hmt adoptmg a higher rata than Wper cent., as provided for tn the wpprmnise set, whieh, at the end of its pwsage, was

Dpooed and stsvned ss a rare that wonM supply a Adoit revenne for an eoooosaioal admimstration of thegovemmsnt" "rte third resolutioocondades-^ "Thst the raws of duties on to he angmsattd beromd thereto^ »P«R to produce a nett revenue of ^.OQQ,00^ ^1/'T* tor the ordinary expenses of Goverot^U twojorjho payment of the existing debt, and two miluons isssrvid fund for coatiagenew"

The foarth rasolntioo a^rts"That.in the adjustment of ^Ote raw aa mill of twenty Mix snillions ofreywao. the nstojphsof ths ooaaprosaiseact. i^Jata of^

tWnoMki I" M* a Tha first onsouon which tbene rrwxuuoaa

tlitares of this Qo»«mnertl Now, cm shall not attempt, what "a only hMM| jfft tfUlftf WllSt ihti Wiy OC*

55T.?wl^Uiio. w.

00.

first

under

And I again say that I trust, beforesucban assertion I *aa a 1 I 1 2M «K«*

party character, or which might be calculated to renew, thirteen milliona, and you charged that Admintsira- ^jreai* of constant exertion that bewas enabled to the animosities wbiih unhoppily hr.vehitherto prevail- tion with outrageous extravagance, and came your- iaMiah a system of ju« accountability, and wiring ed between the two great political parties in the eoun- ]ve8

I hope now I tiave shown that the Whig party, be-

Are ut?v obtained power, never were pledged to bring dni^r the tfnbiic expenses either to thirteen or fifteen millions The." were pledged, I admit, to retrench unnecessary expenditures, and to make a reasonable

sistently with the p»..hIlc

understand is now going

Making au Aggregate of agg Which giv#" as

VtOVI MI3 ri|UU VI Ml»ll »viv»

||.|,1||

theyenr.swtsSmlr wtetAnllhethessasnnim m«4aringthe year: tba« mwt dep«»do« .tomwrn oominoevidva. which tartimH with soy ^pracWsa bs catoalMod befarefcand all that «n be w* is to make an appmximatioa to what onght to oe«s wi*r may bo \b« amosal Ihftire 1 coosidar thai jwsiia. atkvw ma to esrreet, hew. sn sssartjsnsnsos I MM hy thcSooatar frosa South Careiiaa, iMr.

ty, although we all trust that the calamity of a war may be a verted. This calls fors grcstsr amount of money for these purposes than was appropriated under Mr. Yan BurenHi administration besides which, irt51 the progress of affairs, unforeseen exigencies may ajriss, and do constantly oocur, calling for other ap* Iroprintipns needed, which no msn can anticipate.

Every Minitry in every Government—every Administration oTour own Government, has its extraordinaries and its contingencies and it is no apalogy for Mr. Van Buren'S Administration to say that the arotunstances which occasioned its expenditures were estraordinary and peculiar. Makingall the allowances which its warmest friends can ask for the expenses ol the inglorious war in Florida—a contest which has profusely wasted not only the resources of the Treasury, but th© best blood of the nation—making the amplest allowance for thia and for all other extras whatever, the sum expended by the last Administration still remains to be far, far beyond what is proposed in these resolutions as sufficient for the present, snd for years to come. It must, in candor, be conceded that this ia a very great diminution of the national expenditure, and such, if nothing else wars done, would redeem the pledge of the Whig party.

But let us now consider the subject in snother light. Thirteen millions was the average annual amount expenditure under Mr Adams' administration, which terminated thirteen yearsago. I should be autbortwd, therefore, to take the commencement of his administration in 1835, being a period of seventeen years, in making comparison of ths progressive increase of the national expenditures or. at all events, adiung one-half of Mr. Adams' term, to take the penod a* running fifteen yeits ktck b#t I shill nw •^lfof'this perfectly fair calculation audi will fere say. that at tha and of thirteen years, from the time whfta the expenditures were thirteen miluons, I propose that they bosaissd to twenty-two millions.— Ana in this an extraordinary increase for socha period, ins Country of such rapid increase snd developement so this isf What haa occurred during thia tapoe of timeff The srttiy has been doubled, or nsa^rso it has increased from a over 6,000 men to 11000* We have both six, eight, or ten ships ol the Hoe, (I do not recollect ths precise mamber two or three now States hsve been added to the Unran and two periodical enumerations hsve boon made of the national population besides which there have been, and yet are to bo, vast axpendireree on works of fortification aad national do/epos.

mentation of tha army or navy, of theadditian of new States and Territories, or the enlargement of tbe

of ihttKes ysare, to be BOB nmfions of ooliais, it will give an annual average iacreaas of about $7W000. And 1 think that the Government of no people, ywong. free, and growing ss if tWe natwn can, «a*r circoiMtaooss like oms, be jastiy ebmged with reafcnm. redtleosoeaa. or axtravaaanoe, its expenses inSStlS at the ra»of700%j^inmn^»foor poswritr,'after thotr nomhsreM tave swelled to ooehaadred mil I was, ahall find Umt thnrexpews have augmented ia nocreater retw than hia, they will

have

Calboan)

PRlNCiPlIS OBSTA."

TERRE-HATJTE, tND. APRIL S, 1842.

the Senator from Miaaouri, near

subsequently by (Mr- Linn}and 1

LIE OCUATUI IBVU*

me, (Mr- Lina} and I believe by one ot two other gentlemen. viz: that tbe Whigparty, wbeo out ot ppw«\ asaertcd that, if trusted with the helm,hey would administer this Government at an amount of expenditure not exceeding $13,000,000. I hope, ifaucn an aaeertiqp was actually made by either or all of tlw gentlemen,,tba( it will never ba repeated again wiifcout resorting to proof tosusiain it. I know of nosucb position ever taken by the Whig party, or by any prw»ineat member of the Whig party. Sure I am, tliit the natty generally pledged itself so no snch reduction of the public expenses—none.

-.repeated, the proofs will be adduced. For in thts case, as in othens, that which is aaserted snd reiterated comes at last to be believed. The Whig party did promise economy and retrenchment, and I trust wyj gM|meM^nidtture «. -.i,:r~~. perform their promise. I deny (in no offensive «n»s gents than tobnngdown that the Whig pariy ever promised to reduce ri*e ex» PrP^a*i"nf recklessifrsa JSS^iih penditores of thisGovernment to thirteen miWoiisof -All useful and salutary reforrta m«st *e madtfwith dollars. No but this was what tbey said, dunng th* Mue aod cireumepwtion. The gentleman froraSmith four yean of the Administration of Mr. Adams, the ^rol.mi admits that the reforms ^accocnplialwd tmk

craee amount ol the public expenditure was bat turn lour years lo bring about, it was not till tow

power on promises to reduce the annual down the expenses of tbe army to thnt avetage^per expmditure but, having obtained power, instead of man to which th^ were at I rfXcimr the oublic exnenwa. vou carried them up to with all his personal knowledge ol the dilfieulUee of taSKnS't£, million. But* •»*. i. kind Wm. k«4 while the Wbws never asserted that they would ad- his aasociates, to taunt us, aa they have !one, by minister the Government with thirteen mill.ionSjW ^^already asking, "where are the reforms you promited opponents, our respected o^jnents, after having beep to accomphah when you were out of -powe#7 three years in power, iostea

I repeat that the exact amount is difficult to be tiinea. I havcBtated it in the resolution I now on® at twenty-two milliont and I shall soon show how I have arrived at that amount. But, before I do that allow me to call tke attention of the Senate to the expenditures of the proceeding Administration for, W attempting to fix a sum for the future, I know of no course but to lOok back upon the experience of tho »ast, and then to endeavor to deduce Irom the Pro* »able amount of future expenditure. What, then, were the expenditures of thd rour yetrt of the past Administrationf In 1837, the aroqunt ,#o« In 1838, it was Hi 1839 V'V In 1840 jis?

from

the other House and if, when it comes, we shall ntst have gone through with a consideration of the general subject, fixing the principles of policy proper to be pursued in relation to it, it will greatly economise the time of tho Senate and proportionably save a large amount of the public money.

Perhaps no better mode can be pursued of discussing the resolutions I have, had the honor to present than to.take them op in th§order of their sirangement.as I presented them to jib Senate, after much deliberate considers tion.

od 1

on 10 1

trust the fruits will be seen btlfore sent session. .. Unpledged* therefore, as the Whlg ?*ny any specin&ainount, the question recurs, J1* can the expdbses of the Government be now^.*60*

•3.7,265,037 13 39,455,438 35

.37,614^36 •M. lU 28,226,533 81 '.fit-

9143,5^1,945 46

ts an average per of

$35,640^486 38

The sum save proposed is only twenty-two millions, rhich, oeduoted from thirty-five as above, fa*vea.a AM AAA AAA AA

I am not hero going to ii^uire into the items which composed the large expenditures of the four years of Mr. Van BurenIs administration. I know what hhs been said, and will again be said, on that awbject—that there were many items of extra expenditure which may never occur again. Be itso but do we not know that every Admimstratiou has its extras, and that these may be expected to arise atid will and must arise under every Administration beneath the sun" But take this also into view in looking at the expenses of that Administration: that less was expended on the national defences—less in the construction or repair of fortifications—less for the navy, ond less for other means of repelling a foreign attack, than, jwrhsps, ought to hsve been expebdea. At present we are all animated with a common zeal and determination OB tbe subject of defence all feel the necessity of some adequate pl&n or defence, as well upon the ocesn ss tlw rand, and especially of putting our navy and osj fortifications in abetter state to defend the honor and protect tha rights of tha. nation. We feel this neccssi'

_rs»»

rfactiak of tt^J40^00—bcang a su^n greater tlian it Vyholedverage expenditure of th* profligate administration of Mr. Adams, wliich they told us was so enormous that it must be reduced by a great "retrenchment and reform."

nocaeOaof complaiot of tha prafnsMor

that^whfk 1 have fixed

lhanta of exfwoditore si the sow I have mKrHNwd,

ther rsdoetkms, tf wey «oaw be fostod ptatiweWe*

after existing abnaea have heen explosed aad all use-

•»»v* v«awuM HB« W lew or unnectsssry expenditures htw been lopped

The heiMrable Semttr from Sostfc Carolina (Mr. -Calhoun) haa favored na, on more twiaonstkm one, with an aceoafit of the reforms be efiKtBa when at the head of the War Department of ti^s Government and no maa, certainly, oin be less dr tndoprrive him of a single feather he put in hiaoap by tha,t operation. he tell us was nis axpetttOee ia th trenduneotT He tolls us what wa .true—what every father, every houb^»»»., Iy finds to be true in his own essa hat it is much easier to plunge into axtravaganea thaa to redaee expenses and it ia pre-eminently true of a nation. Every nation finds it far,easier to rush into an extra* featraaied to its puh-

ni«VUIII}IIIBll W1RJK1 JOU VTCJC UUitH «|WW0i

bringing tbe expenM [Mr. Calhoun here roee to explain, and obettrred that

beiow'tbeVtandard 'of Mr Adams' Administration, what he had again and anin said on the "P^etofredeclared that fifteen millions was the amount at which forms was no more thsn this, that it WMtmetheproihe expenditures should be fixed. ThiB WSB the mtaed reforms should begin it wastime they should ground taken by Mr. McLane, when be was at the Urt* andtliat was all be now Head of the Trwsury. I have his report before meS if that itMI" he

to read from it' {f^um^'M^be*Srsmount'to bo] Session it could not then ireasouabfy'be expected o» raised by the timff he &d proposed, tbe sum of fifteen us for what is the duty of anew Administrationi when millions of dollars as sufficient to meet the wants of first comes into the possession of ^werT lisimme th« finvrrnmnnt dmte and pressing care is to carry on the Government,

than I am

iich he thinks it what doea lainess of reknow to be ilder, especial-

Wiutc OUU |/tcniiilj| v«l112 10 IV vai was MIW lo become acquainted with tbe machine to look how it acts in its various parts, and to take care that it Shall not work injuriously to the public interest. They cannot, at once, look back at the past abuses it is not practicable to do so it must have time to look into the ligeon-holes of tho various bureaux, to find out what .ms been done, and what is doing. Its first great duty is to keep the machine of Government in regular motion. It could not, therefore, be expected that Congress would go into a thorough process of reform at the Extra Session.—Its particular object then wos to adopt measures or immediate and indispensable relief to tne People and to the Government. Besides which, the subsequent misfortunes of the Whig psr'y well known. President Harrison occupied the Chair tv State but for single month snd tne members of his Cabinet lef: it under circumstsnces which, let me here say, do Ihem the highest houor. I do not enter upon the ir^uiry whether the state of things which thev supposed ip exist did actually exist or not, but, believing it to exist, asthey did, their

1nnk

1—

'thelaiti^ul

L-

w. institutions, and the reduction of unnecessary or extravagant expenditures. No msn is more desirous than I am of seeing this Government administered at the smallest possible expenss consistent with the duties entrusted to us in the mansgement of onr public interests both at home and abroad.-»None will rejoice more if it shall be found practicable to reduce our exto eighteien, to fifteen, or even to thitteen mil-

None, I repeat it, will rejoice in such a triumph of economy more beariily than 1. None—none. But now allow me to proceed to state by what process 1 have reached the sum of twentv-two millions, aa proposed in the resolution I have offered.

The Secretary of the Treasury Itss presented to us ^timatcs for the current year, independent of permanent expenses of a million and half, amounting to about twenty-four and a half millions, which may be stated under*the following heads, vi*: For the civil list, foreign intercourse, and miscellaneous, For the War Department, including all branches, *. ~:f Naval service,

Sentleman

re®,2naiion

sents one ol tbe mostw^nsl examples of the of the honors and emoluments of high station, at great expense and personal inconvm» ence, and of hoolesaherence to honor and good faith, vi'ch the n.story ot any country can show. But I may ]»*$"? f'®1? oniy on behalf of the retiring SecretartfiJ, ,ul. ,' whole Whig party, a stern adherence W pn*^!?\™ utter disregard of the spoils doctrine, and of aU

baser motives and considerations which address the»Ji* selves to some men with so great a power. I say, then, that the late Extra Session was no time to achieve a great, and extenaive and difficult reform throughout *be departments of tho Government: a press like that can oeattempted only during a regular won of Congress and do not gentlemen know Unit

pe-

n°~

'-:*hlul hands to which ft

now in progress, by hands to which .- i^lsewhere In Coaapssakbi-Sii oatmmttadl and that an extraordinary cOmmiitee has peen rsisea

ine aenoraoie oenaior irnm ovuisi vwynwi four years to bring down the expenses of the War Department when under hia own immediate superintendance. I may surely, with confidence, mako my appeal to his sense of justice and liberality, to allow us at least two yO&rs before be reproaches us with a failure ins work so much more extorsive'

I will now say that, in suggesting the propriety of PT fixing the annual a veraao-expenditure of tbia Government at twenty-two millions of dollars, from tins time and for some years to come, it ianotmy purpose to preclude any further reductions of expense by missal of useless officers, the abolition of uselc

$4,000,987 85

11.717,791 27 8,705,579 83

$24,424,358 95

And here let me ray a single word in defence of the army. The Department of War comes to us with retimates for ths sum of $11,717,791 27, and ihose who look only on the service of things may suppose that this sum is extraordinarily large nut there are many items in that sum. I hsve before me a statement going to ahow that of that sum only four millions are asked for tbe military service proper—s sum leas than is demanded for the naval .service proper, and only double the amount at which it stood when the honors blc gentlwnan from Sontb CaroliW left tne Department. The sum was then about $2,000,000 it ts now not quite $4,000,000 while, during the some penod, the army hss been nearly doubled/besides the raising of motmted regiments, the most expensive for that very reason of sny in the service. I think that the gentleman from £krath Carolina, if lie looks into tne subject In detsil, will find thst the oott of the srmy not st thislioar greater, per msn, than it was under his own personal administration. So I am informed and that, although tlw pay hss been faiard a dollar a month, which has very largoiy aa^mentea tho ex pen-

The Kxocntive branch of tbe Government has sent in eatimatea amounting, in all, to twCTty-four awd a half millions of dollars, for thsssroce yesr, which, with the million snd a hslf of pemanent expenditure, makes twenty-stx millions. How maeh ia to bo added*fo that amount for appropriations .hid, ™rb. mtde d«ri« Jte-J-

res oo worm ot tortincation ana er objects a poMic nature I r^mbw ooe

natiooal de^snoo. Now wb«i we look at tbe increase proposed by mv friend near me Mrln the number of members in both Houses of Congress, qearfer ofa iwMwo for and coosidar tliewreessary and ineviuble pregreiaand an item mrtniclndedm theemmatos. outtor growth of tho natfoa, is tt, I ask. aa extraordmsry the Senate has already anprepriatod. thing that at tbe end ofa period of thirteen years, there are various other items which ™.reP^x

years,

oar expenditaree shoold increass from tWrtMn to twenty-two millions of dollare? If we taks the period at seventeen yeare, (aa we fairly may.) or at but fifteen years, ths increase of expenses will be fosnd not togo beyond tho proportia! increasa of ourpopafauion within ths sams period. That iuetrass is twrnd to be aboot four per cent, anoaally, ami tho increass of Government expenditaree, at the rata above stated, will not exceed that. Thisisraiepeodentoa»yang-

wiB paw during tho pi want sumon gentleman from New Hamp head of the Treesory.be mads, ia hiscommaniaationa

orabl

Hem or tne IWWJ. "TT to Congrea, constant cornpbiwtsof this very He well remembers that he was evsr comptaiumg tfcst the expenditures of Government beyoodthe Exwativa esuws^ swrofWoos made by Congress not estimated 'ihJvecslcelated ihat are shall add to the twenty-six mil Rons of doHsrs estimated ^hf ^o

SZS2*SKSt SRAT'J

•am for (his year to twenty-seven mil&ons sad a half. How then do I propose to bring thiedowote twtwtytwo mil!i«naf I have, I owa. same foam «hat we siwjl aoTbe aMe to effect bat I hope thet we shall so tar redacethe eorinmtes and prevent aniiuiasmry •vyropriationa that the total, oxpcaditere shall not exewd U»t a mount.-—The mode ta wb«h I propose to£*d» asdi reealt ia this I mppom we mav effect a redac of the civil Gs to the anMont of half a nttSRon. Sti«5S

%2*s

gjmMefths two Howes, and. as 1 havebeard., tto o(b0 Hoose has almdy latrodtsoad a report, whidi. if IjZL-A win cat dowa these expenses one haadred aoop«w». w*« .v-

r.»

.i i^.

NO. 31

then I estimate nine mjllkKW for the War Department instnad of $11,717,000. In a conversstion whwh I have lately held with the chairman ol tho Military Committee of this body, ho expressed ths apprehension that it could not be redacad below 19 millions, out I hope it may be cut down to 9. As to tbe naval service lhaestimates of tho Department for that branch thesr*vioeamount to $8,707,500: an amount I think far too high, snd indeed quite extravagant. I was grestly astonished at learning thoamount arasso large. Still, I know that the Navy is the favorite of all, justly: it ia the boast of ths nation, snd our great re-

that without injury the appropriation asked for, might a HA RAA IAA AAA PLaa MIAHI/I be reduced from *8,707,500 to $6,500,000. rhia

would

put the reduction in the naval on a footing with that themriitary appropriation, and •till leevsp!«*uter UKopnatioa thsn usual IO thttdqsrtmMa Tha Mduction toaix miUionsand a half is as large as I think will be practioable, if we are to provide for propoeed experimenta in the application of steam, and.are, besides, to sdd largely to the msrine corps.

How. then, will tbe total of our expenditures stand? We shall "have— For the Civil and Diplomatic expense of the Government For the Military service, For the naval service, For permanent sppropristionS.* For appropriations not included.in estimates, 1,500,000

,**.*$3,500 Ntt 9,000,000 t. 6.500,000 1,500,000

Making an aggregate of $83,000,000 To this amount I suppose and hope our expenses msy be reduced, until, on due investigation, it shall bo discovered thst still further reductions msy be effected.

Well, then, hsving fixed the smount at twenty-two millions for the ordinsry expenses of Gove«iliment, I hsve supposed it necessary snd proper to add two millions more to make provisions for tbe pevment of the national debt, which is. in the event of the loan being taken up, seventeen millions. And thsn I go to sdu

UFA •OFCUWWM IHUIIWIW. JI

two millions inore sa reserve fund, to meet contingencies so that, ahouid there be a temporary rise of tne expenditures beyond twenty-two millions, or sny sudden emorgency should occur which could not be snticipsted or calculated on, there msy be the requisite means in the Treasury to meet it. Nor has there beens single Secretary at the hssd of the Treasury since the dsys of Mr Gallatin,including the respectable

front New-Hampshire, opposite, (Mr.Wood-

ury,) who has not held and expressed the opinion that a reserved fund is highly expedient and proper for contingencies. Thus I propose that twenty-two millions shall be appropriated for ordinsry expenses, two millions more to provide for the public debt, snd ouier two millions s: reserve fund to meet contingencies making in all twenty-six millions.

The next inquiry which presents itself is, how this amount ought to be raised Thsre are two modes of estimating the revenue to be derived from foreign imports, anT either of them presents only ground for a conjectural report, but so fluctuating is the course of commerce, that every one must see it to be impossible to estimate, with precision, the exact amount of what it will yield. In forming my estimats I have taken the amount of exporta as presenting the bes hssts of calculation. But here, let me add, that at the Trraaury they have taken the imports ss the bsais snd I sm gratified to be able to atste that, understand, on comparing the results arrived st, although tho oalculslions were msde without concert, those of the Secretory turn out to be very nearly, if not exactly, tho same with those to which 1 have been conducted. I vhjj here state why it is I have taken the exports as the gtttpnd of my calculations, adding thereto fifteen per cent, for profits. Tho exports are one meanb of Disking foreign purchsses. Their value is ast*risined st tbe porta of exportation, under the act of 1820, and the returns generally present the same vsluo. The

follows, therefore, that bf taking

the dis-

t"c

woe of any

commodity at the place of its export, yan reach its true value: for» if tbe price realised abroad be sometimes above and sometimes below thst smount, the excess and deficiency will probably neutralise etch other. This is the fsirest mode for another reason: if in sny one year more foreign goods shall be purchased than the exports of that-year would .pay /or, credit is created anroad which must ho extinguished hy the exports of some succeeding yesr. [Mr. .Buchanan hore inquired if any deduction had been made by Mr. Clay from the exports, topsy the interest on American debt held abroad. Mr.C. replied that the Senator would presently see that he had.]

I think tbe Senate will agree with me, in assuming that the exports form & more correct and reliablestandard ol estimation than the imports} however that may be, the accidental coincidence between the results arrived at in either mode fortifies snd proves the calculation itself to have been founded in correct principle. Those results, as shown by the Secretary of the Treasury, are not, I believe, in ths House and I regretted that I could not examine them before I arose to address the Senate.

I will now show you thst the export! from 1836 to 1841, inclusive, a period of 6 years, amount to $621,004,125, being an average annusl amount ol $103,400,* 687. That takeas presenting a safe ground of calculations for the future. To this I propose to add nllf»n

Swing,

ir cent, for profits—in which do but follow Mr. the late Secretary, in his report ihe Extra Session. It iscertatnly a great profit, (I include of course all expenses and charges of every kind) and with this addition, the annual amount will be $118,958,189, say 119 millions. Deducting, for the interest and principal of the American debt abroad, ten milliona per annum, it will leave a nett amount of 109 millions. There can be no dispute as to the propriety of such destruction: the debt exists: it must be provded for and my fear is that this smount will prove too small to rowt it. 1 think thst much more may probably be needed. but certainly none can object to the reserve of ten milliona. We thus get, as I said a nett balance from our annual exports, including profits, of 109 millions.

Of this smount of importstion, bow much is now free from duty 1 The free goods, including tea and coffee, smount to 30 millions from which amount I deduct for tea and coffee, assuming that they will bs subjected to moderate outies, 12 millions, leaving the amount of free ajticlea st 19 millions: deduct this from 109 millions, the smount of exports, snd it will leave balance of 91 millions, which msy be saramed as thoamount of datable articles for some years jo come

How, then, out of these 90 or 91 millions of duusble goods, are we to reise a revenne of 26 millions No msn, I presume, will rise here in his place and asy that we are to rely either on direct or international taxes. Who has the temerity to meet the waves.of popular indignation which flow round and bury him, whoever be may be, that should porpose, in lime of peace, to raieea revenne by direct taxation Yet this lathe only resource to fly to. save ths proceeds of the public leads, on which 1 shall speak mesently. and which I can satisfy any man is not to he thought of. You sre, therefore, to draw this smount of t6 millions from tbe 91 milltons of datisbie articles imported and, to reach that sum,st what rate par coot, must yon got 1 shall here say nothing, or hot a word or two. on ths subject of home valuation—a subject which a friend has care of (Mr. Simmons.) than whom none is mora competent to ita full elucidation. lie thinka, aa I understand, that there can ba devised a sstiefaetory eystem of such valustfon.snd I heartily wish him success in tbe attempt. I will only say that, in my opto* too, if we raies bat ten millions, without any referrenoe whatever te protection, without ref rraace to any thing bat to mere honesty, however small ths snwoat

.... msy be. we should ourselves areess the valae of tha itlaman from New Hampshire was st the goods on which we by the daty. aad not leave that J- a ix A so a we lay the daty. bat foseigMre fix the value of the

When thohon-

Mode. Give me hot ths power of fixing ths value of tbe aoeda, snd I care little, in comparison, what amy ha tho nu of daty you impose. It is evident thst on the md aaisrvm principle it ia the foreigner who virtual. 1y fixes tbeactaal aaaoont of daty paid. It is the. forA LM fiwiM #IMI MIM* mmml

mgoet who. by fixing that valao. vertaally legiala forest and that in a case where his interest is directly unii iis11 I aay, therefore, that independent of all eoosideratioDsof protection, iwdrpaodsnt of •11 eodsor motives hot tho prevention of those infaSMoa freads wh«eb hsve bean the disgzaee if oar camI mil I mass frauds which the foreigner, with ine doable ond tribble aad quadruple ineoieaa, ready to be proArtsd, as orcualsnras asay reqaire, fixes the veins of ths awtchsndise taxed—every eeemderatiea oi nalieoal dignity, jest ice asd independence demands the wtarttstwt of home valoation in the phuse of foreian. What rffoet each a eftanc* may have in ihesagsnraUtiea ef tbe revenue I ant MI prepared to say, beesase I do not know tbsasmmt. I thmk thmi the

Mr. Clay had omitted this itsns deiivery of his speech,end theossieienis new aoppfwd.. I

rate may bo set down at from twenty to twenty-five per cent, in addition to the foreign valua of imports. I do dot speak with great confidence. If tha rate is twenty-five per cant, then it would only cent to the Tate of twenty per cent, eatac compromise act. Of course, if the horns ted for the foreign valuation, the augmentation of duties beyond twenty per cent, will be jew by thst home valuatmn, whatever it may be. Withbut however, entering into tbe question of home valuation, and leaving that subject to be arranged hsresfter, I shall frest the subjsct ss if the present system of foreign valuation is to continue. ...

I then return to the inquiry, on an importation amounting to ninety-one millions, how much duty must be imposed in order to raise a nett revenue ot twenty-six millions The ^question does not admit of perfect accuracy the utmost thst can be reached is a reasonable approximation. Suppose every one of tno imported aniclee to be subject to a duty or thirtypef cent., then the gross revenue will amount to $87,500,000. Deducting the expenses of collection, which may be atated at $1,600,000. will fftve $25,700,000, or three hundred thouaand dollars less than the proposed amount of twenty-six millions.

But I might aa well take thia opportunity to explain a subject wnich ia not well understood. It has been mppoeed, when I propose to fix a rate of ad valorem duty the maximum to be allowed, that my meaning is, that alt srtlcles, of every- description, sre to be carrted up to that point, and fixed at that rate, aaon a sort of bed of Procrustes. But that ia not my idea. No donbt certain articles ought to go up to the maximum —-I mean those of prime necessity belonging to the clase of protected articles. There are others, such sa jewelry and watches, and some others of small bulk and great comparative value, and therefore easily smuggled, and presenting a grest temptation to the evasion of doty, which ought to be snhjected to a lew rate. There should, therefore be a discrimination atlowed under the maximum rets according to the exigency of the respective circumstances of each particular interest concerned. Since it will require a auty ol thirty pef cent, on all artidee to rive the amount of twenty-five million seven hundred thousand dollars, andaincesome of them will not bear so high duty as thirty percent* it follows thst leas thsn that rate will, eerfainly not answer the neceeaafv demands of (he ifeveapMNrti and it mav in some particular cases require'a ratp somewhaMiigher than that in onto to rajse tbe proposed sam of twenty-six millions. But M.ilirWyMWM of two millions Ihr contingencies w*l! not require an annual revenne for thst purpose, should the amount o|}duties levied be less than twenty*s»x millions, or evani. between twenty-foarand twemy-fivo millions, there* served, fond may be made no by accumulations, dur-,. ing successive vears, and atill leave an amount suffi* cient to meet an annual expenditure of twonty-two millions am}, two milliona for the public debt. 1 now approach ths consideration of very important branch of the subject in its conncxiofr with tho compromise act.

I tha)I net here attempt to go again into the hisiory of that act. I will only say that, at the timo of its passsge, it wss thought right that the country should make a fair experiment of its effect and that aa the law itself met the appropriation of all parts of the oountry, ita provisions ought not lightly to he departed from that the principles of the act should be observed in good faith and thatt if it be necessary to raise the duties higher-than twemy percent,, weonghfc-* lo adhere to the principles of tlw compromise, then, ssfsras it should be possible to do so. I have been ani-i mated, in the propositions I now offer to the Senate, by the same desire thst prompted me, whenever tho act has been assailed by its opponents, to stand by it and defend it.

But it is necessary now fe consider what ths principles of the compromise set realty are* I. The first principle is that there should be a fixed rate of ad valorem duty, and diacriminations below it

II. That the execss of duty beyond twenty percent.' shoald, by a gradual process, commencing on the 31st December, 18SS, be reduced, so that by the SOth June, 1842, it shoald be brought down to twenty five per oent.

III. That, after that day, duties should be laid for the pnrpoae of raising suaI revenue as might bef necessary for an economicnT administration of'.he Government, consequently excluding all resort to interns!? tsxation, or to the proceeds of tne public lands. For, con tempore neously with the pendency of thecomprom ise act, a bill was ponding for the distribution or those proceeds.

IV. That, after ths 30th June, 1849, aU duties ahouid be paid in ready money, to the exclusion of all* cred' its.

V. That, after the same day, 'bs assessment of tho vslue of sll imports should bs made at home and not abroad.

VI. That, after'the same day, a list of articles specified and enumerated in the act should Bfc admitted freo of duty, for the benefit of the manufacturing interest.

These sre the principles, and all the principles, of tho compromise set. An impression hss been taken ap*. most erroneously that the rate of duty wss never to* exceed twenty per cent. There Is no such limitstion the set. I admit thst, at the time of the passage of "«lMMet,a^Kpe wa* entertained thai a sale ofedutynot exceeding twenty percent, would Supply art adequate revenue to an economical administration of the Go* vernment. Then we were threatened with that overflow of revenne with which the treaeury was inundated and the difficulty wss to ffpd articles which should be liberated from duty and thrown into the fre# olass. Hence, wines, si lbs, and other luxuries were rendered free. Bat die set, and no part of the actr when fairly interpreted, limits Congress to tbe iron rule of adhering fbrever. and under all «ircumstancesT to a fixed and unalterable rate of twenty per cent, dutv. The first section is in the following words: "Be it enacted. c. That, from and ofter the thirty-^ first day of December, one thoussnd eight hundred and thirty-three, in all casse where duties are imposed on foreign imporrs hy rhe act of the fourteenth dsy of

July, one thousand eight hundred snd thirty-two, entitled 'An act to alter and amend the several sets imposing duties on imports/or by any other set, shsli exceed twenty per centum on th#value thereof, one tenth part of such excess shall be deducted from and after tne thirty-first dsy of December one thousand eight hundrea and thirty-five, snother tenth part thereof shall be deducted from and after the thirtyfirst day of December, one thousand eight hundred snd thirty-seven, another tenth part thereof shall be deducted from ond after the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hundred and thirty-nine, another tenth part thereof ahall be deducted and front and after the thirty-first day of December, one thousand eight hnndred and forty-one, owe-half of the rest due such excess shall bs deducted snd sfter the thirtieth day of June, one thousand eight hundred and forty-two, the other half thereof shall be deducted.11

The provision of that section is nothing morenor less than that the existing duties should be, by the SOth Jur.e. 1848, brought down to twenty per cent. Wnst then? Were they alwavs to remain at that rale? ihe section does not so declare. Not only ia this not expected, and waa not so understood, but directly tno reverse is asserted, and was so tin-lrrstood, if ihe ext» gencies of the Treaeury required a higher rate to pro1* vide the revenue necessary to an economical administration of the Government. The third section which embodies most of the great principles of Ihe a«l, is these words:

Sxc. 3. And be it further enacted. That, SfiTti'tna thirteenth day of June, one thoussnd eight hundred and forty-two. the duiic* imposed by existing laws, as modified by this act, shall remain and conuaue to be collected. And, from and after tbe day hwt eT&resaicJ, all duties upon imports shall be solleeted in resdy money ana all credits now allowed by law, in the payment of duties, shall be. and hereby are, abolished and such duties sbsll be Isid for the purpose of raising st'ch revenue as may he neeresary to an economical administration ofthe Government and, from snd alter the dsy laar aforesaid, the defies required to be pa* by lawow goods, wares, and merenandise, wall be ssseseed apon the valae thereof at the port where th* as me shalfbe entered, under such regulations as may be prescribed by law."

What

wnei is the meaning of this language! Can snjr thing be more explicit or lew liable to^itsconcsptionT It contains twoflwllgstions. The first ia, that there shall be an economical administration of the Ooverament: no waste, no extravagance, no squandenW ot the poMic money. I admit this (^ligation, in :ts fullest force, in ell its length end hrosdth. my friends, with or witlmot my aid^wifl fawl it^m letter and spirit, with the moet the second obrinstion ts no live and that is, thst sodi dattes be neeeseary to rates suck revenue so economical admimsirstton of ths Govsrnment. Th* source of the revenne defined sod prescribed—the foreign imports, to tlw exclusion of sll other sources. The smoont, from *he na tore ot things, could not be gpedfled bat whatever it may be, be it ferge or smell, allowing ae to eonw below, or reguinng that we aboutdj^o beyond twenty per cent., that amount ts to

^/contend, therefore, with entire

VeWbiuare

oractvnlly i»

confidence,

is perfectly eamrietem with the provisions of promise act to impooe duties to

the other prmctplssof

there is the prindHeibat

prevail

Isk I"".

-j

f-.

that it

sny

amoaot whatever,

thirty, forty, or more per cent., J5 Jr thl condition of an oeonomsesl adimmstrstlon of the Go-

and Win force si alltimes, ror one, ian» willing to abide by that

prncjpts:.

There are certain

«»MMtions afloat sa to th* utility and necsssity of ZSE/dntum snd discrimi*»tions. which I am per23%£b?from a want of a ftght nodeisunding of

We have bad the ad eafomm principle

lhtff4

Srii the datiesof the Treasury on that prinaplfr ftwaa necessary first to ascertain tbe valua of (he coeds, snd then to impose the doty apon them fr omtlM comnMPcmnrnt of tbe act to thk day. ths ad waimrmm prmopU has been subataiiliallv in oneratioir fVmnpare the diffctcaice Uetwqpn spociBc end th* sd

there hee been no difictuty un adttunia-

5 & *'•&

'-4

•4.,'

-A