The Syracuse Journal, Volume 23, Number 37, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 8 January 1931 — Page 3

Review of the Year 1930 at Home and in Other Lands I ~ Unemployment and Economic Depression Generally Prevalent —Steps Toward World Peace —Democrats Win in United States Elections —South American Revolutions. 1 J By EDWARD W. PICKARD

Prosperity, which was “just ground the corner" at the beginning of 1930. gave the world no more thijn an occasional glimpse of her sacs? during the year. Business depression. Increasing unemployment, continuing low prices for agricultural products and declining markets for cecPrities prevailed generally. Skilled observers professed to see war* clouds again gathering over the Balkans. but notable steps were taken tn the direction of world peace and disarmament. The United States. <Jreat Britain apd Japan signed the .London naval limitation treaty, and toward the close of the year there were indications that France and Italy, settling their parity dispute, would make it a five-power pact. Some progress was achieved by the preparatory disarmament commission of the League of Nations. The revision of German reparation?. known ns the Young plan, was adopted by all nations concerned and put Into effect, although Germany was not hopeful of . Its ultimate success. The evacuation of the. Rhineland by the allied forces was completed. China's long, bloody and confused ■civil war ended in victory for the Nationalist government. Popular and mil-’ ttary revolutions upset the govern- - tnents of five Latin-American republics. Though governmental 1 and other agencies in the United States strove throughout the year to relieve the unfortunate economic conditions, resultls of these efforts were slow In appearIng. Consequently the votbrs went to <he polls In November and expressed their dissatisfaction In the customary manner. /There was a Democratic landslide that covered most of the country and the Republican party virtually lost Its control of both houses of the congress that convenes In March. 11'31. However, the national leaders <>f the victorious Democrats pledged their party to co-operation with the Republican administration in all measures designed to bring prosperity around that corner, anil bnsi-' ness was reassured by the promise that there would be no attempt for some time to revise the .tariff act .p*Med In Jtllie. Industrial and financial distress In the United States was greatly Increased by drought that prevailed all summer In the Mississippi and Ohio river states and extended as fur east ns. the Virginias. "National and state afforded speedy relief-to the sufferers. As winter neared numer- i ous organizations throughout thecounCry went Into action to alleviate the unemployment situation, their aim being to supply those out of work with rather than charity dole.?. P>d>lie building and highway project* were started and speeded up, and great industrial and transportation concerns jtougid met! ' to ;iier<-..'. the number cf their employees. AH In all, 1930 was not a happy year for the world. . ■ . J» : INTERNATIONAL ). THREE, months of intensive debate, diploriqgif negotiation, study of experts’ figures and mutual concessions brought forth the London naval treaty, which sras slgmsl on April 22 by the delegates of the United States. Great Britain. Japan, France and Italy, tty thia pact the first three powers agreed to the extension of the Washington treaty so that the reduction and limitation of their navies should apply to cruisers and. lesser vessels. France and Italy failed utterly to reach ah accord a* to what, their relative naval Strength should be. Consequently they subscribed to only those parts of the London treaty that provided for, a battleship building "holiday" and prescribed various rules designed to humanize submarine warfare./ France and Italy held Intermittent conversations during the rest of the year, but could not settle their differences. The one Insurmountable obstacle was Italy's demand that her right to' naval parity with France be admitted. and France's flat refusal to yield this point. League Receives Beland’s Scheme. In September the assembly of the league of Nations listened politely white XL Briand. French foreign minister. expounded his pet scheme for a federation of European states. Other statesmen cautiously praised the plan and It was accepted tn principle by the assembly and referred to a special committee which wiH report to the 1931 meeting. Twenty-eight of the nations represented, at Geneva signed on October 2 a treaty guaranteeing financial aid to any signatory state that Is the victim of warlike aggression. Late in August nine of the smaller aationa of central Europe held a conference In Warsaw and agreed on a concerted program' of action mainly In furtherance of their agrarian interests. The pact was signed by Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia. Estonia. Finland. Hungary. Latvia. Poland, Rumania and Jugoslavia. Lithuania was absent because of her political differences with Poland. France was quick to strengthen her friendship with these states by offering credits. During the year there were many Indications that Italy was drawing into close co-operation with Germany and Russia. • After being ratified by all the nations concerned, the Young plan for reparations was put into effect on May ft. Gate* W. McGarrah of New fort already had been elected presii dent of the bank for international set* I tlements created by the plan. On May B 19 the last of the French troops in the BBbineiand began moving out, the evac-

uation being completed .Tune 30. A separate reparations settlement was signed in April by Hungary. Austria and the states In the little entente. Frank B. Kellogg, former secretary of state of the United States, was elected a member of the World Court in September to fill out the term of Charles Evans Hughes. The mandate commission of the League of Nations made in Augpst its long awaited report on the Palestine conflicts between Jews and Arabs, placing the blame on Great Britain. In the fall the British government announced a new policy concerning Palestine wh!< h would-stop for the present any further Immigration of Jews Into the Holy Land. Zionists everywhere protested vigorously arid President Chaim, Weiimann and other chief officers of the World Zionists organization resigned. i - Russia's Great Conspiracy Story. Early in November the government of Russia announced that it had uncovered a gigantic plot against the Soviet regime In which t< number of "capitalistic’* states were , said to be Involved. Among many indivfiiuals who were alleged !<• have- a part in the conspiracy were Former Premier P<‘irb are iff id■■.Foreign Minister Briand of France and SIF Henri Deterding. British oil magnate. Eight Russian engineers were put on trial, confessed and. were sentenced tb terms in prison. Paris and London looked on the whqle - Late in January Mexico severed diplomatic relations with Russia because of alleged ''onimunist insults, in th® United States the advo< ate* of a policy of resumption of relations with the Soviet government were jolted bv revelations Ahat the latter had been selling wheat short on the American grain exchanges, aiding tn the 'demoral-* Ization of prices. At the same time It became evident that the Moscow government waa dumping grain In ths European markets at prices far hei/$w the cost of produ tion. The y/fiole affair created a great stir hjrtp and abroad but noticing mueb,* z could be done about it / | FOREIGN Z J Csi REAT BRITAIN'S *lAlbor governT'merit struggled manfully through* bui the . r to solve the nation’s ,-<■«»- nomic problems, but Mund that this could Hot be done in a short time. Uriempkyment -continued to increase, passing the two million mark in June, and industrial depression was little lightened if ®t all. However, no one seenied to have a better solution V*» offer than Prime Minister MacDonald and his ministers, so they held on to their power. They had the aid Os a national advisory council, Chancellor Snowden devised a satisfactory budget that was by no means socialistic, and parliament passed sotye of the legislation asked by the government. Two matters of vast Import demand,/ ouch attention from the British empires rulers. One was the effort to develop; the empire as an economic unit, and the Imperial conference which was held in London undertook this task. The various dominions were represented by some of their best minds and the discussions continued until well Into November. But the results Were extremely disappointing. The main Issue was economic cooperation. and In this nothing was accomplished because the dominions and the British government could riot agree concerning free trade, protectioh and preferential rates within the empire. Problem of India. The Increasing independence of the dominions was marked by tne tacit understanding that henceforth they shall have the right to accredit their own diplomats to rorelgn countries, and may conpnunicate with one another and with Great Britain, not through governors general, but directly. It was Jo create a tribunal for the settlement of intralmperial disputes. The future status of India within the* empire was a question that troubled tie British throughout the year, and It was complicated by the non-resistance rebellion conducted by \ishatma Gandhi and bls numerous followers. As Is their custom,' the Communists took advantage of the situation to convert the peaceful revolt of the Indian Nationalists into riotous demonstrations, and the police and military forces had to handle not only these but also attacks on the northwestern frontier by tribesmen. Gandhi and many of his lieutenants were put In prison but their civil disobedience campaign never slackened. One of Its frequent manifestations was the making of salt contrary to the laws. The All-Indla congress, consisting largely of Gandhi's adherents, decided to boycott the roundtable conference arranged for late in the year, because their demand was (or the absolute independence of India. The roundtable conference opened In London November 12 with much pomp and ceremony, the native princes, the Hindus., the Moslems and even the ••untouchables” being represented by their ablest men—and by two brilliant women. The Indians made it clear they would accept nothing less than dominion status, and < some of them bitterly attacked the British methods of rule in India. The problem before the conference and the government was so complex that there was no chance for its solution for many months. One definite decision reached was that Burma should be made a separate dominion. In the Canadian national election on July 28 the Conservatives completely upset ths Liberal government headed

•by Prime Minister W. L. Mackenzie King and secured a comfortable majority in the dominion parliament, and Richard B. Bennett, their leader, became prime minister. The new government took .steps at once to relieve the unemployment situation .and to help the farmers, one being the almost complete discontinuance of immigration from Europe. German Fascists Win. s As In most other countries, political events in Germany reflected the prevailing discontent of the people, and there it was aggravated by the feeling that they were oppressed by the reparations. Chancellor Mueller and his cabinet resigned in March because of -dissatisfaction with the' ratification of the Young plan and with the budget and financial reforms proposed. Dr. Heinrich Bruening, Centrist leader, became chancellor and formed a ministry of members of the five middle parties. The National Socialists and the Communists kept up continual agitation and President Hindenburg dissolved the reichstag on July l’s. In the elections which were held September 14 the National Socialists. commonly called the Fascists, won a most surprising and tremendous victory. They increased the number of their seats in the reichstag from I*2 to 107. and their popular vote from BUO.OOO to more titan G. 000.000. Their titular leader U Adolf Hitler who. be ing an Austrian, eould not be elected to the reichstag. These Fas. ists stand for repudiation of the treaty of Versailles and of the Young plan of rep»> rations. They were in a position jfo cause a lot of trouble in the reiehstftg, but Chancellor Bruening had port of enough members of "thlfr factions to keep control and pat JfhroUgh the measures of economy and/financial reform necessary for the sai va tion of the nation. In November thufchAncellor made a notable speech Xn which he Intimated that Germauf v might be forced to demand a moratorium in the reparations paymeuuC France, Spaufi and Italy. One small provifcjon in the finance bill brought a of lack of contKlence in the/ [-’rench ehamtier of ’ deputies in FebrL nr j{ an d the TardiOu ministry was fvUFced to resign. It was stfcceeded by Radical-Socialist catfe inet formed bfrCbautemps which was defeated on hs first appearance. Tardie.u then recalled, and held on through at stormy summer and fall, but early ij-t f'ecemby the senate forced him cabinet to resign, and Theodote S/eeg undertook tolform a new ministry. France mainfflined her positiojj as one of tiie■'most/prosperous countries of Europe, anil gathered an immense store of gold/ She was largely preoccupied With national defense and went ahead with her, plan for a powerful chain of fortifications on her eastern frontier. Gen. Primo de Rivera, who had been dic&tor of Spain for more than six yearfe, resigned on January 2s. partly under compulsion, when faced with the threat of a military revolt. He was succftedet! by Gen. D'amaso Berenguer. Throughout the year there, were l repeated strikes, food riots afid violent demonstrations by students And in the middle of L'ecernher a serious rebellion broke out in the northern part of the country. :. Economy, was the continual cry of the Italian government. Premier Mussolini being its spokesman, and his measures toward that ;end were put through with thoroughness and dispatch. They extended to the reduction of salaries of all governmental employees, who are remarkably numerous there, and all employers were urged to follow suit, tn compensatidh. the cost of living was brought down by the lowering of prices of food and Other necessities. At the.same time the Duce continued his program of extensive public works, like drainage and restoration of waste lands, giving employment to many men.'Carol on Rumanian Throne. Carol, former crown prince of Rumania, with the aid of prominent Rumanians. executed a startling coup d'etat in Junq/ From his exile in France he flew to his native country tn an airplane and- two days later the parliament declared him king and his little son, who bad held the title, heir to the throne. Carol soon began planning for his coronation, but his estranged wife declined to be reconciled and the statesmen said the ceremony could not be held' unless she were flr«s«nt or the marriage were dissolved. As a result of this dispute premier Xlaniu resigned in October and Carol went ahead with his plans. An Interesting If not Important event was the marriage on October 25 of King Boris of . Bulgaria and Princess Giovanna, daughter of the king and « queen of Italy. Latin-Amsrican Revolutions. Revolt flamed in four South American republics. Four met! who had been virtual dictators were ousted. Four new governments were established. As a preliminary to these events there was a revolution in the Dominican republic in February, the immediate cause being the announced intention of President Horacio Vasques to stand so? re-election. After a few skirmishes Vasquex was forced out of office, being succeeded temporarily by General Urena. Elections were held on May 16 and Gen. Rafael Trujillo was chosen president and Inaugurated three months later. Bolivia was next on the list. There Dr. Hernando Siles tried. like Vasquex. to perpetuate his rule and was driven from office in May by the insurgents. He was permitted to take refuge In Chile, and his much hated right hand man, Gen. Hans Kundt of Prussia, fled back to his German home. A military Junta took overxhe government, its chief being Gen. Carlos Bianoo Gallindo. Peru followed suit In August, The officers of the army led a movement against President Angusto B. Leguia who bad held the office for more than ten and considered himself almost Irremovable. Be was forced to resign, turning over bfe powers to a military Junta, and later Lient Col. Luis M. Sanches Cerro was made provisional president Leguia had been recognised as an efficient business president and Peru made great material stri.des during bls regime,- but • the revolutionists accused him of “de nial of civil liberties’* and alao of

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nepotism and the Sale of concessions'. He was- imprisoned to await trial. I Late in August President HipolitoIrigoyen of Argentina was warned by. his minister of justice that a revolution might break out immediately. A few days later the prediction was ful-, filled, the high x army and navy officers/ leading their commands in a revolts. that speedily ousted the aged chief executive, who was serioftsly ill. Only in Buenos Aires was there any popular Opposition to the revolution, and this was soon quelled with some bloodshed. Gen. Jose Francisco Uribujru. chief of the insurgents, became J:he provisional president on September 6. Irigoyen for years had enjoyed/ great ' personal popularity in Argentina, was president from 1916 to 1922 /and was elected again in 1928. But had bes come senile and sick and lost his hold on the people. Vargas Rules Brazil. Brazil’s revolution ,Wh>ke out early in October and wjjjtf in away a war between the States, the leader of each striving to seiute the central government. The terpfi of President Washington Luis wajfc soon to expire but his favored candidate. Dr. Julio Urestes, president /of the state of Sao Paulo, had beery elected, allegedly by fraud. The defeated liberal candidate. Dr. Getulyo Vargas, former president ( of the s/ate of Rio Grande do Sul. started/a revolt to prevent the inauguration of Prestes, and the movement /spread to state after state, all the 1 insurgent armies converging on Rio* de Janeiro, the national capital. The government resisted stubbornly, but considerable parts of the army and navy deserted It and after a few weeks of bloody fighting; Luis w*as ousted. The members of junta that took over the government at once began quarreling and scheming, but Vargas promptly came up from the south with a large force of gaucho soldiers and his authority was recognized. He was as provisional president on November 3. ,An insurgent movement in Chile, started by two former army officers, was squelched in a hurry by President Ibanez. In Ecuador and Uruguay also there was unrest, but no change of government. It is worthjrof note that in all these Latin-American revolutions there was almost complete unanimity between the populace and the army, and ttfat in all of them youth, represented by the students and military cadets, played an important role. AJI of the new de facto governments were recognized by the United States, and President Uributu of Argentina appointed an ambassador to Washing- [ ton —Dr. Manuel *Malbran —filling a post that liad long been vacant. Pascual Ortiz Rubio was inaugurated as president of Mexico on February 5 and selected a strong cabinet under whose rule the country promises to prosper. Especial attention is being paid to reorganization of agriculture and to education. In February Dr. Enrique Olaya Herrera, Liberal, was elected chief executive of Colombia after a spirited but peaceful contest. He came up to Washington to resign sis minister to the United States arid was installed in office on August 7. Tlris-Colombian election merits attention because it marks a great step forward in South American politics. Olaya is a member of a minority party, but was chosen by due electoral process, the votes were honestl.v counted and the result. was accepted quietly by the defeated Conservatives, who were split into two factions. Haiti’s troubles were partially set-‘ tied with the aid of President Hopver's investigating commission, whicti spent two weeks in the island republic. Complying with its recommendation. the council of state elected Eugene Roy as provisional president to succeed President Borno on May 15. Later a popular election'was held undi*r the supervision of Americans and Stenio Vincent, an editor and strenuous opponent of the American intervention, was chosen president. [ DOMESTIC ] WITH less cause for complaint than the peoples of most other countries, the inhabitants of the United States were nevertheless dissatisfied and pessimistic. Overproduction by farmers and manufacturers and Timidity of ness depression and unemployment that lasted throughout the year, despite all efforts to restore prosperity. The«great drought played its evil part, affecting conditions In the entire country. President Hoover’s administration had another exceedingly difficult year. In the senate the Democrats were reinforced by the radical Republicans and the coalition fought many of the Chief Executive's policies. After more than six months of debate theasenate passed the Smoot tariff bill, embracing two features that were obnoxious ' to the President These were the export debenture provision, carried over from.the old farm relief legislation, and a clause transferring the flexible tariff power from the President to congress. The aouse of representatives eliminated these features, the senate was. forced to yield, and on June 14 ths to-called Hawley-Smoot tariff measure was finally enacted. It reached the highest protective level of any tariff law ever passed, with an average rate about 20 per cent above that of the Fordney-McCumber bill of 1922. in its entirety It was satisfying to nobody, but President Hoover signed it because be saw in its flexible provision the means of righting its injustices. Protests again» the higher duties were received from many foreign governments. Veterans' Pension Act. There was another long and bitter wrangle overtbe veterans’ pension biiL As first passed by congress it was wholly objectionable to the administration and was promptly vetoed, partly because it granted compensation for disabilities not incurred in active service and partly because it went “beyond the. financial necessities of the situation.” The bouse sustained the veto but the senate repassed the bill with some amendment*. These were rejected by the representatives and a

measure fairly ac«-eptjibie to the, administration was passed and signed. It inaugurated a vast pension system for alf partly vr wholly disabled veterans not already receiving compensation. no matter what their illness or when contracted. Soon after the enactment of this law the President put into effect the consolidation of the three bureaus that had been in charge of veterans-of all wars and appointed Gen. Frank T. Hines as chiefs Some of the recommendations of the Wickersham law enforcement commission were adopted by congress, the most important being the transfer of the prohibition bureau from the treasury to the Department of Justice. The change was made on July L Col. Amos W. W. Woodcock took command of the new bureau and former Commissioner James M. Doran was made head of a new industrial alcohol bureau under the Treasury department. When William Howard Taft resigned as chief justice of the Supreme court on February 3. only five days-, before his death. President Hoover immediately named Charles Evans Hughes to succeed him. The appointment was confirmed by the senate with 26 votes in opposition. Then Associate Justice Edward Terry . Sanford passed away and Mr. Hoover picked Federal Judge John J. Parker of North Carolina to fill the vacancy. Labor and negro organizations rose in opposition and the senate rejected the nomination by a vote of 41 to 39. The President then named Owen J. Roberts«for the place and he was accepted. Before the special session of con-gress-ended on July 3 a number of other important national matters had been disposed of. These Included a rivers and harbors bill inaugurating a fifteen year development program tocost $144,881,902; a number of prison reform bills; a 1 per cent reduction of income taxes for 1929; reapportionment of the house of representatives according to the 1930 census, and various appropriations for extensive public works projects which the government undertook to push forward to relieve the unemployment situation and the business depression. Plenty of problems went over to the short session that opened December 1, perhaps the most conspicuous being , the question,of whether Muscle Shoals should be operated by private concerns, as the house and the administration wished, or by the government. | as advocated by Senator Norris and many other senators. Prohibition and the Election. Prohibition as a political issue In- ■ creased in importance as the months i passed. A poll conducted by the Literary Digest indicated, that the country was largely in favor of repeal of the Eighteenth amendmeat or at least of modification of the enforcement law. The liquor question was a great factor in the pre-election campaign in many states and had a decided effect on the results when the people went to the polls on November 4. The voters of Illinois, Rhode Island and Massachusetts in a referendum were against prohibition by Jarge majorities. The election turned out to be very much of a landslide for the Democratic party. The Republican majorities in both senate and house were almost wij>ed out for tlie .next congress, and many states and cities elected Democratic officials to replace Republicans. Naturally the more rabid opponents vs the administration saw in all this a severe rebuke for President Hoover and his policies; but sane opinion was that it was the nat-. ural result of unfortunate conditions. With large appropriations available, the farm board worked for the relief of agriculture by promoting and financing various co-operatives; and later in the year undertook, with some success, to stabilize the price of-wheat, ’which had fallen rapidly tn all world markets, in this latter operation the board* was forced to accumulate something like 100,000.009 bushels of wheat, the future disposal of which was an unsolved problem. Chairman Legge of the board campaigned unceasingly for reduction of wheat acreage. Among the diplomatic appointments by the President were: Ralph H. Booth, minister to Denmark; Fred M. Dearing, ambassador to Peru; John N. Willys, ambassador to Poland; Hanford W. MacNider. minister to Canada;' W. Cameron Forties, ambassador to Japan; W. M. Jardine, minister to Egypt; Herman Bernstein, minister to Albania; Nicholas Roosevelt, minister to Hungary, and J- Reuben Clark, Jr., ambassador to Mexico. Taking of the fifteenth decennial census began on April 2. The final figures, announced in November, gave the population Os the United States as 122,775.046. The increase for the decade was about 16.1 per cent. On November 28, President Hoover appointed William N. Doak of V irginia secretary of labor .to succeed James* J- Davis, who had been elected senator from Pennsylvania. The short session of congress opened December 2. and the President’s message was largely concerned with measures of relief. Following to a great extent his recommendations, congress appropriated more than one hundred millions for an emergency construction program designed to aid the unemployment situation, and also set aside a large fund for loans to farmers who had suffered from the drought Mr. Hoover transmitted to the senate the revised protocols of the World court and asked early action on them. ( NECROLOGY V.r FIRST among the eminent Americans who died in 1930 must 4>e placed William Howard Taft, who had been governor general of the Philippines, chief Justice of the Supreme court of the United States and President of the Republic. On the day Mr. Taft died. March 8, Associate Justice Edward Terry Sanford of the Supreme court also passed away. Elmer A. Sperry, Inventor of the gyroscope, and Glenn H. Curtiss, pioneer in aviation, were taken by death, as were alsu Congressman Stephen G. Porter of Pennsylvania, indomitable foe of the "dope” traffic; Bishop C. P. Anderson, primate of the Episcopal church in America; Harry Payne Whitney, finan- / . . .

cier and sportsman, and Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, chief of staff of the American army during the World war. Other names worthy of record are: In January—George E. Woodberry, author and educator; Clare Briggs, cartoonist; John D. Archbold, oil magnate; Prof. Henry J. Cox, veteran weather forecaster; Edward Bok, editor and philanthropist; Baron Leon Cassel, noted Belgian banker; Mrs. William Jennings Bryan; Stephen T. Mather, former director of national parks; Viscount Esher of England; Mrs. Rebecca L. Felton, former senator from Georgia; Dr. Harry B. Hutchins, president emeritus of University of Michigan; Rear Admirals W. W. Kimball and Thomas Snowden; Maj. Gien. Harry Taylor; Emmy Destinn. Hungarian prima donna; Dr. W. H. P. Faunce, president emeritus of Brown university. In February—Rear Admiral W. L. Howard; Brig. Gen. M. P. Maus, noted Indian fighter; Former Senators Fred T. Dubois of Idaho and C. F. Johnson of Maine; C. A. Weyerhauser, Minnesota lumber magnate; Alexander P. Mobre, American ambassador to Poland; Cardinals Perosi and Merry del Vai in Rome; Mabel Normand, film star; Maj. G. H. Putnam. New York publisher; Ahmed Mirza, former shah of Persia. In March —-D. H. Lawrence. English novelist; Dr. Arthur T. Hadley, president emeritus of Y’ale; Viscount Herbert Gladstone of England; Grand Admiral von Tirpitz of Germany; Primo de Rivera, former dictator of Spain Lord Balfour. British statesman ; Walter Eckersall, authority on athletics; Nicholas Brady, public utilities magnate of New York. In April—Cosima Wagner, widow of the famous composer; Albert H. Washburn, American diplomat; Zauditu, empress of Ethiopia; Queen Victoria of Sweden; W. G. P. Harding, governor of Federal Reserve bank of Boston; Lord Dewar of Great Britain!; Dr. H. H. Furness, Jr.. Shakespearean authority; Cardinal de Afcoverde of Rio de Janeiro; Charles Scribner, publisher; Robert Bridges, poet laureate* of England; Adele Ritchie, actress ; Maj. Gen. George Barnett, former cunimandant of the Marine corps. In May—Charles S. Gilpin, noted negro actor; Robertus* Love, poet and critic; Earl D. Church, commissioner of pensions; Dr. Fridtjof Nansen, Norvefttan explorer; W. J. Locke. English n-*t; Herbert D. Croly, publisher at-d xthor; Col. J. Gray Estey, organ mauufa* turer;. William Ordway Part- : ri :ge. American sculptor; Lord Rani dali T. Davidson, former archbishop of Canterbury; Cardinal Lucon, archbishop of Reims; Dr. J. Waltty Fewkes, ethnologist. In June —-Gen. Herbert M. Lord, former director of the budget; Herbert H. Winslow, playwright; Maj. Gen. C. A. Devol; W. E. Nickerson, Boston financier; Chief Magistrate, William McAdoo of New York city; T. De Thulstrup, illustrator; Henry C. Folger, oil magnate; Sir Henry O. Segrave of England, auto and boat speed record holder; Kirk Munroe, author of boys’ books; earl of Mar, premier nobleman of Scotland; Melville Davisson Post, author; Dr. Ktmo Franeke of Harvarcf; J. K. Vardaman, former senator from Mississippi; Harry Stutz, automobile manufacturer; Dr. Harvey W. Wiley, pure food specialist. In July—Grant Overton, author: Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, English author; Majs, Gen. Vi*. C. Neville, commandant of the Marine corps; Cardinal Vannuof the sacred college; Gen. von Bernhardi, German soldier and war writer; Rear Admiral A. H. Robertson ; Henry Sydnor Harrison, novelist ; Leopold von Auer, violinist; James M. Lynch, veteran leader o£ International Typographical unions Harry S. Black, New York capitalist; Field Marshal Count Oku of Japan; James Eads How, ’‘millionaire hobo”; D. Joseph Silverman, Jewish leader of New York. In August—Archbishop Messmer of Milwaukee: Siegfried Wagner, son of ttie composer; Mrs. Isabella M. Alden (“Pansy”), author; J. Fred Booth, Canadian lumber magnate; Edwin Clapp, economist and financial writer; James D. Ptielan, former senator from California; Maj. Gen. C. T. Menoher; Gen. Sir Horace Smith-Dorrien of England; Van Lear Black, publisher of Baltimore News; Marion Terry» English actress; Eugene Sil vain, dean of French actors; dqke of Northumberland; Lon Chaney, screen actor; Maj. Gen. Henry T. Alien. In September—Robert M. Thompson, * New York financier and sportsman; Mrs. Frederick Dent Grant; Rear Admiral Simpson; S. W. Straus, financier; Milton Sills, stage and screen star; Capt Boy-Ed, former German naval attache at Washington j John Lind of Minnesota, former governor and congressman; Dr. J. T. Dorrance, originator of condensed soup? Henry Phipps, retired steel magnate;. Philo A. Otis of Chicago, civic leader; W. L. Tomlins, noted choral conductor; Lucien W. Powell, American artist; Daniel Guggenheim, capitalist and philanthropist; Prince Leopold Maximilian of Bayaria; Lord Birkenhead, English statesman. In October—Rear Admiral G. W. Baird; Allan Pinkerton, detective agency head; Josiah H. Marvel, pres- , ident of American Bar association; Alexander Harrison. American painter; Rear Admiral H. J. Ziegemeir; E. V. Valentine, sculptor; Gen. Valerian Weyler of*Spain; Cardinal Casanova of Granada; Resr Admiral G W. Dyson, designer of marine engines; Edward H. (“Snapper”) Garrison, once king of jockeys. In November —Gen. Tasker H. Bliss, U. S. A.; Thomas Coleman du Pont, former senator from Delaware; T. W. Guthrie, Pittsburgh steel magnate; C. H. Markham, chairman of board of Illinois Central; CapL Otto Sverdrup, Norwegian Arctic explorer; Episcopal Bishop S. M. Griswold of Chicago; Most Rev. Austin Dowling, Catholic archbishop of St. Paul; Mother Jones, labor leader. In December—Courtland H. Young, New York magazine publisher ; Dr. W. E. Huntington, educator; Dr. W. K. Barton, noted churchman and author; Sir Otto Belt, South African diamond magnate; Father Jerome Ricard of San Jose, Calif., astronomer; Lee S. Overman, senator from North Carolina, (0 by WMtern Newapapvr Ualon.)

r S. — | a i The Boyhood • t of Famous *By || ’ ; Americans Fitzgerald || i .11- —l» , Owen D. Young , The life of a county boy in rural . ; New York fifty years ago was made

up of much work and little playL it Meant getting up before daybreak on the cold winter mornings, helping with the stock, cleaning stables. It meant cutting and hauling wood, plowing, seeding and harvesting in sea? son. Early to bed and early to rise was the program. Most of the day

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, during the summer was spent in tasks , that made for a strong body. The development of the mind was left largely for the winter. Then a boy took his . books and sometimes trudged miles , ■ through the snow to the little rural school house. He had to quit a warm bed, dress by candlelight in a chilly I room and do his share of the chores | before ; lie set out on his tramp to ’ school in quest of an education. That was the sort of a life Owen D. Young, chairman of the board of the General Electric company, financial genius and diplomat, led as a boy. He was born in Van Hornesville, N. Y„ in 1874. His ancestors had settled there before tlip Revolution. His father owned a farm five miles from the town. The boy had to perform all the tasks that fell to the lot of other . youngsters in the same environment. i The Young faa-m was 15 miles from | the railroad. Itinerant peddlers were its chief contact with the outside world. Their coming was eagerly awaited. Trips to town were taken ‘ only when necessary. Such excursions /meant much lost time in the days of ; the horse-drawn wagon and poor j roads. Electric power, which lias ■ lightened the work in rural sections, | the radio, which has put the farmer ! in touch with the world and Its as- . fairs, were not thought of as farm ! equipment when Owen D. Young was j a boy. They were made largely posI sible for the farmer through his | genius for organization. Education, beyond the rural school, j was seldom considered worth while i for fariq boys of the time unless they planned on a professional life in town or city. If they could read and write and do simple problems in arithmetic, they soon qualified for the job of running a farm. Such a rudimentary traini ing with books was bolstered by hard and practical schooling in matters of aVrieulture. ' Owen D. Young was riot the average farm boy. He walked, five miles a dav to the rural school and back, during the term, helping his father the while with the chores; He was an only son. I It was a red letter day in the boy’s I life when he was taken to (’oopersi town, the county seat of Herkimer.* i pressed in Mm* jeans he went to the ; courthouse and heard the lawyers arj gue a case. They wore boiled shirts, i stiff collars, black ties and broadcloth, impressive garb to the little boy from I the farm.’ Their arguments fascinated ' him. He decided that when lie grew <; i up he would he a lawyer. But there were many obstacles in '.j his path. He had to obtain a better j education than the rural school ofi sered, if he was to qualify for his chosen profession. Any effort 10 gain ■ advanced schooling meant that he ■ would have to leave home. His father needed him on the farm. J When an uncle came to help Ms father the way to an education opened for the lad. He went to the East Springfield academy, encouraged by his parents in his ambitions. His father drove Owen to school each week and brought him hack hone on Friday. His mother prepared the food on which he lived while away from home. Each week the boy carried away with him, packed, in a big hox. the good things his mother cooked for him to eat. He was ready for college when he was fifteen years old. He wanted to go to Cornell, thinking he could win one of the state -scholarships there. But hepvas too young to be eligible to try the competitive examinations. So' he returned home to help his father again. He became interested in church work and conducted the Sunday school I in the little church in Van Hornesville. Alpheus Baker Harvey, then pre.-l- --' dent of St. Lawrence university, came ! to the town to preach. He heard Owen i Young speak in church. The lad interI.ested him so much that the educator persuaded the eider Young that _«the ; boy was deserving of a college education even at a great sacrifice to his parents. ! So the father borrowed $1,900 and ' | on that money, and his own earnings, Owen D. Young went through college. He got his bachelor of arts degree * ; from St. Lawrence in 1894. i He still held to his ambition to be a. ' lawyer. He entered Boston university, / knowing that he would have to work : his way through the law school. He i served as a librarian and tutor to ; earn all the money needed to meet his modest expenses. He completed the tbree-year course In two years. After being admitted to the Massa ■ chusetts bar he went Jo work, for the General Electric company. His pro- # motion was rapid. The farm boy of 50 vears ago is now the organizing genius of the electrical industry and one of the financial wizards of his time. (@,by The North American Newspaper Alliance.) Worthy of Better Things The Rivar Wandle, once fished by jzaak Walton, now is “littered with old tin cans, scraps of old iron, broken bottles and miscellaneous rubbish,” according to a report of the Wanda* worth trades counciL Inspiring Orator No. man ban make a speech alone. , It is the great human power that strikes up from a thousan<Ljnlndx that acts upon him. and makes the speech. * —James A. Garfield.