The Syracuse Journal, Volume 22, Number 14, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 1 August 1929 — Page 2

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By ELMO SCOTT WATSON

HE “iron horse” is UK) years old. On August S, 9 and 10 the citizens of Honesdale, Pa„ will observe its birthday with a celebration commemorating the first successful operation of a steam-driven locomotive on the Western Hemisphere. The locomotive was jthe Stourbridge Lion. It was built in England and shipped to this country in February, 1529, as the property

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of the Delaware & Hudson Canal company, and on August 8 it was put into operation on a three-mile stretch of, track near the scene of the company's operations at Honesdale. The; first trial run of the locomotive demonstrated conclusively that steam transportation was practical and that the Lion would operate, hut ofik-rttis of. the company found that the wooden rails, covered with a thin strip of iron, could not stand heavy duty and the Lion was never used for practical work. But even -though the Lion was not kept in service, to its trial trip belongs the honor of being the first time a practicable locomotive ran upon a permanent railroad track in America and to Horatio Allen, who operated it, goes the distinction of being the first American locomotive engineer. So at the Honesdale celebration a monument to the locomotive will be dedicated and a transportation parade, depicting all modes of travel from oxcart to airplane will be held. The development of railroads in the United States is another story of American magic. From those three miles of track near Honesdale has grown a network of nearly 250,000 miles of steel rails which' penetrate to every part of the country. The progeny of this first “iron horse” now number more than 70,000. Whereas their ancestor weighed only 8 tons and puffed along at the rate of three or four miles an hour, some of these “colts” pre giants, weighing more than 300 tons and they roar across the country at the rate of 80 miles an hour. A century is a comparatively Short time in the history of a rfation, yet the past 100 years of railroad history in the United States has seen such marvelous changes as to make its story sound like a tale from the Arabian Nights. To appreciate fully its marvels, we must turn to the early days of railroading and in the volume “The March of Commerce” in the “Pageant of America” series, published Jjy the Yale University Press, one may read the following interesting account of the “iron horse’s” beginnings.: For fifty years after Watt gave the world his steam engine in 1773 other inventors toyed with the ideh of making a steam engine move itself. Among Americans who experimented with steam road wagons or steam locomotives were Oliver Evans. Benjamin Dearborn and John Stevens. Many British inventors, including Richard Trevithick, also experimented with the problem. The'weakness in all their machines was that they could not produce steam as rapidly as they used it, nor did their engines have enough power to move quickly or to pull more than their own weight. In 1829 the progress of British invention justified a competitive trial held by the Liverpool & Manchester Railway At this test the Rocket, an engine invented by George and Robert Stephenson, father and son, was the victor. The Rocket combined two features which enabled it to eliminate the faults of its predecessors and competitors; it had a tubular boiler and a forced draft. Stephenson’s boiler exposed the maximum of heating surface to the burning fuel, and the forced draft occasioned by turning the exhaust steam from the cylinders into the stack fanned a fire fierce enough to produce steam faster than it was used. Thus, although Stephenson alone is not to be credited with the invention of the locomotive, he was responsible for setting forth a practicable combination of known principles by which for the first tune the machine desired by other inventors was obtained. Consequently his fame is deserved. With the winning of the Liverpool & Manchester railway prize of 500 pounds, Stephenson became, and for the rest of his life remained, the most successful locomotive builder in Great Britain and all Europe. Our interest in this English inventor lies in the

Clever Tricks of Hotel Trade

Every big metropolitan hotel faces bankruptcy its first year. People are skittish about going to a new one. no matter how fine it is, until some one breaks the ice. Fortunate is the hos telry which can attract a few notables under its roof soon after it opens for business. That is why free board and lodging frequently are offered, certain celebrities who bought off that once-it is nofted around that

The above photograph shows C. A. Lehman, a teacher in the Long Beach (Calif.) schools and the marvelous collection of locomotive models he has made. Starting with the model of Tom Thumb of 1828 used by the Baltimore & Ohio, the are as follows. De Witt Clinton, built for the Mohawk & Hudson in 1831; Pioneer, first engine used by the Chicago & Northwestern in 1848; typical locomotive of 1850; Falcon, Central Pacific engine which met the Union Pacific No. 119 in Utah in 1869; fast passenger type of 1880; passenger type of 1895; Atlantic type used by the Pennsylvania in 1905; heavy Pacific type of 1910; Mallet-Compound locomotive of 1918, the latest three-cylinder passenger Union Pacific which has a speed of 80 miles an hour.

fact that it was an English-made locomotive, rather than an American product, which made the historic run whose centennial is being celebrated in Pennsylvania this year. The “Pageant” narrative continues: English engines came to America through the action of the proprietors of the Carbondale railroad. the coal tramway of the Delaware & Hudson Canal company. Through their civil engineer, Horatio Allen, whom they sent to England, they ordered- three locomotives, one of them with riveted flues of large size from Foster, Rastrick and company, of Stourbridge and the other two with tubular boilers from Stephenson and company of Newcastle-oA-Tyne. The Stourbridge Lion was operated at Honesdale by Horatio Allen on August 9, 1829. The locomotive proved so heavy (8 tons) that it was pronounced unsafe on the frail bridges and trestles of the Carbondale railroad and was discarded. This trial, however, was the first time a practicable locomotive ran upon a permanent railroad track in America, and Allen, although it was the only time he ever ran an engine, has the distinction of being the first American locomotive engineer. The Stourbridge engine received its name from a painting of a lion’s head on the front of the engine’s boiler. The Lion, stored in a shed by the Carbondale railroad, was picked to pieces by souvenir hunters and what was too.heavy to carry away was eventually sold by the railroad for old iron. Later the- historical value of this engine caused a search for its parts, some being recovered. The two engines built by Stephenson and Company, arrived somewhat later. They were stored in an iron warehouse in New York City, exhibited occasionally, but never used. These engin.es were similar to the Stefchenson Rocket and if they had been given a trial at once they ■would have had the ' istorical place now assigned to the Rocket itself, for the latter did not make its famous trip until October 14, 1829. The first railroad constructed in America with a definite aim of carrying passengers and freight was the Baltimore & Ohio. It was chartered in 1827, and the laying of the rails began on July 4, 1828, Charles Carroll, the only living signer of the Declaration of Independence, lifting the first shovelful of earth. The first section of 13 miles, from Baltimore to Ellicott’s Mills, was opened in May, 1830. The promoters experimented with various sorts of power. One was a flat car fitted with a treadmill operated by a horse. Upon its trial trip this contrivance was upset by a stray cow on the tracks and the device was condemned. Another experiment was made with a sailcar, the Meteor, a sailboat on wheels. Peter Cooper was the next inventor to offer ideas to the Baltimore & Ohio railroad; he was influenced in part by the fact that he owned some land value of which would be enhanced if this railroad proved a success. Cooper built a tiny steam locomotive with a boiler about the size of those that now stand by the kitchen stove and with flues constructed with gun barrels. Other parts were proportionately small and crude. This engine was called the Tom Thumb. With it, Cooper made a few trial runs upon the partially finished railroad In 1830. With the data secured from his small model. Cooper reconstructed the Tom Thumb a|nd operated it again on August 28, 1830, over the full 13 miles of the road, attaining a speed of four miles an hour, pushing a car with 24 passengers. A few days later there was a challenge race between the Tom Thumb and an horse-drawn car over the double track from Ellicott’s Mills to Baltimore. The gray horse led at the start buLthe locomotive caugl.t up with it and passed it; then a belK slipped and the horse reached Baltimore first. Daring the following year horses served as a motive power on the Baltimore Sc Ohio. ; Although the gray horse had defeated Tom Thumb, the Baltimore & Ohio believed that the steam locomotive was \vort4i further

people of importance are putting up at a hotel the herd follows. Then, of course, continued prosperity depends upon service standards maintained. The management always tries to create a prosperous air around a new hotel. One trick is to turn on the lights at dusk tn every outside room. Employees circulate around raising and lowering' shades to give an airl of bustle and life. Page Uoys are Inj

structed to shout important names in the lobby and dining rooms even if the owners o# those names are in Europe. All these tricks help. Bush in Odd Place Tourists who visit Yosemite talk much of/the wild currant bush that has made! itself a strange home in a crotch hiEh up the trunk of an old sequoia tree. The bush finds a place to grow fit a point 80 feet from the ground this monster thrusts out one of its gnarled limbs.’ Through

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL

trial. Accordingly they offered a prize of 84.0 C for the best engine which should be delivered 1 them for trial, by June 1, 1831, and a prize of $3,500 for the second best engine. The winner of the competition was a watchmaker named Phineas Davis of York, Pa. He called his locomotive the York. But the B. & O. men, because of its appearance, called it the grasshopper. Another engine which Davis built for the Baltimore & Ohio, similar to the York, was called the Traveller and it has the distinction ot being the first used for freight service. Among the other historical “firsts” should be listed the Charleston & Hamburg railroad, chartered by South Carolina in j 829. which from its beginning was planned for the use of steam power. So to it rather than to the Baltimore & Ohio, goes the honor of being the first railroad in America constructed for steam. In 1830 this railroad contracted with the West Point foundry of New York city for a steam locomotive capable of making the astonishing speed of 10 miles an hour. This engine was called a’ first The Best Friend of Charleston, but it was usually referred to more briefly as The Best Friend. It had its first trial in November, 1830, and promptly ran off the track. After some changes had been made it proved able to make 30 miles an hour without a load and 21 miles an 'hour when pulling four loaded passenger cars, ft was put into service in January, IS3I, ami in June of that year it figured in the first locomotive accident in America. Its fireman was a negro who did net like tlie sound of steam escaping from the safety valve. So he sat on the valve, whereupon the boiler promptly blew up K breaking the negro’s thigh and teaching him some things that he had never before suspected about’ the power of steam. To avoid a recuritence of such accidents the Charleston & Hamburg railroad, when it put its second locomotive, the West Point, into service, placed between the locomotive and the passenger coaches a car piled with cotton bales and another occupied by a negro brass band. The theory was that the music would tend to divert the passengers’ minds' from the possibility of an explosion and if an explosion did occur the cotton bales—and the negroes—would get the benefit of the blast. The next famous “iron horse” to make its appearance is described in the “Pageant” narrative as follows: Under a charter granted by the New York legislature in 1826. the Mohawk & Hudson Railroad company built in 18,31 its original line from Albany to Schenectady, a distance of about 17 miles, the primary link in the present New York Central system., The road was at first operated with horse-drawn cars, but the success of the southern railroad with locomotives, led to the ordering from the West Point foundry in April. 1831, of a locomotive to which was given the name of the De Witt Clinton. The first public trial of the engine, pulling a train of cars, was on August 9, 1831. The engine employed wood fuel and the passengers ■were showered with sparks from the stack, so that some had their clothing burned in spots. While others put up umbrellas to ward off the fiery rain. The cars were coupled with heavy chains about three feet long, and, when they started and stopped, the venturers were jerked off their seats as the chains' slack was taken up or the cars crashed together. The passengers themselves cut fence rails and wedged them between the cars to reduce the hazards of the journey. ... The Baltimore & Ohio, the Charleston & Hamburg and the Mohawk & Hudson were the leaders in experimental railroad construction. The practicability of the new form of transportation needed no further proof to encourage a number of other railroad projects and as soon as tht smallest link was ready for traffic it was open to the public. Thus by 1835 people and goods were moving by rail over the completed portions.of the New York & Harlem railroad in New York, the Camden & Amboy railroad in New Jersey, the Philadelphia & Germantown & Norristown railway, the Columbia railroad, the Philadelphia,- Wilmington & Baltimore railroad and the Reading railroad in Pennsylvania. ,® In, New England by that time, three railroads radiated from Boston, one north to Lowell, one west to Worcester, and one south to Providence. In the same year the original railroad, the Baltimore & Ohio, with about 70 miles of track carried about 100,000 passengers. By 1835 the steam railroad was an accepted fact in the United States.

the centuries litter has lodged there until enough of it has accumulated to support plant life. Into this some bird dropped a wild currant seed. Obnoxious Gas George hadi been attracted to a bouse in the tbeighborhood by the assembled crowd. After an investigation he camei to his mother sayltg: “1 went down! to Boyd's to see what was the matler. Mr. Boyd is about dead with obnoxious gas in his garage.” j

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COCCIDIOSIS ONE CAUSE OF LOSSES Protect Pullets From Parasites and Various Ills. (By M. A. SEATON. Extension Poultryman, Kansas State Agricultural College.) Young pullets will develop into efficient egg machine'' if precautions ar« taken to protect them from parasites and diseases during the suminei yionths and if proper feed Is supplied for their development. Coccidiosis is one of the enemies that must be conquered. It usually appears when the chicks are five to ten weeks old. Symptoms are blood in the dropping®. Upon internal examination. the blind intestines are enlarged and filled with a grayish, bloody exudate. Often the liver is spotted. This disease is caused by an organism that tends to destroy the lining of the intestine. It is passed out in the droppings and carried over from year to year in the buildings and ground. To prevent coccidiosis, move the brooder houses each year and brood on clean ground or use a sanitary platform and keep the chicks confined on the platform until ten weeks old. Keep the young and old stock separated. These precautions will usually prevent the disease. In outbreaks of coccidiosis, the bestknown treatment is to move the brooder house if possible, clean the house often, and feed large (I'.mntiiie®' dt milk. If an all-mash system of feeding is being used, remove the meatscrap from the mash and substitute 25 per cent dried buttermilk or dried skim milk. Feed this for about twc weeks. Large quantities of milk solids in any form will ne beneficial. Value of Sulphur and Charcoal for Fowls Sulphur is a medicine, ami not a food. True, small quantities of it may be found in all our grains, as well as in some other articles of feed. But sulphur as found ’in grain is combined with some other substance w'hich counterbalances it. There/are times when sulphur !.<r beneficial if judiciously administered, writes Michael K. Boyer in the Farm and Ranch. It must not be recklessly given, .and never during wet or damp weather, as its use at such times is apt to cause rheumatic troubles or a stiffening of the joints. Sulphur is a blood purifier, and often wards off disea.se and invigorates a run-down system. In such cases a teaspoonful, once a week, mixed with the mash, for about twenty hens, would be about right, - but even so small a quantity as this should be given only during a dry period. Chat-coal consists almost entirely of carbon. It is prepared by heating wood so as to expel all the gaseous matter it contains. Ammonia is a gaseous compound-alkaline like potasSa, and is often termed spirits of hartshorn. When charcoal is properly treated there will not remain sufficient ammonia to be injurious to animal life. Any impurities that charcoal might contain would be absorbed through atmospheric conditions. Do Not Force Pullets Into Premature Laying It Is usually considered better not to force pullets Into premature laying by feeding large quantities of mash. Instead, limit the mash until pullets are quite ready to lay and. by feeding a greater amount of grain, to get them fat. Such a ration emphasizes the fat making material and. by withholding the egg-making materials, removes the danger of a too early maturity. Mash . should not be entirely eliminated, as it contains materials needed for building up the muscles of young fowls. Too much of it. however, may precipitate egg laying before it is desirable. Give the developing pullets all the grain they will eat during early fall and after they come into normal laying, gradually decrease grain with a corresponding increase in mash feeding. Turkey Production The most important discovery in turkey production has been on the line of sanitation. If the turkeys are kept on ground that has not been used for poultry for a year or more, they will likely escape without any trouble similar to the old blackhead disease. Chickens are known to be carriers of the insect that causes blackhead. If you keep your turkeys away from chicken yards and where turkeys have not been the year before, they will not cause you any trouble. Gains for Chicks Chicks make the cheapest and most rapid gains when they are young. It is therefore essential that an ample amount of good wholesome food be kept constantly before the birds. Mash hoppers should be of sufficient size so that a large majority of the chicks can eat nt the same time, thereby avoiding the constant fighting for room to eat. The outdoor mash hopper of adequate size is very desirable for developing the young stock. All feeding utensils should be kept clean. Turkey-Raising Plan The entire turkey raising program should consist of the three points: Clean feed, clean water and clean range. The decrease in turkey promotion has been due largely to the disease known as blackhead, and since cience has discovered methods of eeplng it in check there is no reason >r the turkey producer encountering •iy diffleulty with this particular ailnt If he follows simple rules of -anllness and exercises good feeding Igment

HO TTTTWy THE \Y llmw&ll

LITTLE MILK IS NEEDED FOR CALF Youngster Is Early Taught i to Eat Hay and Grain. Although whole milk is often marketed leaving little skim-milk for feeding, it is no longer necessary to be handicapped in raising at least enough calves on dairy farms to take care of replacements in the herd. 1 , For feeders and animal husband- ' , men have found that they can raise ! thrifty calves successfully and use I , only about 375 pounds of salable whole milk in doing it. I I The general method of feeding calves is practically the same for all I dairy breeds, repeats I. W. Itupel in ] charge of the tyork at the Wisconsin College of Agriculture. The calf is ! , given a start on whole milk for a 1 few Weeks and during this time is : taught to eat hay and concentrates. I 1 Thrifty calves are then gradually tak- I en off the milk and continued on con- i ‘ centrates. hay. water and salt. But. in their experiments, Rupel . and his associates have also found ’ that one schedule was most success- < ful for Ilolsteins and Brown Swiss. , while another schedule had to be I worked out for Ayrshires. Guernseys , and Jerseys. _ | The method the workers found best I for the Holst eins and Brown Swiss was to leave the calf with the mother I for three days and then to pail feed whole milk by gradually getting the calf to take, by the end of the first | week, nine pounds until it was six I weeks old, and then the allowance was gradually reduced until, at the j end of the seventh week, no milk j was fed. * The process for the other three breeds was slightly more complicated. | The calves were left with the moth- 1“ er for three to four days and then I were pail fed at the rate of six [ pounds daily for two weeks, when the j amount was increased to seven ■ pounds daily for five weeks. After « the calves were seven weeks old, the c milk was reduced gradually until at nine weeks no milk was fed. c Because the calves must get along without milk, it was found that it is v necessary that the feeds given be highly palatable and nutritious. The j protein supply must be especially lib- - eral. and so the concentrates need to < carry a high proportion of protein I rich feeds. The experts also found , that the hay needs to be of the high- 1 est quality obtainable, preferably do- [ ver or alfalfa. < Dehorning Calves Best Done While Still Young t The best way to dehorn calves is to < use caustic potash when the calves t are about one week old. I When the calf is a week old the : horns may be detected as small but- t tons or scurs which are covered with i hair. To remove the scurs, clip the 1 hair over and around, them, then take t a stick of caustic potash, moisten it t and rub vigorously until the button s gets red and blood appears about to t ooze through. 1 The stick of potash should be * wrapped in paper at one end so that I the hands of the operator are not in- 1 jured and only a small amount of 1 water should be used so that it will ( not run down over the calf's head. If I the water from the stick of caustic or | from the horns is allowed to run, it will either injure the eyes or take off J the hair. If a small amount of vase- e line is rubbed around the hair sur- t rounding the buttons it will aid in-pre-venting any injury to the skin adjacent to the horns. Calves should be kept in stanchions ' or separated from other calves while , 5 they are being treated and for a few days afterwards. Then any remaining I caustic may be washed off and the place greased Inefficient Separator t Is Extravagant Waste An inefficient cream separator is an 1 T extravagant waste. Separators nor- I : mally lose about .03 of 1 per cent of i butterfat into the skim milk, but ! when the loss amounts to as much as 15 per cent, this excess makes itself sharply felt in the cream check In a herd of twenty 400-pound cows, a separator out of adjustment to this . extent would bring about a loss of something like 225 pounds of butterfat annually. Figure this at the prevailing prices for butterfat and the total is not to be sneezed at. Through frequent tests of the separator this loss may be controlled It is by stopping the small leaks that the dairyman can boost his margin of profit. Withholding Salt At the Wisconsin experiment station some milk cows, well fed otherwise, were given no salt for periods as long as a year. After two or three weeks the cows showed abnormal appetites for salt, but the health of the cows was not noticeably influenced for a much longer time. But finally a complete breakdown occurred, accompanied with complete loss of appetite, rough coat, and a rapid decline in both weight and amount of milk given. Wash Separator Daily A cream separator should -be washed each time it is usbd. All parts of the howl and supply tank should ' be rinsed with cold water and then placed in lukewarm water containing | washing soda. A brush should be used to remove dirt from the cracks and j crevices. After washing, scald the j parts with boiling water or use a sat- ' isfactory chemical disinfectant. Place the parts in a dust-free place to dry, . and to protect it carefully from con- i taminaticn. I

aiH Sweeter

Children’s stomachs sour, and need an anti-acid. Keep their systems sweet with Phillips Milk of Magnesia ’ When tongue or breath tells of acid condition—correct it with a spoonful of Phillips. Most men and women have been comforted by this universal sweetener—more mothers should invoke its aid for their children. It is a pleasant thing to take, yet neutralizes more acid than the harsher things too often employed for the purpose. No household should be without it. Phillips is the genuine, preseriptional product physicians endorse for general use; the name is important. “Milk ot Magnesia” has 4been the U S. registered trade mark of ‘the Charles, H. Phillips Chemical Co. and its predecessor Charles H Phillips since 1875. PHILLIPS I Milk of Magnesia Ask for “TACK -UP” AEROXON Fly Catcher Leading « Ribbon Fly „ Catcher Thums W> oAdvertised —i—«t res. Get rid of pesty flies. Hang up original AEROXON (pronounced A- Rock - Son) Fly Catchers with Thumb-Tack Attached. No fuss—no trouble. They will catch thousands of flies for a nickle. Insist t? upon getting AEROXON Fly Catchers from your dealer. Sole Importers and Distributors for U.S. A. GRAEF & SANDKNOP, Edina, Mo. Seek Royal Treasures Century Under Water The romance of recovering sunken treasure is again being enacted off the coast of Elba, where a ship, after a century at the bottom of the sea, is being salvaged. One hundred and twenty years ago the Polluce left Ntiples for Spain, her cargo consisting mainly of valuables and treasures belonging * to Ferdinand IV, who had been deposed by Napoleoii. Orders had been given the captain of l the Polluce to stick closely to the shore of Elba in ease of interference by the French. Despite the secrecy with which the trip was made, the French heard ot it and, rather than surrender, the captain scuttled his ship. When Ferdinand returned to Naples, he made efforts to recover the treasure, but the machinery of the time proved iimffectual and the two brigs sent to salvage the ship nearly sank. Recently a fisherman brought up part of a mast in a net Cast near the scene of the wreck anil proceedings were again undertaken. Russ Bleaching Blue is the finest product of its kind in <the‘ world. Ev- ' erv woman who has used it knows this statement to be true,—Adv. Couldn’t See It Then Grandmother—When 1 was a girl we used to keep our money in our stocking tops. Granddaughter—But how risky to put it just where it could be seen.— Karikaturen. Oslo. Not That Class Editor—Did these poems come by first class mail? Assistant—Yes. Editor—ls there no law against misrepresentation?

“Lydia E. Pinkham’s Vegetable Compound puts new life into me and makes my work in the store and in the house easier. I took several bottles before my baby came and am always singing its praises to friends. 1 recommend it for girls and women of all ages. It makes me feel like life is worth living, my nerves are better and I have gained pep and feel well and strong.”—Mrs. A. R. Smith, 808 S. Lansing Street, St. Johns, Michigan.