The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 51, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 18 April 1929 — Page 2

America’s e. e ptnttt> * f * The Boston News-Letter. IF — Hl Vj**wh!A -im. IB w « «£?'->

ttabWO bp Sutfrontp. ~ l| Hi gs W r wdTemporal u> . f — —-—, Ld™n°*<J’AfeTth<> ci. fcrtM SowUi * n ’ *'“ ob ° Ul * M,le ,rom £•!*• **' w - 11 WZZ— ' _ N..J Frefan focLtial <• tht w<i*«’« G»rtilo«toLx.lt ifwr hisCwkandontheir Hi T T __ re-x TT% A«s.r<ty oT<»V* mumwcre Atusk tby i» tajisnn wbuHldfii* Bl J" ± aNj Qf Jj T “K, r« with tb« treueft fetdfaOiw. >1“ “*' w ‘ ,h W»»n4took Um Capture, C.»r 4 rk.p.ng, HI ** * ~ Ai» ktuch inr MaHh «(po»fc> «b« hM« k lorer«0. adeifed Capa. Ha/ai of « , who immediately called h» R*— which cwt it. Yoa ana beyond the obl>( «.ooa off out Jouldm tofetlier , but the Enemy were Bed. aawHaMwea treats in Defence *f the Houle of agamft Her Mai4h«Cw«ilb» Hit Eicy. dittdlioa bath the vfurpaoonaoftbe House of fc-fe-A thegloriow jpooutted T>urfday the i« iaftantt day of Publick ~ , -- mWKVVZSMU& W»ir AMiaac© w«k the to| ©f >*»« *»« U chtiy aad for fii/ends cqataift'd in laid Proclaaanon. I I •wing to Year Majdhes Armi »n 4 Afliftanc©. Arrived here Htlxi* from X»nj»K © «—* hrppy Declaration ©f the Dukt of s*••*. fo* H* My It.. ACofllDtny oflndiaM and Ma *jp T» romm.o fntereft. giver Your MaieAy a feafonabl© ©p- French,between iiy bitak and Sun nfing, about <0 1\ J * u £ •ortwty to hew Your Compson and coocera for $« upon a Garrifonhokife of &<•].?•*“ l. about two I \J thife Proeeftann m the South of /►•«», who lac unfor from the body of the Town, and kt fire to it -A. 5J L/W Ls T r> open:., of War. but hare reason ro sfon* Codand p^f^yhem, the liaetltj bndmj it, fcanered irweMaiety tbar we are free from alli the «k«'O- fc£„\ oto p^ea; 3 n<l fod'd the Engliflt into Tea O irF lwiu«i ©f it, having almost nothing else to with™ .* r t' them- CaDC. l»lUr ff °A ¥ <c. n . ioemj secured of a Protrftant $«««»») but Yo« ‘ , 7~7 long and hapfy Reign ©ver #»: And we ihali moftwib “* J . .. . . . I». * M q . Kigly pay cur pioportioß ©f Taxes, encouraged h« favin kxm? on n ta J , ° 4 * sCpte/ Yol/Royal Cemrofiry for the ©afoof Your * .he K m nfhf . by the finagi I management of what ia given i being fen* Coaftmwhom was tje Kg oj S/mn, he ordered ASi ■ them un© better way to five the Wealth of the a Wharff to be made from his Palace to the Water- A- - duo by canyiotMCb. War at thia time with 6de. & o.erlaid« wall doath oTScar!«, utd went Couu-n. ** **» **«Pl, Oe otmoft aicoar. mha Burge on board to receive him, returned 2“'r , ' OT . rhu,‘2 Your Maiafry may eapeS from ns a most ready com- the King of tor* ba his right hand ; who wasre-Hf fSJsJ .J. *.<■? „„ fV a r tt B '“l ; 0,,,.'“ p ' <* a M.* wliuicewith all Your deßm.fojuftlymar.red by Your cavt d with all itrug>n..bleDemonft rations ofjoy,by. B lOff )/•$, w r ,i r . r u '^ tt,l ’“bl, A,. *“'« V'°»» r M r„ lareof the general weif.re and bwp.neft of Your d ; fthMm . o f Guns, ringing of Bella,bo. 6m, Sldmiß /<? K ij. H->lu.' £ "'defeS? fteyle estenda men to the poorest and meanaft rs mtionTrireworki, tfc. and for a Fo™»ght no- ■ ’» "dye, , » Cr»x- Vo j Ou. - Subjefh thing but Texftuig.. - HTuee days ere the K. of V f ** This ap.ar.yet more «>fo««ly «■ Arwrf the PrfoJf. (Osughrer of rhe K. of H *h^7y r *''«> of ■i' h ‘> «e ?'?”'‘" jedTuag t««n«Knd.n~ to Your . p ,s -designed to be his Queen, Dyed; and that loss like to. F /jk r.*Za «r * r '-or i t,K ’ “ W °*\ff k jr i vlL< That we madeup by her Sifterjorne two years youngcrSeveß -'in. ? ?"l°Jwent t o e and Lit I *’ a rr» bwwofe wlmf«m miy tend Grandees of S~re ( betdes thole he brought with ijfafsfß <^ m[el *-‘ r ’. aba^® f JiL**"'lw»Sr* >k «Mt. smoa-ftYour Sub- him ) came toh.o upon his Arrival, who informed * 1 ' 0 Vi «f'om f7 f ' ofc e th. “" g ,v obt., bun shat aU placeTwould lubm.t to him afExmas h. t ‘ Af ’ -*°'° Weihaieem be wun.oit.inyp.it of our Duty appeared. YbeEngldh andl Dutch Torres w«e a- A af d ”2'"‘” A A eher ‘ t * w " I Vr'r s '°” «. f •awards the Suuronm* Your Majeftm honour he Your bout la thousand. The King of had ay. AeanjT, 1 o ‘rm “'uraj I z "« degr," ’ ,m ’add,. f , AUm. .« Almighty Cod wUI pwfper thoufmd, and daily l.uvying ofNewTorces: Upon *««r»s ir, X '«um^ € ,®f any £ . Some®" *.®f gtatjoufty employed to pro-1 h is Arnvafhe fcm th: Forets to the Frontem,,*. 1 tt OVr7s.’'tfotrnd?" tnofti*, 1 ® ""Q the? ch ” t? W’ei (oft .U chose whom the amb.uon of the f«w* King fc„ in g a few Companies foe guard of bis own Pkg. f«'atio <l sarh;,/"elfrelual ttJe,t, e*ep«; c,l > •ouldepprefs. . . foo w!ihe Army.whuher he deigned to March that >«er l9 * , ““ Wade™ Prov. .i. , To which Hn Maxfty return \ W,t most came away & then d«aiyfoc^U,ot^’’,'he^! h ' CrrnmusAnCwerm theft words. Upon th: Beets Arrival inlaid- coiftj IGo «f the A *»ws w*?’>/'. thi Quant‘s f ±L'^^ i <.fep-o- I m-nrer.- TfoSh P'Z *. ‘ By ELMO SCOTT WATSON u^* > <t

WO HUNDRED AND TWENTYFIVE years ago there.took place in Boston a history-making event which gets but scant if any mention at all in our school-book histories, yet it marked the beginning of an institqfipn _whjch for the next two centuries was to exert a vital influence in shaping our nation. For on April 24, 1704, John Campbell, postmaster of Boston, .

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issued the first number of the Boston News-Let-ter, the first successful American newspaper. It was only a little single sheet, six and one-fourth by ten and one-half inches in size, with two columns of news matter on each page and printed on both sides. There was not a single advertisement or illustration of any kind in it The news which it contained was taken from London newspapers of more than four months past and the small quantity of local news was of slightly less ancient vintage. Not a very impressive beginning for American journalism was this little handbill, yet from it there has grown a profession employing hundreds of thousands of workers, an industry which ranks high up among all the other industries in the country in point of capital investment and annual earnings and a commodity which has become to the average American as much a necessity of his daily life as the food he eats or the clothes he wears. In calling the Boston News-Letter the “first American newspaper,” that adjective must be somewhat qualified. As a matter of fact the first newspaper issued in the United States also appeared in Boston some fourteen years earlier. On September 25, IG9O, Benjamin Harris, an exiled newspaper publisher who had settled in Bos- > ton as a book seller and proprietor of a coffee house, brought forth a four-page newspaper (only three of whjch, however, bore any printing, the fourth being blank) which he called Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick. His paper, however, was promptly suppressed by the governor cif Massachusetts Bay Colony and the* council because it “contained Reflections of a very high nature” and “sundry doubtful and Uncertain reports.” Accustomed as we are to the “freedom of the press” which has been in existence since this nation was founded, it may seem strange that a newspaper could be thus summarily disposed of by the authorities. But it must be remembered that these were the days when human liberty, as we now think of it, was practically nonexistent, when there was a'system of licensing for nearly everything, including printing. Every colonial governor sent to America to rule the English colonies here between the years 1686 and 1730 was given the right to regulate the press. So this first newspaper venture in whjjt is now the United States died a-borning because Benjamin Harris neglected to secure a license and because in this paper he made a reference to the French king and the Maquas (Mohawk Indians) which the authorities believed might cause trouble between France and England. Postmaster Campbell was more careful not to run afoul of the powers that be. By “waiting on his Excellency or Secretary for approbation for what is Collected,” i.e. news, he was able to print in a conspicuous place under'the heading of his paper. “Published by Authority,” and thus feel no fear ot interference from the law. As a matter of fact, he seems to have been a timid soul who was never much in danger of getting into trouble on that account. For as Bleyer says in his “Main Currents in American Journalism”: Campbell edited his paper In a painstaking but conservative and uninspired manner. He was scrupulously accurate even to the extent of pointing out in one issue that a comma had been misplaced in a preceding issue. On another occasion he explained that, in an account of a fire at Plymouth in the preceding issue, “whereas it is said Flame covering the Barn, it should be said Smoak." Occasionally he would point the moral of a piece of news. When, for example, a woman had committed suicide, he expressed the hope that “the Inserting of such an awful Providence here may not be offensive, but rather a Warning to all others to watch against the Wiles of our Grand Again, when a man was punished with a severe whipping for selling tar mixed with dirt, he explains that the account “Is here only Inserted to be a caveat to others, of doing the like, least a worse thing befal them.” Such brief comments wete the only editorial utterances in the News-Letter ... With meticulous care Campbell undertook in tho

Brides Cling to Old Beliefs About Luck

Wedding superstitions are dying out very slowly, according to a British authority on matrimonial problems. Although the superstitious bride Is now the exception rather than the rule, the question of lucky or unlucky hours, days or months still holds a Dlace’in the mind of many a young woman contemplating marriage, he said* . . May is usually a lean month for

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limited space of his paper, "to carry on the threed of occurrences” abroad by reprinting in chronological order news gleaned from English newspapers. By this method he was at times from nine to thirteen months behind in publishing foreign news. His difficulties, particularly in winter, he explained in his clumsy style thus: Having in our Numb. 207 Given you a Summary of the Publick Occurences of Europe for five months time, viz. from the middle of August to the middle of December; And in our five last and in this, a more particular Account of the most Remarkable Occurrences of Europe for six months and an halfs time, viz. from the middle of August to the first of March, in our Numb. 208,209,210,211.212. And in regard we have not Weekly and Monthly Pacquets as they have in Europe and the West Indies, whereby to carry on the Occurences regularly; We shall now return back where we left off in our Numb. 207 to carry on the Threed of Occurrences as methodically as it will admit of . . . until Vessels from Great Britain or from the West Indies do arrive in any part of our Continent, when the Undertaker shall give you as he usually did a Summary and Abridgment of the most Remarkable Occurrences of Europe, for the succeeding Months. The end of the first year found this pioneer publisher somewhat discouraged with his job. He took his readers into his confidence as follows: This Publick Printed News-Letter was undertaken to be Published for a Publick Good, to give a true Account of all Foreign And Domestick Occurrences, and to prevent a great many false reports of the same, and was propounded to be Printed for one year for a Tryal viz. from the 14th, of April last to the ''first of May next, to see if the Income by the Sale thereof at a moderate price would be sufficient encouragement to defrav the necessary Charge expended in the procuring and Printing of the same, which Charge is considerable beyond what most people conceive It to be,*besides the trouble and fatigue attending it; all which would toe too long here to enumerate, ♦ yet for some satisfaction, we will venture to set down some of the Charges and trouble that arises thereby & leave other-some to rational persons to conceive of. 1. The Undertaker has several setts of the several Prints from England, & sent h’m in several Vessels, that being time of War might have one Sett if the rest should be taken, which are ordered to come by all Vessels coming to our Continent where the Post is settled almost five hundred miles from E. to W. from N. Hampsh’te to Pensilvania. 2. Correspondents settled in several Ports & places our Shipping goes to, for sending Intelligence. 3. Waiting on Masters, Merchants and others when Ship & Vessels arrive to have from them what Intelligence they can give. 4. Waiting on His Excellency or Secretary for approbation of what is Collected. 5. Paper & Printing & c. And when so done as we said before, we set the half Sheet at a more moderat© price than it was set at in Exeter in England, where they began to print much about the same time that we began here, here it was set at 3d. and there it was at 2d and that sterling money. & when sent out to any house in Town inclosed, they were to have Twenty Shillings per Annfim, and it was propounded here to be sent out for Twelve Shillings per Annum, tho’ the paper and labor & other Charges here is four times at least dearer than It is at Exeter. And tho’ it was proposed at such moderate Rates for both Town & Country, having had 11 months experience of the Income & trouble & charge in procuring & Printing it; the Undertaker is money out. of Pocket, & has not sufficient to defray the necessary Charge; and unless some better encouragement be given for the future, it must drop: & therefore several being desirous it should not drop but be continued, we thought fit to insert this Advertisement, That either the price for (he half Sheet a week and the Quarterly and Yearly Customers must be augmented, Or else there must be more of them Sold, and more Quarterly & Yearly Customers than was last year. Concerning this first editor’s troubles, Bleyer continues as follows: $ Campbell struggled along, making frequent appeals for support, and twice during 1706 receiving grants from the government Finally, in March, 1709. having published the paper continuously for

weddings, and there are couples who hesitate to get married on Friday. Others have a dread of the 13th of the month. More remarkable still is the fact that one o’clock—the thirteenth hour —is very rarely chosen for the wedding ceremony. Green —which, worn as an emerald, is believed to be a talisman against evil—was - long viewed with disfavor

as a portion of the wedding dress. In recent years, it has been used more frequently. Recently, a prospective bride stumbled on the doorstep while about to enter a register office. Had she actually fallen there is little doubt that the ceremony, which was taking place on a Friday, would have had td be postponed till a more propitious time. Briefly Told It’s thoughtfulness that makes and keeps friends. -

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL. SYRACUSE. INDIANA

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? Newspaper facsimiles fror “Main Currents in The History of American Journalism” by Willard Grosvenor Bleyer, courtesy Houghton Mifflin company • — ♦ five years he was compelled »o suspend it for eisrht months for want of any Tollerable encouragement to support it.” On January 1, 1710, it “was again set on Foot at the desire of sexetal in this and the Neighbouring Provinces, particularly of the Town of Boston, in hopes of meeting of a far better reception both from Publick and private hands, for its present support, and future continuance, which hith- ■ erto it has not met with.” Despite the fact that for the first fifteen years of its existence it was the oply paper in the colonies, it never received adequate support. In 1719 Campbell poirts out in one of his periodic complaints of lack of patronage, that “he cannot vend 300 at an Impression, Tho* some ignorantly

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concludes he Sells upwards viously. with so small a circulation fifteen years of struggle, he must earned on the publication more out of a sense of duty to h community than from any hope of profit. In 1719 Campbell lost his job as postmaster but refused to turn over the News-Letter to illiam Brooker, the new postal official. W hereupon Brooker started a rival paper, the Boston Gazette. Campbell continued the News-Letter for three years, finally retiring in 1722 and leaving it in charge of Bartholomew Green, who for many years had been the printer who got out rhe paper. The appearance of the Gazetie, which was first published on December 21, 1719, was of more significance than the fact that it was the second newspaper in the colonies. For the printer who set the type for it and laboriously printed the little sheets was a young man named James Franklin. Thus there came into American journalism a name which was to add luster to the profession for all time to come. Two years later James Franklin set up a printing press of his own and on August 7, 1721, there came from that press the first issue of the New England C<>urant. Bleyer has well said that its appearance marked “a new stage in the development of American journalism. The Courant was the first newspaper established in any colony in avowed opposition to its recognized leaders, as well as the first to publish essays, letters and verse. . . When on a March night in 1722 Benjamin Franklin, a six-teen-year-old apprentice in his brother’s print shdp, slipped under the door of the Courant office his first contribution, a letter signed ‘Silence Dogood’ the paper secured a valuable contributor who was destined to become one of the ablest of colonial editors.” James Franklin was encouraged to start his paper in opposition to the Gazette, the dtticial organ of the postmaster who succeeded Brooker, and the News-Letter, still published by Campbell, by a group of men who were not at all in sympathy with the Puritanical ideas of the leaders in Boston. They could not have secured a better man for the job, especially in view of the ability of his young brother, for the new paper immediately began stirring things up in the colony. It is interesting to note that the first act in the stirring up process was to oppose the practice of inoculating for smallpox, a method of combating the disease which was supported by Rev. Increase Mather and other Puritan leaders. In fact they succeeded in stirring up such a row in this matter and in other criticisms of the authorities which appeared in the Courant that the council finally decided to curb James Franklin’s activities. This w’as done in January, 1723, but James Franklin outwitted the authorities by substituting the name of his brother Benjamin for his own as printer and publisher of the Courant and for a short time the seventeen-year-old boy con tinued in that position. Finally lie quarreled with James and left Boston, going first to New York and then to Philadelphia where later as editor and publisher of the Pennsylvania Gazette he made his mark as the most brilliant editor of colonial times and one of the greatest in all American journalism. If to John Campbell and the Boston News-Let-ter belongs the credit of publishing the first illustration in an American newspaper, to Benjamin Franklin and the Pennsylvania Gazette be longs the credit for printing the first editorial cartoon and one of the most powerful cartoons that has ever appeared in our newspapers. Campbell’s illustration was a wood cut reproduction of a new flag which the United Kingdom of England and Scotland was to use hereafter and it appeared in the News-Letter of January 19-26, 170 <. Franklin’s famous Snake Cartoon was printed in the Pennsylvania Gazette for May 9. 1764,- just before a congress of representatives for the Eng- " lish colonies was called to meet at Albany to prepare s for the coming French and Indian war. Showing the disjointed segments of the snake, each one representing one of the colonies, its warning “Join or Die” came to be regarded as a symbol for united action by the colonists not only in resisting the encroachments of the French and Indians but also during the oppositon to the Stamp Act in 1765 and again at the outbreak of the Revolution.

Early Agriculture The art ot agriculture, the first step in civilization, was first practiced in the Near East —in Asia or Africa — according to archeological research, and the first grain growers are believed also to have been potters. These spread into the Aegean area, to the plain of Hungary, to Switzerland and the Rhine country, and then to the Atlantic coast. It is now asserted that agriculture and the potter’s art reached Britain at the dawn of the Neolithic age.

Caution Farmers in Purchasing Seed

“United States VerifiedOrigin Seed” Certificate Is Urged. (Prepared by the United States Department of Agriculture, b Purchasers of alfalfa seed this season are advised by the bureau of agricultural economics. United States Department of Agriculture, to be especially cautious to buy only seed which is adapted to their farms. The alfalfa seed crop was relatively small last yeaj, and the correspondingly high prices afford greater opportunity than usual for shippers and dealers to offer unadapted alfalfa seed for sale in localities where only certain varieties may be grown successfully. Bureau’s Recommendation. The bureau’s recommendation applies especially to purchases of common alfalfa seed or that not covered by state certification as to variety. In case of doubt as to the best adapted seed to purchase, says the bureau, farmers should consult their county agent or write their state experiment station. Following this, it is urged that United States Verified-Origin be specified in making purchases, with the further requirement that a “United States Verified-Origin Seed Certificate” "tag be attached to each bag. Forty-six seed dealers in nineteen states have been authorized by the Department of Agriculture to issue veri-

Propagating Plants by Layering hwW Two Common Forms of Layering.

Certain plants may be propagated or multiplied by covering part of the plant with soil. This process is known as layerage, and is a very simple way to propagate many common bush fruit plants and shrubs. Gooseberries, currants, raspberries, grapes, rambler roses, lilacs, Japanese barberry and privet hedge are a few of the common plants easily propagated in this manner. There are two general types of layerage as shown in the illustration, says the Prairie Farmer. The first is known as tip layering and is the type used with raspberries, grapes and rambler roses. All that is- necessary Is to cover the tip of one or several branches of the growing plant with moist soil. That part of the branch which is covered with soil will take root, and when rooted it can be severed from the parent plant • and transplanted as a new plant. All work of layering should be done in the spring after growth starts, and the secret of success lies in keeping the soil moist over the covered part. If it dries out, the buried tip will nor root. Plants which are layered this spring will be ready to transplant

SPECIALISTS RECKON APPETITE ON ORDINARY FOOTAGE BASIS

Vegetable Requirements for the Average Family. “How much?” is one of the important questions about the home vegetable garden. How to avoid a surplus of some vegetables and a scarcity ot others, is a problem which calls for a knowledge of the size, tastes and preferences of the family as well as of the productivity of the vegetables. An average recommendation of the amount of vegetables to be planted for a family of five .persons has been worked out in row-feet by the home demonstration specialists of the Ohio State university. For a family of this size, say the specialists, there should be planted 300 feet of potatoes, with the hills 10 to 12 inches apart, and with ten pounds of seed used for each 100 feet of row. Os onions, 100 feet should be enough and a pint of sets should be used. Another 100 feet should go into spinach, with the plants 3to 4 inches apart. An ounce of spinach seed will be enough for 100 row feet. Fifty row feet of cabbage, with the plants set 12 to 15 inches apart, will supply the family. An equal footage Grinding Feed at Home Quite Economical Plan Through experimental work carried on at Purdue university and other agricultural experiment stations, it has been found that there is a considerable saving in grinding feed at home and that the power cost is usually from one-third to one-half that of the cost of custom grinding. With small grinders and motors, the overhead part of the cost will be very small, especially where the farmer lives a considerable distance from a custom mill and where roads are very bad. By using small mills and well-designed automatic feeding devices, the labor cost of feed grinding can be almost eliminated. Little Tinkering A little tinkering now and then is relished by the best of men—and it wouldn’t be a bad idea to change the way that door opens, put in those pigs, drive that nail and do those other little things which make for convenience around the house and the barn. ~

tied origin seed certificates. These dealers handle about 85 per cent ol the alfalfa seed produced in central and northern producing districts. They are required to have, so far as possible, all alfalfa seed handled by them (except state certified or imported seed) verified as to origin through inspection certificates issued by federal inspectors. Where to Obtain Seed. Verified-origin alfalfa seed may be obtained either directly from one of the 46 verified-origin alfalfa seed deal-, ers or from a retail dealer handling verified-origin alfalfa seed under certificate of a verified-origin seed dealer. Such seed may cost a little more than seed of nonverified origin because of the expense of keeping complete and accurate records and in certificating seeds as lo origin, but the additional cost is insignificant as compared, with the protection which is given the user of such seed. Government supervision is maintained over the 46 verified-origin dealers. Should any question arise as to the authenticity and identity of any lot of verified-origin alfalfa seed, a fourounce sample and certificate should be sent for examination to the bureau of agricultural economics, JtVashington, D. C. The verified-origin seed certificate relates only to origin of alfalfa seeds, and not to variety, purity, germination, quality, grade, or other factors.

next fall or in the spring of 1930. Be sure the tip is thoroughly rooted before severing it from the parent plant. It will be well to wait until fall to sever new plants which grow from layers made the spring before. The other type is known as mound layering, and consists merely of throwing, or mounding up, soil about the base of a growing plant. In this case, too. it is necessary to keep the mounded-up soil from drying out. This type is most successful on gooseberries, currants, lilacs, Japanese barberry and privet. The mounding is done in spring or early summer, and by fall those branches which were covered with soil will have rooted. In the fall or next firing the soil can be removed carefully and the plant dug and divided into as many new plants as there are branches or stems which bear roots. On black raspberry bushes some of the tips have touched the ground and taken root without having been buried. This is a natural example of tip layering. Run out now and see if you cannot find some natural tip layers among your black raspberry bushes.

of radishes, 1 inch apart in the rows, will call for only one ounce of seed. Fifty row feet of Grand Rapids lettuce. with the plants only 4 to 6 inches apart, may be obtained with one-fourth of an ounce of lettuce seed. One hundred row feet of green beans will not be too many. They should be planted about 3 inches apart in the rows, and half a pint of seed will be required. The average family will consume the tomatoes from 100 feet of early vines and 300 feet of late vines, the plants being set 36 to 40 inches apart. | Agricultural Notes | Bermuda is the outstanding grass. • * * Corn, where it can be grown successfully, makes the best silage. • • • Lack of efficient use of machinery is more important than its exposure to weather • • • Market gardeners have found that good vegetables can be had only when the soil is full of plant food. • • • Roots, such as mangels and rutabagas, are relished by cattle, are an excellent substitute for silage, and are laxative and succulent. • • • Barley can very satisfactorily be used instead of corn for fattening hogs. Feeding it dry is a more economical and more profitable way of feeding it than to cook it • • • Steel fence posts ground wire fences, reducing the danger to live stock from lightning. If an occasional steel post is used with good posts, this assurance against lightning may be had. Common ground limestone has about three-fourths the value of hydrated lime for soil treatment. In other words, hydrated lime has the same value in 75 pounds as ground limestone has in 100 pounds. • • • When properly cured, soy beans make excellent hay. It is higher in protein and nutrients than is alfalfa. Experiments have shown that - good soy bean hay is equivalent to alfalfa hay for the production of milk.

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I-y Ic. CASTO RI AI