The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 15, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 9 August 1928 — Page 2

The Slain English Explorer in HawaLk iITIj/.

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ANCIENT HAWAIIAN PLACE OF WORSHIP 4

’ By KATHERINE POPE Author of “Hawaii, The Rainbow Land.”

HIS summer that portion of the United States known as the Territory of Hawaii celebrates the fact that just one hundred fifty years ago the brave English explorer, Capt. James Cook, discovered this group of islands lying off quite by itself there in mid-Pacific. Hawaii, with play and pageaqt, brings back the days so different from present life in these delectable isles. A century and a half ago the “Eight

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Islands” (the number is really twelve) were unknown to the civilized world; but now their anchorage there in the great ocean is frequently called “The Crossroads of the Pacific.” For today the port of Honolulu is crowded with ships from myriad routes that center there. Ships come from New Zealand far to the south, and greet craft from San Francisco, Vancouver, even distant Vladivostock. Too, East and West meet in Honolulu, vessels from Asiatic waters seek harborage near those from Panama and from South American ports. A great change from that January day, 1778, when Captain Cook and his party, voyaging from tfie South seas toward the northwest coast of America, discovered in latitude 21 degrees 12 minutes 30 seconds north bits of land rising here and there above the waste of waters, and then made landing on Kauai, northernmost of the Hawaiian islands. The English explorer, out of compliment to his patron and friend, the earl of Sandwich, decided to christen these isles that he had come upon “The Sandwich islands.” And for long they bore this name; and still today the name clings to the group, which Mark Twain called “the loveliest fleet of islands that lies anchored in any ocean.” Captain Cook’s discovery of Hawaii marked a turning point in the history of the little land. For Cook’s account of the place and people made known to the world the existence of a land of plenty sorely needed as a port of call for the voyagers abroad now-in this period of discovery. Captain Cook found the first natives encountered timid, afraid to come aboard his vessels, the Discovery and the Resolution, although several of the canoes did approach quite close, and the occupants offered to barter fish, pigs and potatoes for nails and bits of iron. Cook, who is famed for the care with which he looked after the health of his men, seized this opportunity to obtain fresh provisions, his supply of turtle by now being exhausted. Presently the bartering nativese lost their timidity and consented to come aboard the vessels. But these at once beginning to help themselves to whatsoever pleased their fancy, the hosts had to keep a sharp watch on the guests. Cook, who was in need of fresh water as well as fresh food, proceeded slowly along the coast of Kauai on the lookout for a suitable landing. As the vessels made their way along the coast, natives swarmed on the shore, and on the hiljs above the water, to observe the strange visitants. As they gazed upon the advance of the tall-masted ships, the watchers on land cried: “Look! moving IslarrdS qf forests!”

Possible to Overdo Idea of Labor Saving

"Every day sees some new sort of labor-saving device introduced on the market, but many of them fall to ‘take bold’ through lack of intelligent handling,” declared William Sworen sen, head of a big tractor company. “The day le coming when a course on how to use and care for these new utilitv devices will be a part of every jhool and college. ; -• :? he present time, too many peo-

“No,” said others among them, “these are temples to the high god Lono!” Concerning the beings upon the strange ships, they regarded these as more than men, as gods returning to isles where once they had dwelt. For the old chants of the land sang of a past day when gods walked among men; also related that the same gods would come back sometime. The white men went ashore heavily armed, for these were uncharted Islands, the character of the dwellers thereon most uncertain, their hospitality waiting to be proved. But as the white men stepped ashore at Waimea, Kauai, the natives fell down before them in adoration, received them with rejoicing. A supply of excellent water was found, and the next day the natives gladly helped in rolling the casks back and forth. Meanwhile brisk bartering was carried on between islanders and visitors, and, too, the latter made some exploration Inland. Cook’s record of the natives here reads: “No people could trade with more honesty than these people, never once attempting to cheat us, either ashore or alongside the ship.” The exploring party remained for two weeks in Hawaiian waters, and obtained a valuable addition to the ships’ supplies for the long voyage north; very good sweet potatoes, between sixty and eighty pigs, some salt, also salt-fish, a few fowls, and the excellent taro-root that was the chief food of the Island people. Whilst the nails and iron objects received in exchange by the natives were highly valued in a land where tools had to be made of stone, of wood, of bone, or of shell. Valued by the Hawaiians, also, were two pigs of English breed and three goats that Captain Cook turned over to the care of one of the chiefs when his party resumed the voyage northward. The natives gave so generously T>f their possessions to the visitors because they thought Captain Cook the great god Lono, whose return to Hawaii had been prophesied. Messengers were sent about the islands to tell the chiefs of the strange beings that had come to Hawaii. The messengers said, “The men are white, their is loose and folding; their heads are angular; fire and smoke issue from their mouths; they have openings in the sides of their bodies in which they thrust their hands and draw out iron, beads, and other treasures.” Captain Cook now Cruised here and there about the group, and made no small advance in acquaintance with the natives. And again he and his party were wel-comed, again they were given high honors, again out to the Resolution and the Discovery the outrigger-canoes toiled laden with presents of much value, the best that the land had to offer. In order to refit the ships and take dn water, the vessels anchored in a fine large bay, Kealakekua, on the western shore of the southernmost island, Hawaii. Here, immediately the vessels were surrounded by hundreds of canoes, with swarms of visitors begging to come aboard —a marked contrast to the earliest attitude of the islanders. There was one state occasion when the old

ple, especially the old-time farmers, are like Cy, whose wife said to him: “‘Don’t .complain to me about bein all worn out! I told you that takin care of all that labor-savin' machinery would be too much for you.’ ” —Los Angeles Times. Old Stamp Does Duty „ A postage stamp printed thirtyeight years ago was used to send a

letter from Brunswick, Maine, to Portland recently. It was a 2-cent stamp of the Columbian issue of 1892, commemorating the four hundredth anniversary of the landing of Columbus. The stamps, which have not been printed since that year, are of a purplish hue and depict the landing of the explorer. , . ’ '■& • J A calf recently killed at Godford, N. S. W., had in its stomach a pair of gold sleeve links, a gold collar stud and a gold safety pin.

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL

king, with a retinue of followers, among them Prince Kamehameha, later to be known as The Conqueror, went out to the ships bearing rich gifts, with royalty arrayed in picturesque leather helmet and in feather mantle that swept the ground. Gifts were exchanged: the while men gave to the natives seeds that were to add richly to the plant life of Hawaii, gave, too, goats, cloth, and weapons, whilst not alone the best that the land had to offer in the way of food was presented ny the Islanders to the white men on this visit of state, but upon the Raders in Cook’s party were bestowed rich treasure of the art of the Hawaiians, rare samples of the precious featherwork for which the people are justly famed. Alexander, born in Hawaii and historian of the land of his birth, writes thus of the honor shown Captain Cook by the Hawaiian ruler: “The king made a grand ceremonial visit to the ships, with three large canoes attended by chiefs wearing their feather cloaks and helmets, and armed with t spears and daggers, and by priests bearing gl- i gantic idols of wickerwork, covered with red feathers, with eyes made of mother-of-pearl and mouths set with double rows of sharks’ teeth. “After paddling around the ships, chanting prayers or hymns, they went toward the observatory where Captain Cook landed to receive them. On entering the tent the king placed his own magnificent feather qloak upon Captain Cook’s shoulders and a feather helmet on his head, and laid five or six other beautiful cloaks at his feet.” Captain Cook, too, made a graceful gesture. On this r occasion he presented to the king his own sword. And perhaps the linen shirt he gave him at the same time was to the recipient an object that, because of the rarity of the same on the Islands, had high value in the eyes of ruler and subjects. If the English exploring party had left at the height of their popularity all would have been well. But Cook’s men stayed on and on, and in time the natives became weary of taking canoeload after canoe-load of provisions out to the ships. In the end quarrels arose, consciously and unconsciously the sailors offended. the natives, the natives the sailors. Then one day Cook's men. short of wood, cut down the palings about the sacred temple close to the shore of the bay, and this greatly angered the people, while from time to time the natives stole coveted objects from the anchored shiiß, and resented the stern punishments that followed these thefts. Mutterings against the visitors began to be heard on all sides. When one of the sailors died and was buried on shore, the islanders said to one another: “These are but men like ourselves!” Suspicion and bitter feeling increased, at last real fighting took place; in this warfare the natives making use of spear and the hurling of stones, while gun and cannon were employed by the white man. Then came an hour of fighting when Captain Cook was ashore, and a moment when the captain turned toward the sea to signal to his men to cease firing. A native chief, who had in his possession one of Cook’s own iron daggers, crept up and stabbed him in the back. Captain Cook fell, his face in the water, and when the natives raised the body it was lifeless. Thus died one of the bravest of the brave sons sent out by England to the far corners of the earth. Fellow-countrymen of the great voyager have erected on the shore of Kealakekua bay a tall monument marking the spot near which the hero was slain. Hawaii’s punishment for the slaying of Captain Cook has followed through the years, because of this tragedy the Hawaiians being accounted a bloodthirsty and inhospitable people, while on the whole they were friendly to strangers and welcomed them to their land.

Does Double Duty He who civilly shows the way to one who has missed it is as one who has lighted another’s lamp from his own lamp; It none the less gives light to himselt when it burns for the other.—Ennius. Regretted Economy “It isn’t the things that I treated myselt to I am sorry for, but the things I did not treat myselt to.’’— David Harum.

° Wtati ° fcfeinmdbiM NEW SMALL FRUITS QUITE PROMISING In the discussion of new small fruits at the short course in horticulture at University farm, St. Paul, F. P. Daniels said the Mastodon strawberry, an everbearing variety, had apparently come to stay. • Trials given It In Minnesota t.nd elsewhere have proven it to be an abundant producer of large sized fruit It also propagates readily. Mr. Daniels said the Beaver on past performance in this region is worth observing and studying. Those who have grown it believe it is a coming berry. It is large, has good color, and holds up well. Other new varieties of merit are Minnehaha, Bliss, Bouquet and Table Queen. A very early variety is the Early Bird, a Michigan introduction. Mr. Daniels described a new currant and a new’ red raspberry which were developed at the state fruit breeding farm and which are now known only ’by This currant ripens a week later than the normal fruit and holds on a long time, producing a good crop late in the season, when prices naturally strengthen. The new raspberry is earlier than the Latham, though a trifle smaller, and is declared to be very promising. It has never shown evidences of mosaic and is regarded as practically immune from that disease. These new fruits will not be available for general planting for some time. Alfred, a blackberry of higlt quality and large size, was recommended for planting by the university horticulturist. Trials in Michigan have demonstrated its hardiness in 30 below weather without covering. Making Needed Repairs on Favorite Apple Tree One frequently finds a case, particularly in the home fruit garden, where some favorite old apple tree has rotted cavities which 'threaten to wreck a main branch or even the whole tree. In such cases it is well worth while to attempt some treatment of these cavities. The first essential of success is to dig out just as thoroughly as possible all the old, decayed wood, getting back to good sound tissue. If the cavity is deep this may be difficult, but with a good sharp chisel, a mallet and r siderable perseverance the thing can usually be accomplished. The second essential is to fill this cavity properly. If the hole is large use two parts of sand and one of cement. And if very large, bricks or stones may well be used to fill up part of the space. With small cavities use one part each of sand and cement. In either case the sand and cement should be thoroughly mixed before any water is added, and one should use just as little water as possible; have the mortar in such condition that when tightly squeezed in the hand the water will just barely drip from it. When the hole is filled smooth off the

surface as carefully as possible to ; have a surface that will exclude all moisture. Use Poison Bran Mash in Eradicating the Cutworm The cutworm is one of the pests placed on this earth to try men’s souls. Try a poison bran mash composed of one pound of bran, one ounce of paris green, three tablespoonfuls of cheap sirup, one-fourth of a lemon, and two and half cupfuls of water. This amount will cover a quarter of an acre. Mix the bran and paris green dry. Squeeze the juice of the lemon into the water and add the peel and pulp after chopping it fine. Then dissolve the sirup in the fruit juice mixture and stir the liquid into the bran. Since cutworms are night feeders the bait should be spread in the evening so that it does not have time to dry out, writes H. B. Tukey, in the Rural New Yorker. Put a little around the tomato plants, the raspberry, canes, or the strawberry plants if cutworms are bothersome, but be careful about possible poisoning of children, dogs, and birds. Fruits in Storage In storage most decidious fruits should be kept at temperatures as near 32 degrees F as possible and high humidity should be maintained to prevent shriveling. Piling the crates in a manner which permits air circulation is likely to decrease damage from scald, and a type of container whiclp permits some aeration has the same tendency. Wrappers retard the spread of rots from one fruit to another, and oiled wrappers are particularly effective in reducing scald. Mix Lime-Sulphur Directions for making lime-sulphur sprays ordinarily are based on use of standard concentrated liquid lime-sul-phur testing about 32 degrees by the Raume hydrometer. Thus, for example, where the recommendation “limesulphur 12 to 100” appears, use 12 gallons of standard liquid concentrate and add water to make 100 gallons of spray. When powdered or dry limesulphur is used, it will require about four pounds to equal one gallon of the liquid concentrate. Avoiding Spray Heading the team into the wind to avoid the spray, the operator takes his position under the tree between rig and trunk near the trunk. From this position he sprays up and diagonally into the wind so as to wet the under and leeward sides of all branches possible. He must be careful to drive the . spray up through the center of the larger trees so that the high center and windward branches are finished on the under and leeward sides before he comes from under the tree.

f ♦ I fc*<. '< ■ 'fib ■•' j JM "k. ■ BUT ' oHf >- ? I ' ♦ ' '' * ■ Sk * WSRIwagWE . zs-A W'i WMIMK ■5. : -L. ■—- Kaieteur Falls in British Guiana.

(Prepared by the National Geographic Society. Washington. D. C.> THE Guianas —British, French and Dutch —which form continuous area on the north coast of South America, are the only territories in that continent not under a ■ local, republican form of government. The word Guiana is derived froln the narfle of an old Indian tribe which once inhabited the entire country between the mouths of the Orinoco and Amazon rivers as far back as the Rio Negro and the Casiquiare. This huge I territory formerly went by the name i of Guiana, but much of it is now included in Venezuela and Brazil. Guiana missed one chance for fame through a typographical error. The humble “guinea” pig, a native son, would have carried, its home land’s name into popular usage had not early writers confused the habitat of the rodent with African Guinea—a confusion which is not altogether overcome to this day. Guiana first came into public notice because of the tales of Juan Martinez, who, for getting his lies believed, outranks Munchausen or Ananias. Hie tales of Manoa. where the monuments were marvels of lustrous gold, and where men were anointed With oil and then sprinkled with pulverized gold, captured the inftiginations of many explorers even before Sir Walter Raleigh penetrated the humid interior of Guiana in search of this El Dorado. So generally is the term now used in a figurative sense to denote any fanciful rainbow’s, end that it is hard to ; realize how seriously the tales of Martinez, and lesser liars, were credited. Indeed. El Dorado's mythical court city, the lake on which it was supposed to be located, and the estimated extent/ of the country- itself appeared on maps’ until the serious scrutiny of Humboldt exploded the fairy tale. The first actual settlements were made by Dutch colonists in the last quarter of the Sixteenth century. Pari amaribo, or, as the Dutch call it, Surii nam, the, capital of Dutch Guiana, is I interesting as the city which was trad- ; ed to the English for the settlement of New Amsterdam on Manhattan island, present-day New York. Paramaribo now has a population of about 40,000 people, mostly negroes. Gained Black Name. OLthe three colonies, French Guiana, the easternmost, is the smallest. Because it has been heard of principally in connection with the deportation of convicts, and especially in regard to the Dreyfus case, French Guiana has gained a black name. It is true the region has been developed chiefly as a penal station, and perhaps it deserves its evil repute; but in physical aspects and possibilities, at least, it is closely comparable to British and Dutch Guiana, both of which have had a measurable degree of prosperity. With the convict millstone around its neck, French Guiana, as a colony, has never really had a chance. Cayenne, known by sound at least because it has given its name to a pepper, is the capital and only port of importance in French Guiana. Its inhabitants number 15,000, nearly a third of the entire population of the country. With its houses of colored i stucco and its avenues and squares j shaded by superb palms, it has attractive aspects. In it dwell men of many ! climes and colors. Chinese keep the shops: natives of Indo-China supply the markets; officialdom is French; and on the streets are to be seen creoles from Martinique, Arabs from northern Africa, and negroes from Senegal and the Guiana interior. Dutch Guiana is.about the size of Florida. The British first held it; and the Dutch first held what now is British Guiana. The easternmost of the three foreign holdings, French Guiana, is used, in part, as a penal colony. I Along the coast Dutch Guiana is a strip of transplanted Holland. Back in its forests is a bit of Africa, inhabited by Bushmen, who live much as do their Dark continent cousins. The Africans were imported In slave -days, and chased back to the forest fastnesses when the tax collector came around. Many of them found their tropical environment there so homelike that they eluded their owners.

Cards Have Personality Personal playing cards are a London innovation and seem likely to become popular. Edmund Dulac, an artist, introduced the fad. He has made for Sir Edmund Davis, art collector, a special design for the backs of the cards to be used at Chilham castle, Sir Edmund’s seat near Canterbury. The towers of the castle and two of the deer that roam on the estate appear in the design. "I do not know

Paramaribo has the immaculate appearance of a Dutch city; it has one natural extravagance of which it is proud, its streets lined with mahogany shade trees. For The trees on one block, spreading over neat weatherboard houses, a lumber firm once offered §50,000, and the residents declined to sell. -British Guiana has great potential riches, but has always lacked the labor to bring its hidden vyealth into usable form. It is a tropical land with much rich soil and an abundant growth of tropical plants. The first step in developing such a region is to push back the jungle; then a constant battle must be waged to keep it back. • Where this has been done by the teeming populations of certain tropical countries, such as Ja’va and parts of the Straits Settlements, the region has become one of the world’s garden spots; but in British Guianft the puny attacks that man has so far made in his war on an implacable vegetation, have in most cases led to defeat. Great rivers flow through the land, forming wide estuaries where they meet the sea. The earliest settlers, the Dutch, sailed up the wide streams and attempted to carve plantations from the forests on their banks. But this was the most difficult method of attack, and in addition the soil in the areas selected was none too rich. Near the coast were wide mud fiats of rich alluvial matter without forest growth. Reclaiming overflowed lands was a problem better understood by Dutchmen, so they retreated before the forests and made a new start on the coastal lowlands. Dikes and drainage ditches were constructed, with a system of sluice gates to let the water out at low tide. In this way much rich land was brought under cultivation. Some of it is as much as four feet below the level of the highest spring tides. When the British captured the country from the Dutch in 1796 they continued to develop the coastal mud flats and the slightly higher land immediately inland, leaving the forests practically untouched. That policy has been followed pretty closely since, so that even now the inhabitants and development of British Guiana are in large part confined to a strip of territory froto ten to fifty miles wide along the roast. Has Many Rivers. British Guiana is a land of many rivers. Three very large ones flow northward to the coast roughly parallel : the Essequebo, Demerara, and Berbice. These are the main roads into the interior, especially the Demerara and Essequebo. The total mileage of railway in the country is about 100, all but 20 of it parallel to the coast and within five miles of the sea. The coast country is given over to agriculture, chiefly the production of sugar and rice. Inland the relatively slight activity is concentrated on the extractive industries, the collection of balata gum, the bringing out of small quantities of timber, and the placer mining of gold. The colony’s diamond ° fields have produced millions of dol- , lars’ worth of gems in recent years. The timber industry has never been highly developed. Its most important contribution is the wood known as “green-heart” which is impervious to the marine borer, the teredo. It is used in dock and wharf construction throughout the world. If growth in population and solution of the labor problem ever permit British Guiana to become intensively developed, it will not lack water power for its industries. Rapids and cataracts are found In all the rivers; and about 200 miles from the roast, on the Potaro river, a tributary of the Essequego, is Kaieteur falls, one of the great waterfalls of the world. The river has a sheer drop of 741 feet, and cataracts increase the total fall to more than 800 feet, approximately five times the height of Niagara. Georgetown, the capital of British Guiana, is situated near, the mouth of the Demerara and affords a good harbor for ocean-going ships of fair size. It is a clean and attractive tropical town, with its shady streets and its wooden houses set on legs.

of any other artist who has been asked to design ‘private’ cards,” said Dulac. “There are clubs, of course, that have their own special cards, but Sir Edmund Davis seems to have set a new fashion so far as absolutely private ownership of specially designed cards Is concerned.” Reason for Popularity The Norway spruce, a favorite species for Christmas tree purposes, has been cultivated In the United States since early Colonfal times.