The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 7, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 14 June 1928 — Page 2

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By LOUISE M. COMSTOCK

HOEVER heard of a June without weddings, or a June wedding without an elaborate trousseau, pounds of rice, Mendelssohn’s wedding march and a shiny ring for the fourth finger of the bride? Os all the traditions surrounding the ancient and honorable rites of marriage—and there are many,

from the tell-tale ring and button In the wedding cake to prophecies of romance between the maid of honor and the best man —the tradition behind the wedding ring boasts the greatest antiquity as well as the widest practice. This fact may explain why the jewelry symbols of marriage today combine the materials we hold choicest, and are the products of Infinite labor and skilled craftsmanship. As far back as we can trace the marriage ceremony in history, through the varying customs of periods and races, we find that the ring is the one thing constant in it. This ring itself has changed, from a plain and somewhat heavy band crudely hammered out of iron to its Intricate and artistic modem form; it has served as a pledge of affection and a plight of troth as well as a mark of actual qnion; brides have worn it on wrist and thumb as well as on the fourth finger; but it has remained a symbol of love and fidelity, and an accepted part of the marriage ceremony. The poet Swinburne claimed that Rebekah was the first bride to wear a wedding ring. Though it more likely was an iron bracelet that Isaac gave feis heaven-selected bride, the tombs of Syria and Egypt and the relics of Greek and Roman civilizations give evidence that the custom arose among the early people of Asia and Egypt , and passed from them into Europe. The married woman of Egypt wore a ring set with a tiny key to symbolize her custodianship of her husband’s house. The Roman matron wore a similar ring, carved with tiny knobs to represent the keys to her husband’s estate, or with a seal with which she sealed the doors of the wine closets against thirsty servants. “With all my earthly goods I thee endow” is apparently as venerable a part of the marriage ritual as the ring itself. Two thousand years ago it was customary to engrave the nuptial ring with pretty sentiments, even as it is today. An ancient Greek ring bears characters which translate “Honey,” and many a bride of the classic-period wore a band inscribed “faith immortal” or-wlth the names of herself and her lover. The bride of the Roman tribune wore a ring engraved with the star or crescent that was his insignia; in the ruins of Pompeii have been found rings engraved with two clasped hands; and Martin Luther gave his bride a ring adorned with the symbols of the church. The custom of wearing the wedding ring on the fourth finger of the hand may again be ascribed to the Egyptians. It was a common belief among them that a nerve ran directly from that finger to the heart. The Romans, who believed that this nerve was a vein, continued the practice, and there have been few deviations from it. The English maid of two centuries ago may have chosen to wear her wedding band on her thumb, but that was because fashion in her day demanded such an ornate affair that the customary finger would not carry it. The, dusky bride of. India wears her wedding ring on her thumb even today, but to her a ring is necessary only during the first six weeks of marriage; after that it is remelted and shaped into a more pretentious ornament. In Egyptian, Hebrew and very early Roman literature the ring given by a youth to the maid of his choice seems usually to have been merely a pledge of love. Its use for the plighting of troth has been definitely established as early as the Second century B. C. In the Second century of the Christian era that stern churchman Tertullian berated the women of his time for wearing any other ornament than the ring given them by their future husbands. The earliest German governments provided that a check be made on those who gave engagement rings to determine that reality should succeed romance. Both Chaucer and Shakespeare mention the interchanging of rings as a promise of marriage. The same, ring served for both betrothal and marriage until a comparatively recent date; indeed, it was not until the Cromwellian era in England that the custom of buying two rings became common among those who could afford it The trend today seems to be towards more and better rings, for it now has become common for the groom to receive a ring in a double ring ceremony. and there is considerable evidence that men will soon begin to wear engagement rings as well. While the exchange of the wedding band has long been customary in Germany and other European countries, and was for centuries an essential part of the Greek church ritual, it has received new

Woman Candidate Got Under Wire First

Representative Florence Kahn of California told at a San Francisco dinner party a story about a woman candidate. “When a man runs against a woman,” she said, “he’s handicapped sometimes. .‘‘Once a man was running against a woman for mayor or something, and he called at a certain house on his campaign. In the kitchen of this

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Impetus from the modern spirit which claims perfect equality for both parties in the union. - z Ovid, Roman poet of the First century, wrote of “a ring soon destined to encircle the finger of a beauteous girl, a ring having no worth except the love of the giver.” He sang obviously of his beloved Corinna, and of a ring of little intrinsic value. For, until shortly after his time, rings were of iron, brass, silver, agate and other materials, but seldom of gold, and even after the First century gold rings were worn only by the wealthy. The early Italian craftsman Benvenuto Cellini wrought in gold with consummate’ skill, but he worked only for popes and kings. With the invention of plating processes, gold became a practical as well as the most precious metal, and was adopted universally for the wedding ring. Not until 1900 was the substantial wide gold ring replaced by a narrower and more ornate band of platinum, today considered the ’ most durable, beautiful and malleable of metals. The jeweler designates as an engagement ring one of which the part encircling the finger is narrow enough for a wedding ring to be worn beside it True to its tradition, the modern engagement ring is elaborate, the original key replaced by a diamond, the paradoxical symbol of innocence and power. The modern wedding ring is either carved with orange blossoms, ivy or oak, or set with tiny diamonds. Diamonds are pure carbon —sort of sublimated wljite coal. Being carbon, they have a grain like that of wood, which is, to the jeweler, their most important characteristic. For the grain of the diamond, technically described as its lines Os cleavage, allow this substance, which is so hard it can be cut only by another diamond, to be manipulated in away otherwise impossible. c Diamond cutting was once a tedious process, the rubbing of two diamond surfaces together by hand until the proper planes were attained. The angular chunks thus eliminated were wasted, whereas the modern method of cutting by machine preserves them to be cut into smaller stones. It was by perfecting a diamond-cutting machine so accurate that the minute stones used so much today in stone-paved jewelry, often so small that it takes from 100 to 400 of them to make up a carat in weight—and an ounce requires carats—that New York city, about the time of the World war, succeeded Amsterdam, Holland, as the diamond cutting center of the world. Even though modern machinery is almost fool-proof, so that one man can superintend as many as 20 machines at once, diamond cutting is still a laborious process, in' which the slightest miscalculation may mean disaster and in spite of rigid economy almost 60 per cent of the original stone is lost. The rough stone must first be subjected to expert examination to determine its greatest possibilities. Once the lines of cleavage have been decided upon and flaws located, the expert scratches on the surface with another diamond the lines on which it should be split The cleaver next adjusts his steel wedge along these scratches and strikes upon it with a mallet. Upon the direction, force and snap of his blow depends the future value of the stone.

fiouse sat a little girl, a bearded man of middle age—her father —and a bearded man far gone In years—her grandfather. “The candidate thought he’d be diplomatic and win over the little girl first; so he gave her a quarter, and said: “ Tm running for mayor.’ “‘Yes,’ she piped, ‘and so is Miss Blank. She gave me a quarter yester-

day when she was calling here.’ ‘“Weil, here’s another quarter to buy chocolates,’ said the candidate. “ ‘Miss Blank gave me half a dollar to buy chocolates,’ said the little girl. “The candidate laughed merrily, or as merrily as he could, and bent over the child and kissed her. “ ‘There I’ he said. ‘I bet Miss Blank didn't do that. “‘Yes, she did,’ piped the little girl; ‘and she kissed pa and grandpa, too.’ “ Wishing is wasted time. Get busy.

THE SYBACrSE .TOUBNAK

Thus roughly lopped into the shape, the diamond is Cemented to the end of a metal “tong,” thus fixed beyond the possibility of vibration, the tong is clamped into the arm of the sawing machine adjusted to operate for only the required distance, and the cutting begins. A disk of phos-phore-bronze, the hardest metal alloy known, measuring .004 inch in thickness, revolving some three thousand to four thousand times a minute and charged with olive oil and diamond dust, bites slowly into the stone. It takes such a saw an entire day to work through one carat of diamond, as far, about, as across an ordinary pencil lead. The smaller facets are ground off on a horizontal disk of iron, charged with oil and dust embedded in this comparatively soft metal to offer friction and revolving two thousand four hundred times a minute. Platinum settings are made to fit a particular stone. Platinum comes to the jeweler in a “button,” so called because of the rounded shape given it by the crucible of Hessian sand in which the hot metal is cooled, or rolled out in a thin sheet Platinum for rings is again rolled between two wheels grooved to allow square openings between them into rods approximately as thick as the band of a ring; it is with them the craftsman works. The rod is first bent round around a mold of a prescribed finger size. For a wedding ring it is soldered together with palladium, a kindred metal, which melts at a few degrees less than 3,300 degrees Fahrenheit, the melting point of platinum. When the setting is wider than the band, it must be built up of another piece of platinum, fixed in place on the band with wires and soldered securely. The ring is rounded and openings are made with a saw, no thicker than a horse-hair, held taut between the ends of a brace the shape of a flattened U. When a “box” opening must be made for a stone, a hole is bored through the metal and the saw strung through. The craftsman is guided only by his eye, a pair of tongs* for measuring the stone to be fitted and the artist’s design on tissue or celluloid before him. The modern diamond-set wedding band is grooved all the way around, the bottom of the groove perforated to allow an opening for the bottom of each stone. The finest of our modern engraved rings are also hand-made, carved out with a mechanical, perpendicular bore that is guided by hand. When the ring has been washed in water and polished on a rapidly revolving buffer, it is ready to be set The smaller stones are “beaded” into the box opening prepared for them by four almost invisible but nevertheless secure projections pushed down over them from the surrounding platinum. When the stone is large it is set in fine claws, so that it may stand alone in its beauty and reflect light from as many sides as possible, and Is set off only by a body guard of smaller stones set with geometric simplicity in the shank of the ring. Such a ring, and an accompanying wedding band set with stones to match, are the June,-1928. version of these age-old symbol? of love and marriage.

Powdered Coal a Sacceea Two superheated steam freight locomotives. equipped to burn puiver-' Ized coal, have just been placed into operation on the German federal railways. On a long stretch during the trials one locomotive pulled more than 1,700 tons of freight at the same speed as the ordinary coalfired locomotive would pull a load of 1,200 tons. The coat may not make the man, but the lawsuit makes the attorney.

AvoundM PREPARE GRAPES WELL FOR MARKET <Prepared by the United State* Department of Agriculture.) “Preparation of Eastern Grapes for Market” is the title of a new bulletin issued by the United States Department of Agriculture which discusses the harvesting, packing, and handling methods employed with success by commercial growers in the various producing sections. Types of field trays, picking benches, packing tables and containers are described in detail. Proper methods of picking the grapes, packing into baskets and loading cars are also discussed. This bulletin contains many illustrations covering the various operations from the field to loading the grapes into cars. Attention is called lO the fact that the enormous expansion of the grape industry, particularly in California, has resulted in such keen competition in the marketing of juice grapes that many growers of eastern grapes are turning with renewed interest to the greater development of the table stock trade. The bulletin points out that eastern grapes formerly sold for table stock have been largely diverted from that market. The greater ease in meeting the comparatively low packing requirements for juice stock has reacted unfavorably upon general packing and handling practices, with the result that comparatively few growers have been attempting to meet the demands of the fancy table grape trade. Rough handling of this highly perishable crop causes crushed and bruised berries which soon become moldy and decayed, „ especially in warm weather. It is also pointed out that the development of the table stock trade depends upon the grower putting up a good quality pack. Good quality fruit is often spoiled by careless handling practices. Careful handling of this commodity must begin in the field and be continued through the various operations of packing, hauling, and loading into the cars for shipment Copies of this publication, Faruiers’ Bulletin No. 1558-F, may be secured free of charge, upon application to the bureau of agricultural economics, United States Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. New Insect Is Injuring Apple Crop in New York A new insect of apples appeared in western New York last summer. It is the apple and thorn skeletonizer, and it was responsible for the browning and blightihg of the foliage which was so noticeable along the highways, especially in unsprayed or poorly sprayed orchards. According to authorities of the experiment station at Geneva, the insect is new in New York, although it is well established in Europe. It was first discovered in the United States in the lower Hudson River valley in 1917. It has since spread up the valley to Albany, eastward into Connecticut and Massachusetts, and westward in New York. Last season was the first one in which the injury was extensive enough to attract attention. The apple is the preferred food plant of the skeletonizer. The caterpillars feed almost entirely upon the upper surface of the leaves. When full grown, they are about half an inch long, yellowish green in color and are marked with tiny black spots. Three generations usually develop between June and October. The first brood cause? the most damage. In cases of severe Injury, the fruit is often poorly colored and undersized, and in cases of complete defoliation the succeeding year’s crop may be lost. The skeletonizer may be killed readily by applications of arsenate of lead. Trees *which receive the regular apple spray schedule throughout the season usually suffer little if any injury from this pest Young Trees Pruned at Planting Time Is Best Young trees should be pruned back at planting time. The top growth is headed back to form a balance with tlie roots which have been reduced at digging time at the nursery. Two general methods may be used in shaping the tree: (1) the top may be formed with three to five main branches of equal importance, or (2) the top may be formed with a central leader and with several secondary branches. In either case the branches should be well spaced and evenly distributed around the tree. Care should be taken to pick out limbs with strong crotches, if possible. The straighter the limb comes out from the trunk, the stronger is the crotch. Spray Material The amount of spray material per tree that may be required, will of course depend on the size of the trees. A- tree fifteen to twenty years old will require from 10 to 20 gallons or even more for the four sprays. The actual cost of material per tree, plus cost of labor, will range from 40 to 75 cents per tree. Growers who wish to use dry lime-sulphur instead of the liquid lime-sulphur, should use three to four pounds of it in place of each gallon of the liquid lime-sulphur. Fruit Testing It only remains to be said that the fruits which originate at the New York agricultural experiment station are distributed through the New York Fruit Testing association, with headquarters at Geneva. This association is a nondividend paying, co-operative organization, organized in 1918 by fruit growers in New York. It now has, and is willing to take, members from every part of the world. Several kinds of fruits may be purchased from this association.

TTV\ A MJ THE \7 PURE-BRED DAIRY SIRES ARE BEST (Prepared by th* United State* Department of Auriculture.) Only 25 per cent of the bulls at the head of dairy herds tn the United States are pure bred, yet thousands of pure-bred dairy bull calves are slaughtered for veal every year because there is no demand for them as breeders. Undoubtedly some of these calves are inferior and ought to be slaughtered, says W. E. Wintermeyer. dairy husbandman of the United States Department of Agriculture, but most of them are far superior to the grade and scrub sires that are now being used in many dairy herds. Many dairymen with small and mtw dlum-size herds, which often contain poor cows, say they cannot afford to own a pure-bred dairy bull because of the high original cost. In reality, says Mr. Wintermeyer, these men can least afford to own an inferior bull. In a new publication just issued by the bureau of dairy industry, as Leaflet No. 16-L, “Pure-Bred Dairy Sires.” Mr. Wintermeyer quotes figures ole tained from the records of dairy-herd-improvement associations in al) parts of the United States that show how rapidly a good dairy sire can increase the production of a herd of average cows. Cows in these herds having an average yearly production of 4.695 pounds of milk and 179 pounds of butterfat a year and mated to pure-bred sires, produced daughters that averaged 7.607 pounds of milk and 300 pounds of butterfat, a gain in one generation of 2.912 pounds of milk and 121 pounds of butterfat per cow. This increase in butterfat production, at 50 cents a pound, is worth about S6O. Allowing about 25 per cent for the extra feed required for the higher production, the value of the net gain per daughter due to the purebred sire would be about $45. A purebred bull would need to sire only a few such daughters to pay for himself. and the yearly income would be increased by an amount equal to $45 multiplied by the number of his producing daughters. A copy of the leaflet may be obtained by writing to the United States Department of Agriculture, Washington. D. ,C. Legume Hay and Grain Mixture for Dry Cows Dry cows should be fed all of the good legume hay that they would clean up. as legume hay is a good source of calcium, one of the minerals that a dairy cow requires, and supplies considerable quantities of protein. In addition to good legume hay and other roughage. the dry cow should receive a sufficient amount of grain mixture so that by the time she freshens she carries considerable surplus flesh. Dairy cows should be put in good condition before freshening. Corn and cats can be used for most of the grain ration, but it is a good plan to add some bran or oil meal, as these feeds are high in phosphorus and have a good physical effect on the cow. Some dairymen feel that the feeds fed to a dry cow pay larger dividends than any feed they use. Most Profitable Breed for Building Up Dairy There is no one best breed of dairy cows. The Brown Swiss are noted for being a large rugged breed that produces a medium amount of milk of medium richness. The Holsteins are a large breed that produces a large quantity of milk comparatively low in butterfat, having a test of around 3.5 per cent. Guernseys and Jerseys are medium-sized breeds which produce a medium amount of rich milk. For the production of commercial ’milk, the Holsteins are generally used. For catering to the very highest grade milk market where rich milk is preferred. Guernseys and Jerseys are perhaps preferred. For general dairying there is not very much choice between the different dairy breeds. <>O<X><X><><><>O<XX><><><><><XK><X><X><>Og Dairy Hints ■(XXXXMXXKXXXytXXKXXXXXMXXXX) More cows are in cow testing associations than ever before. • • • Milk cow? cannot produce their maximum amount of milk when they have to drink ice water. To produce a large amount of milk, a cow must drink a large amount of water. • • • Experiments at the South Dakota State college experiment station indicate that self-feeders are not economical for dairy calyes. The calve? eat too much of the high protein feeds and not enough of the roughage. • « * As soon as any whole oat? is noticed in the manure it is time that the oats be ground for calves. • ♦ • Plenty of clean drinking water where cows can get it easily will do a lot toward making them produce all the milk they can. * * * Skim milk from a well-adjusted separator will not test over .02 of one per cent. Separators that allow as much as .05 of one per cent of butter fat to go through the skim milk spout need attention. • • • It will not make very much difference whether young calves are fed ground oats or whole oats. • * • That It is poor economy to underfeed good dairy cows has been proved experimentally and under practical feeding conditions. « • • Dairy cows will generally need about 30 pounds of silage and 10 pounds of alfalfa hay daily. If they are to receive this ration throughou the year it would mean about 6 ton of silage and 2 tons of hay per cow.

Farm Fires Take Big Annual Toll Need for Research Into Common Problem of Spontaneous Combustion. (Prepare* by cue United State* Department ct Agriculture.) Loss of a Uuy barn through tire caused by spontaneous combustion at the very time the burn and the buy in it were standing in three feel of waler was one of the specific examples cited by David J. Price of the United States Department of Agriculture, as indicating the need for extensive research into the problem of what is commonly known as “spontaneous combustion,” particularly of agricultural products such as bay, and other cattle feeds. Mr. Price, who is the engineer in charge of such studies in the bureau of chemistry and soil, included a discussion of this problem in uu address at Philadelphia, recently before the insurance department of the Wharton school of finance and commerce at the University of Pennsylvania. Feeds for Winter. / in New England the dairy farmers require a considerable supply of hay and other feeds for the winter feeding of their herds. Much of this hay is stored in bays reaching from the tloor to the roof of the dairy burn, in the striking and unusual illustration he cited, the barn was located in the region flooded in Vermont last full. Flood waters entered many barns, and in this one wet the hay to a depth of 17 feet. As the Good waters receded intense heat production followed tn the mass of wet hay. "Spontaneous" heat production began in the lower layers, Mr. Price said, “and the hot gases rising through the stacks caused strongs drafts or “flues.” The moisture thus carried upward condensed in the cooler parts of the hay or in the air above, Wetting the hay in tho area. So many of these drafts existed in some piles that the hay was thoroughly soaked. Temper! atures in typical “flues” ranged from 116 to more than 165 degrees FahretP heil. This barn experienced the height of the flood on Friday morning. November 4. and burned late Monday afternoon. November 7. Much heating was observed on Sunday and Monday a distinct odor of charring was noticeable. Immense Yearly Loss. “This was only one of many fire? during last year caused by spontaneous combustion. This combined with utftnown causes results in approximately $60,060,000 loss each year to the farmers of the United States, and accounts for more than one-third of all the annual farm loss of $150,000,000. “In the national tire bill of $570,000.000 toss to the nation, spontaneous combustion ranks fourth in the causes of fire, and is exceeded only by losses resulting from lightning, defective flues and heating apparatus, and matches and smoking.” Apple Now Necessity Once regarded as a luxury, the apple has become a necessity. Its bulk makes it of as muctf proportionate value as a food as do its juices. Malic acid, that great germ destroyer, is the most prominent of its acids, but its phosphates are of equal value <n keeping liver, stomach, and intestines in healthy activity. A raw apple eaten at night before retiring, followed by a glass of water, is one of the oldest prescriptions for health and beauty, providing a pleasant laxative—preventing the necessity of medicine—and keeping the complexion clear, and beautiful. Nicotine Kills Aphids A good thing to use to kill aphids is the nicotine tn tobacco. In usirig nicotine washes or sprays against these little pests you must not be content with spraying but once. Spray your plants two or three times, because if only a few aphids are left they will soon multiply. Use a sprayer that makes a fine mist which will reach all parts of the plants that are bqjng attacked. In the case of vine crops, you should also spray the under surfaces of all leaves. QOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOQOOOO S Agricultural Squibs | §<xxxxx>oooooood<x>oooooooos Sweet clover requires a firm, solid seedbed with just enough loose soil on the surface to get the seed wjell covered. • • • Asparagus beetles might, prove troublesome, but, are easily controlled by spraying the plants with arsenate of lead. • • • • Hill up the corn before it gets too tall. This is old-fashioned gardening but it hasn’t been improved upon. The corn needs hilling. Don’t let anybody beguile you from this task. • • • A good way to scoot your garden along is to save all the poultry manure, mix it with dry earth, and broadcast over the rows. When it rains and washes this richness down to the roots, how the stuff does shoot up 1 . ** * J Lettuce must grow fast to be crisp and tender. There s nothing better to speed it along than a little nitrate of soda —’.bout two ounces to 20 feet of row, pur In the drill or alongside the rows. Don* get it on the plants—it will burn them. Alfalfa for Pigs Alfalfa pasture is the best that can be furnished for grazing young pigs. An acre of alfalfa pasting/ will save over 1,100 pounds of corn and nearly 500 pounds of tankage. An acre of pasture will reduce the feed bill by $25 or more for 15 or 20 pigs and the pigs harvest the crop for nothing. Plan now to have a few acres of alfalfa on your farm if for nothing more than hog pasture. There is nothing better for the young porkers for rapid growth