The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 50, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 12 April 1928 — Page 3

Fatten Beef in Corn Belt Section

Tends to Equalize Number of Cattle Slaughtered at Various Times. (Prepared by tbs United States Department of Agriculture.) Besides Improving the condition of a large number of cattle from the range, the fattening of steers in the corn belt tends to equalize the number of cattle slaughtered at different times of the year, according to an analysis of the methods and results of cattle feeding in five representative sections of the corn belt, by the United States Department of Agri culture. About one-third of the beef cattle marketed from the range are shipped to the feedlots of the corn nelt as stockers and feeders? Beef cattle are well adapted to the utilization of legume hay and such coarse roughages as cornstalks and straw, which must have a place in a well-balanced crop rotation. These roughages when fed with a liberal amount of corn in the ration usually produce a higher gra<ta- of beef than that produced on gcrts/ alone. Districts for Study. The districts chosen for study typify three general methods in the fattening operation. In eastern Nebraska and southwestern lowa standard man agement provides for dry lot feeding with corn aad legume hay, particularly alfalfa. Silage plays an important role in feeding enterprises in eastern lowa, Illinois and Indiana. The practice of fattening steers on grass pasture was the rule in the Missouri district studied. The time covered in the analysis of costs and methods extefid ed from the opening of the 1918-1919 feeding season to the close of the 1922-1923 season, thus including two years of high price levels, two years of low prices, and an intermediate year while deflation was under way. Each season approximately 100 records of feeding operations were obtained from farmers in each of the five, districts. An effort was made to assemble all the details of management from the time, the feeder cattle were bought untill the fat cattle went to market. The effect of the kind and quantity of feed available upon methods of handling and rations used received special attention. These records have been assembled and analyzed and the results published in Technical Bulletin No 23-T. “Costs find Methods of Fattening Beef Cattle in the Corn Belt.” Important Points Touched. Some of the more important points are touched on in a two-page sum mary. of which a few of them are as follows: “Approximately 84 per cent of the total cost of 100 pounds gain was for feed, 6 per cent was for interest on investment in cattle and equipment. 5.5 per cent for labor and the remaining 4.5 per cent .for miscellaneous expenses. “The rate and cost of gain varied widely from one farm to another. The rate of gain on medium weight steers varied from 0.4 to 4.2 pounds per day.

SURVEY REVEALS BENEFITS AND LIMITATIONS OF POST METHOD

New Bulletin Includes Information on Regulations. (Prepared by tne United States Department of Agriculture.) «■ The benefits and limitations of parcel post marketing of farm products as disclosed in a study of the operation of this form of selling over a period of 14 years are set forth by the bureau of agricultural economics in a publication, ‘‘Marketing Farm Products by Parcel Post.’’ just issued by the United States Department of Agriculture. When the parcel post law went into effect in 1913, says the author, Lewis B. Flohr, there were many and varied ideas as to the part it might play tn marketing farm produce. Some persons declared that it would solve the farm marketing’ problem. There has been a continued and slowly increasing volume of marketing by this method, he says, but the quantity of farm products passing through the postal service has not reached the proportions expected by the enthusiasts and is a relatively small part of the total marketings of farm products. The department’s new bulletin includes information on the parcel post regulations rfud requirements, the ways and means of making contact between producers and customers, the necessary business attitude and management of the business, and the sac-

Loss of Soil by Erosion Prevented by Bluegrass On a mildly sloping-field in Missouri soil investigators measured soil loss by erosion for six years where the ground was plowed to a depth of four inches. On the average more than 40 tons of soil per acre was lost annually, and the ground absorbed less than 70 per cent of the rainfall On a similar field covered with blue grass less than a third of a ton of soil was washed away and the field retained almost 90 per cent of the water that fell on it. On this four-inch plowed field erosion would remove * seven-inch layer of soil In 24 years, less than the time of one generation of farming; while the same land tn grass would not lose seven inches of soil for more than 3.500 years. The soli with a large proportion of humus absorbs more rain and resists erosion. With a fall of only four feet in a hundred, a simple sys>tem of terracing will conserve moisture and save valuable-soil that would jbtherwise choke streams farther down the valley. 1 t

whereas the net cost of gain for cattle of the same weight ranged from 6 to 34 cents per pound in the same feeding season. “Almost half the cattle finished to dry lots were pastured for some time previous to intensive feeding. Each day of fall pasture, on second growth clover or cornsta|k« was worth 3.4 pounds of grain, plus *2.2 pounds of dry roughage, plus 10.7 pounds of silage when the feed requirements of the fall pastured steers were compared with' those of strictly dry-lot cattle. “The relative prices of feed largely determine the proportions in which they should be fed to stock at any given time. “To produce 100 pounds of gain calves required only 04 per cent as much feed as did heavy cattle. Yearlings and medium-weight cattle required, respectively, 75 and 87 per cent as much as heavy cattle to- produce 100 pounds of gain. _ “Heavy cattle may be fattened tn a much shorter feeding period than light-weight steers. A greater cost ot gain, together with the necessity of marketing them promptly when finished, make the feeding of heavy cattle more hazardous than the feeding of light-weight steers. “The average daily ration ot 129 droves of cattle weighing 891 pounds when bought is typical of that used in cattle feeding in eastern Nebraska and western lowa Each animal received, on an average. 19 pounds of shelled .corn, and 9 pounds of legume hay. and gained, 2.19 pounds per day for 131 days. The feed required per head amounted to 45 bushels of corn and 1,1541 pounds of legume hay. with a pork credit of 77 pounds per steer. “Silage feeding is more common in eastern lowa, Illinois, and Indiana because of the smaller and less certain quantity of legume hay available. The practice of fattening while on grass pasture was more common In the west-central Missouri district where almost two-thirds of the cattle fed were handled in this way. “The margin in sale price per pound necessary to covet fattening costs increase rather regularly with the length of time on grain feed. Tins amounted to 75 cents per month when corn wits worth $1.40 per bushel and 20 cents per UK) pounds for each additional month fed when com was worth 50 cents per bushel.” “Straw” Potatoes Are Not Likely to Satisfy When growing “straw” potatoes they are planted in rows the same as when they are to be cultivated, ex cept that the rows may be close? together. The seed is covered ver? shallow, and about the time, the potato tops begin to show above ground the straw is added. The straw should be four to six inches deep and evenly spread over the ground. On rather rich land and in wet years strawing potatoes is »ot likely to be very satisfactory; one reason being that the straw keeps the soil so wet the plants do not make good growth and the rubers are of poor quality.

tors limiting parcel post marketing. The possibilities of parcel post marketing are discussed in detail for a tong list of commodities, including fruits and vegetables, poultry, eggs, meats, butter, cheese, cream.and milk, mushrooms. nuts and nut meats, sirups, honey, plants, and other farm products. Copies ot the publication, which is designated as Farmers’ Bulleton No. ' 1551, may be obtained from the De- j partment of Agriculture. Washington, i D. C. j Short Farm Notes ? Production of certified potatjj seed has brought forth a “tuber unit” potato planter. • • • Rhubarb needs plenty of plant food for results, and the best material to use is barnyard manure. • • * The cheapest source of humus, this water-holding part of the soil, is decomposed stubble and roots, or crops turned under. • • • It is best to seed barley with a drill, as the seed is better.distributed over the ground and better covered. It may be broadcast and covered tn the same way as oats are often seeded. * • • “Weeds make nearly as good cover crops for orchards as such crops as millet, buckwheat or soy beans,” says the New York State College of Agri- . culture. Tests made by the Department of Agriculture show that linseed oil is j better than fish oil or corn oil for | making lead arsenate sprays stick to the leaves. • • • Millet is classed as a “hot-weather” plant and is ordinarily seeded about two weeks after corn planting time, though it may be planted a little earlier than this if necessary. If alfalfa Is to be seeded next fall, it is time to determine whether lime should be applied. If lime is needed, best results ma.t be obtained if it is applied somewhat in advance of the seeding. • • • If the grower has time, he may thin out the thick growth in the' young tree tops, cut k ick vigorous branches and remove s; routs to secure the proper spacing a id develop a more syminet.rkal. tree top.

Clean Pigs Are Winning Favor Bigger Porkers and Higher Profits Result From - Sanitary Care. That long-standing belief that a hog is naturally a-dirty creature who revels :*|pl thrives in a mud wallow has been completely wrecked by 500 lowa ■ farmers. The fact is that the hog is as clean- ' ly as any other farm animal, but until recently has never had a chance to ’ prove it. Given clean pasture lands on which to feed, instead of the oldfashioned hog pen, regular baths and clean bedding, the hog will produce bigger and better pigs, and more of them. At the same time the death rate will be markedly lowered. These are the facts brought out by F L. Quaife, farm expert, reporting in the Farm Journal the results obtained by the 500 lowa farmers who have given their porkers a chance, to lead hygienic lives. Expose Hogs to Parasites. Farmers who raise their hogs year ' after year on the same ground and in the same unclean quarters are ex posing them to periodical ravages of parasites which kill off many and stunt the growth of many more, the test cases, directed by lowa farm bureau experts, show. In one case an owner put 18 sows on clean alfalfa pasture land, washed them carefully before they gave birth I to their litters and housed the pigs in Clean quarters where parasites had no chance to develop. Os 180 pigs born, 174 were sold, fat and healthy. Eight other sows were kept in an old-fashioned piggery under the old conditions. These gave birth to 48 pigs, of which only 16 were alive at the end of four months; and all QfJ the 16 were stunted and unthrifty, j Under New Conditions. Os a group of 8,836 pigs raised under the new conditions the average saved and sold was 6.8., pigs per sow, as against 5.2 in other years. A litter born in March and raised on pasturage had reached an average weight of 66 pounds by June, while a litter born the previous December and raised un- | der the old conditions weighed only 38 pounds on an average at the same time. “Most of these lowa pigs were far- ! rowed in April and sold in October; only six or seven months from birth to market,” the Farm Journal article points out. “Most of the men had their pigs ready for market two or three months in advance of previous years and at just as heavy weights. Several of the men sold April pigs in September at weights well over 200 pounds. And not only did they get the benefit of a higher price but they escaped the period of the greatest danger from flu and hog cholera.” ! Unusually Good Control of Oats Smut Is Found lodine, long used as an antiseptic is to be put to use in controlling plant diseases. After four years of experimenting with many preparations for the control of oats smut, plant pathologists of the Ohio agricultural experiment station have developed two dust formulas containing iodine and formaldehyde. Unusually good control of the smut is given. The. two men who worked on this were R.C. Thomas and J. D. Sayre. There were heavy losses due to oats smut last year and a large part of the seed to be sown this spring is unfit without treatment. The cost of treat- : ing seed with the new dusts should not be more than five to seven cents an acre, "say the station men. For particulars regarding the treatmenj and where the< dust can be obtaiifed. write to the Department of Botany. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station, Wooster, Ohio. ? Agricultural Squibs j Market bulky farm feeds through high quality stock and increase your profits. Molds on clover, especially if it gets wet, are very common but not many of .them seem harmful, in the light of experience, to cattle. • • • Fine trees can be moved in the winter time when the ground is frozen so that a pile of frozen earth may be moved with the tree. • • • Leafy spurge is a comparatively new weed. It is gaining a foothold in several spots, however, .and attention should be given immediately to eradicating it • • • In pruning young orchards, it is seldom necessary to use a disinfectant to sterilize the small wounds made by the removal of branches. It is also • true that there is much less disease in I the young orchard than in the old. Another thing important to a good harvest is treatment of small grain to prevent smut. This disease cuts down the yield considerably, and that means fess profit. Must Use Fertilizers to Maintain Soil Fertility A question for the people of any section to ask themselves is. whether old ■ land that has been in cultivation for years is richer or poorer than newly cleared lan’d. If it is lower tn fertility, things are wrong and the greatest problem in that section or on that farm is to reverse the process. New I situations are arising and new adaptations are being made, but none have taken the place of soil fertility. It is still basic. Stable manure, green manure crops and commercial fertilizers must be used intelligently to maintain- the fertility of good soil —first, to enrich thin soils, and secondarily, to grow a crop. This is the only type ot agriculture that can survive and the only kind that can be prosperous, it matters not what artificial remedies are brought into existence.—Southern Agriculturist.

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL.

DAIRY FACTS BACTERIA CAUSE ABNORMAL MILK Many farmers at this time of year are annoyed by abnormal milk. The most common cause of such milk is highly flavored feeds, such as wild onion or garlic. Even’ the change to new- grass pastures will produce a pronounced “grassy flavor” in the milk. The milk consumer will notice these feed flavors at once—especially that caused by the cow’s eating wild onions. The dairy department of the New Jersey State College of Agriculture recominenfls that where these *difliculties occur the cows be kept off early pasture, or It that is impracticable, that they be taken into the barn for a period of two to four hours before milking. The wild onions in the pasture will disappear as soon as the grass has had a chance to crowd them out. The second group of bad milk flavors is that caused by bacteria. Here also is found the causes of bitter milk and ropy milk. These bacteria usually fall from the cow’s body into the milk at milking time. They are very resistant and may withstandcareless sterilization. Often they infest the seams and crevices of utensils and cooking vats. The ropy milk organisms are found in marsh land or muddy pools in the pasture. As the cows wade through these places in early spring the bacteria cling to their coats and in that ray are carried into the barns. Thorough washing of all utensils with alkali, followed- kly thorough sterilization with is important. The stables should be disinfected with strong chemical solutions. Some farmers may be confused in determining whether feeds or bacteria are causing their milk troubles. The following will help in making the distinction : Feed flavors are most pronounced in the freshly drawn milk and tend to disappear with age; bacterial flavors do not appear in fresh milk, but become noticeable with age. Samples of milk which has been placed in sterilized bottles and watched 24 to 36 hours will aid one in determining the cause of abnormal milk.

Ten Separator Ifs 1. If the valve on the supply $ tank is not open wide the sep- % arator will be underfed, and a £ & small amount of high-testing i cream will result. 2. If the milk is cold the cream will be too thick to flow readily, and a small amount of rich cream Is obtained. 3. If the separator is dirty * and the cream outlet partly & clogged, a small amount of & cream results. 4. If the crank is not turned £ steadily or at the rated speed, a larger amount of thin cream results and cream is lost in the separation. % S 5. If flush water or skim milk i £ is allowed to run into the cream, « 5 the test will be lowered. 6. If the separator is not g clean, the cream will be of low £ « grade and quality. s 7. If your cream test varies fife from day to day, it is partly due S to the natural variation of the £ {fat content of the milk. 8. If the separator is set for rich cream, the above conditions g » will cause a greater variation in & X the test than if set for thin % cream. 9. If the creamery tests vary check up on the separator and method of operation before blam- -■£ ing the tester. $ 10. If the cream is to be sold sfe •¥ to a creamery, set the separator to give cream testing 30 to 40 je S per cent of fat.

Silage and Alfalfa in Ration of Dairy Cow In a series of cow testers’ confer ences held recently a great deal of time was spent on feeding problems. Emphasis was given to feeding homegrown feeds in so far as possible. In all cases, the cheapest rations recommended by testers were those containing alfalfa hay and silage. Also, in all cases where alfalfa hay. soy beans, or clover were used, a large part of the grain ration was made up of hoipe-grown feeds. Test ers were agreed that if any mineral was to be fed it should be a simple mixture. If cows are fed a balanced grain ration and have alfalfa or clover hay, mineral requirements are very ' slight. — Plan of Skilled Man The skilled dairyman always has an eye on what this year’s feeding and management will do to next year’s production. He strives to have his cows produce uniform, high-level production year after year. If one takes more out of a cow this year than he puts into her and does not give her opportunity to rest, she will cut her production short next year, and if such management. continues she will continue to decline in production. Protect Early Calves Calves which are dropped during the winter and early spring should have warmer quarters than the ordinary shed will provide. It will pay to partially close up one end of the shed, leaving spaces in the partition for the calves to enter. These quarters for the calves should be kept well bedded. The calves will begin to eat grain after they are a few weeks old, and it is usually profitable to provide a creep where grain may be supplied to them

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Smokes Ecrasite Cigars Smoking long cigars with an ecrasite cartridge in each is the feat of a young athlete at Baden, Austria. When he believes that the explosion is about place he holds the stump between his teeth and lets the “big bang” proceed.’ The youth has schooled himself to keep his head perfectly still and avoid a recoil by stiffening the muscles of his neck. He says that if an ordinary man smoked an ecrasite cigar, the recoil would almost blow his head off, but he has so trained his muscles that he will permit anyone to hold a sharp-pointed instrument close to the nape of the neck when the explosion takes place. A Real Pleasure Mrs. Youngwife—Jack, will you meet mother at the station and show her the way home? Her Husband — I will, dearest. Where does live? —Answers. Man’s Limitation Use what language you will, you can never say anything but what you are. —Emerson.

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Radio Tests Proper Another practical use for radio has been announced by Maine paper man ufacturers. who have been employing 1 it to test the quality (thinness, thickness. dampness) of paper produced. A radio fan, experimenting with paper to throw the set out of tune, discovered that the thickness, or/ither characteristics of the paper, produced a measurable difference in the regulation of the dial. The result has been the installation in several paper plants of a specially prepared radio apparatus on the paper machines to test the moisture content of papers, the radio reporting to the machine tender whether the paper is being dried to the exact extent required. Ask for SUNSHINE RAISINS grown without seeds, an honest pound, at your grocer’s.—Adv. Used to It “1 can’t understand Johnson. I had a row with him yesterday and called him every name under the sun, but he didn’t take a bit of notice.” “He wouldn’t. He’s an umpire.”— Passing Show.

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