The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 41, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 9 February 1928 — Page 2

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By ELMO SCOTT WATSON

NE February morning just thirty 1 years ago the news flashed over the country that the United States battleship Maine, commanded by Capt. Charles Dwight Sigsbee, had been blown up in the harbor of Havana, Cuba, and that two hundred and sixty-four men and two officers had been killed. Since that time dis-

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asters at sea have Claimed many more American lives and after the first outburst of horrified amazement at them] the public has quickly forgotten. But far different was the aftermath of the destruction of the Maine, for it came at a time when * relations between two great nations were strained almost to the breaking point ami It proved to be one of the factors which plunged America into a war from which she emerged as a different nation from that which the World had known before and inevitably committed to a role as a-world power and a player in the game of international politics. Although historians of today do not usually point to this disaster in Havana 1 harbor on February 15, 1898, as a turning point in history, historians of the future may do so. To get a proper perspective on the importance of the Maine disaster, it is necessary to go back to the beginning of American history. For three centuries and a haif Spain had held the island of Cuba, although she had lost most of her colonies in both North and South America. The Cubans, moved by the success of other LatinAmericans in throwing off the yoke of Spain, which had become a galling one, began to dream of the day when they, too, should be free. As early as 1822 sympathy with this desire was openly expressed in the United States, but no opportunity for showing sympathy in a more tangible form occurred until 1848 when the Cubans revolted against their Spanish rulers and succeeded in keeping up *a guerrilla warfare for a number of years. In 1851 Col. William L. Crittenden of Kentucky joined a filibustering expedition which set out from New Orleans under Narciso Lopez to aid the Cubans. The Spaniards captured the whole party and Lopez. Colonel Crittenden and some fifty others were shot at Havana. There was nothing that America could do about Crittenden’s execution, for a nation cannot countenance a filibustering expedition against a presumably peaceful neighbor nation. But when Spain put Cuba under, martial law’ American sympathy grew more outspoken. And then came the famous “Virginias affair.” In 1873, the Virginias, an American-registered vessel, was captured by a Spanish gunboat, taken to a Cuban port and fifty of., her crew, most of them Americans. were stood before a firing squad. At this outrage excitement in America ran high, but the American administration, after a long series of negotiations wiffi Spain, allowed her to settle by paying an indemnity. Meanwhile the rebellion in Cuba was continuing and the horrors of the Spanish attempts to put It down continued with it. In 1875 the United States intimated to Spain that unless the war were stopped Intervention might become necessary and Spain took the hint. She granted certain reforms and the struggle seemed to be ended. But It proved to be only the beginning, so far as the United States was concerned for the Don failed to keep his promise to the Cuban patriot, and in 1895 another Insurrection was under way. Under the leadership of such men as Gomez, Maceo and Garcia, the rebels put up such a valiant fight that they gained control of most of the provinces and their plucky resistance to the harshness of Spanish rule won for them the admiration and the active sympathy of the American people. As the struggle continued America was more closely involved by outrages against American citizens living in Cuba at the hands of General Weyler—“Butcher” Weyler, they called him —and early In 1897 the situation in Cuba became the subject of considerable debate In congress. Up to this time the question of Intervention in Cuba was one upon which the American people probably were as much divided as were the members of congress. All during that year the war in Cuba and the efforts of President McKinley to bring about a peaceful solution of the problem, that would be satisfactory to both Spain and the United States, was foremost In the minds of Americans. But as time went on the realization of that hope seemed more and more remote. Then the situation of Americans In Havana began to cause uneasiness and it was decided to send a warship?to that port, not only to protect American interests in case the nted for such protection should arise, but as a friendly gesture to the Spanish authorities and a symbol of good will between the two nations. Accordingly the battleship Maine was ordered to Havana for that purpose. Compared to the battleships of today, the Maine would not be considered such a mighty engine of war, but thirty years ago she was one of our finest vessels and as a fighting machine she was as formidable as any of her class. The Maine was launched at the Brooklyn navy yard in November. 1890. at a

Filins of Rare Wood Used for Furniture

The growing s »<ity of the more beautiful and mumble woods has made necessary the substitution of other and cheaper kinds. Thus bard iy any, furniture nowadays Is made of solid mahogany, and inferior materials -have very- generally taken the 'pla.ce of thb disappearing “cabinet ’ woods." Indeed, high grade timber of any kind is now so costly as to prohibit its common use as the solid body • ,< £» •“■ .

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cost of $2,500,(MM), and was first commissioned in September, 1895. She was a steel-armoreij battleship with two ten-inch barbette turrets, with a length of 318 feet, beam 57 feet, draft 21% feet and displacement of 6,682 tons. The barbette armor was 12 inches thick and the plates of the turret armor were eight inches thick. The hull was encased in an armor belt 12 inches in thickness, tapering to seven inches below the water line. Like most of her class, her ends were unprotected by side armor, but at both ends there were transverse armored bulkheads of sufficient thickness to deflect projectiles. A steel deck covered the vital parts of the ship and afforded protection to the machinery and boilers. The Maine’s armament consisted of four ten-inch rifles, en barbette in turrets, in the main battery and six six-inch rifles on the battery deck for the auxiliary battery, Four six-pounders, eight threepounders and two one-pounder rapid fire guns, four revolving cannon and four Gattlings made up the second battery and there were armored tops on each of the two masts. She was propelled by twin screws of manganese bronze, the power being furnished by two screw engines of 9,000 indicated horse power. Carrying 822 tons ■of coal, she could steam 2,770 knots at 14.8 knots an hour or 7,000 knots at 10 knots an hour. She had a double bottom and numerous water-tight compartments. A bulkhead divided the engine room, so that each set of the machinery was in a water-tight compartment by itself. The story of the tragedy which caused the loss of this magnificent vessel and was a contributing factor to the Spanish-American war is told in the following excerpts from the message by President McKinley to congress late in March, 1898: The Maine entered the port of Havana on the 25th of January, her arrival being marked with no special incident besides the exchange of customary salutes and ceremonial visits. The Maine continued in. the harbor of Havana during the three weeks following her arrival. No appreciable excitement attended her stay; on the contrary, a feeling of relief and confidence followed the resumption of the long interrupted friendly intercourse. So noticeable was this immediate effect of her visit that the consul general strongly urged that the presence of our ships in Cuban waters should be kept up by retaining the Maine at Havana or in event of her recall, by sending another vessel there to take her place. At 40 minutes past nine In the evening of the 15th of February the Maine was destroyed by an explosion, by which the entire part of the ship was utterly wrecked. In this catastrophe two officers and two hundred and sixty-four of her crew perished, those who were not killed outright by the explosion being penned between decks by the tangle of wreckage and drowned by the immediate sinking of the hull. ... The usual procedure was followed, as in all cases of casualty or disaster to national vessels of any maritime state. A naval court of inquiry was at once organized, composed of officers well qualified by rank and practical experience to discharge the duty imposed upon them. Aided by a strong force of wreckers and divers, the court proceeded to _make a thorough investigation on the spot, employing every available means for the impartial and exact determination of the causes of the explosion. . . . The finding of the court of inquiry was reached after 23 days of continuous labor. ... The report of that court of inquiry, headed by Capt. W. T. Sampson, president, and Lieut. Com. A. Marix, judge advocate, was briefly this: That the loss of the Maine was not in any respect due to fault or negligence on the part of any of the officers or members of the crew. That the ship was destroyed by the explosion of, a submarine mine, which caused the partial explosion of two or more of her forward magazines. That no evidence has been obtainable fixing the responsibility for the destruction of the Maine upon any person or persons.

of furniture. Manufacturers are resorting more and more to the use of veneers. Articles of furniture, rang > ing from tables to phonograph and radio cases, have skeletons of cheap wood covered with a thin skin of high quality wood. n Now the skin Is not usually more than one-twentieth of an Inch thick A thousand board feet of lumber will produce 10,000 square feet of veneer.

Thus 8 great economy is obtained and the furniture so made is as at-' tractive as that of solid wood. Objects of Girl Scouts The Girl Scouts, a national association, is ncnsectarian, and nonpartisan. The object of the organization is to give girls, through natural, wholesome pleasures, those habits of mind and body which will make them useful, responsible women, ready and willing to take a definite part in the home, ■

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL

Although the Spanish authorities in Havana gave all the aid possible to the Americans after the destruction of the Maine and paid the highest honors to the first recovered dead when they were buried by the municipality in the public cemetery in the city, this was offset by the attitude of Spain that the disaster had been caused by an explosion of her magazines, due to the carelessness of her officers. The first blaze of wrath which swept America the day after the explosion was calmed somewhat by the report of Captain Sigsbee, asking that judgment be suspended until the cause of the accident be investigated, and by President McKinley’s plea for a calm consideration of the facts as established by the board of inquiry. But the conviction grew that Spain had struck in the dark and in a later message from the President to congress he summed up the feeling of America toward Spain in the words “The destruction of the Maine, by whatever exterior cause, is a patent and impressive rroof of a state cf things in Cuba that is intolerable. That condition is thus shown to be such that the Spanish government cannot assure safety and security to a vessel of the American navy, ia the harbor of Havana on a mission of peace and rightfully there.” In that message he asked congress for authority to establish an independent government in Cuba and on April 19 congress adopted a resolution declaring that Spanish rule in Cuba must cease, recognizing the independence of Cuba and empowering the President to use the entire land and naval forces of the United States to drive Spain from Cuba. That meant only one thingwar. When America went to war it was by a formal document passed by congress on April 25. But the American people went to war with no formal phrases. Their declaration was summed up in the new battle cry of “Remember the Maine I” It was one of the shortest wars in American history. Beginning in April its end was foreshadowed in August when Spain made overtures for peace, a protocol was signed and hostilities ceased. The end came with the treaty of peace signed on December 10. By the terms of the treaty Spain gave up all claim to Cuba and ceded Porto Rico, Guam and the Philippines to the United States, receiving the sum off twenty million dollars for the latter. The decisive naval victories of Manila and Santiago definitely established the position of the United States as a naval power and her acquisition of territory in the Orient brought her out of the seclusion of concern with only domestic affairs to a new international relationship. No doubt the Spanish-American war was Inevitable and would have been fought whether the Maine had been destroyed or not. But that disaster was the one thing necessary to give the American, people the will to fight and the determination to back up their leaders to the utmost in prosecuting the war. So it may fairly be regarded as a turning point In history, one of those unlooked-for incidents whose importance may not be appreciated at the time, but which grow in Importance with the years. The men who perished on the Maine were afterwards removed from the cemetery in Havana and the flag-draped coffins of these first victims of America’s shortest and most bril-liantly-won war were returned to the United States on American warships. They were buried in Arlington National cemetery and the marker for the place where they rest is the gigantic anchor of the battleship on which they perished, the name of which is still remembered by Americans whenever the battle cry of 1898 is repeated—“ Remember the, Maine.”

civic and national affairs of their country. Dog Prized in Alaska Nowhere in the world has the dog such unrestricted right of way as In Alaska. In winter, when more than 600.000 square miles of territory are sealed up in solid ice, dogs are almost the sole means of getting from place to place—in fact, they seem necessary to life. The aristocrats of Arctic dog life are the mail teams in the service of the United States government.

SELF-FABRIC BOWS ARE Sl YcibH; JERSEY FROCK WINS NEW LAURELS

A SOFT silhouette’s the thing: Fluttering bows and streamers everywhere, on coat, on blouse and on frock, skillful drapes, graceful jabots md all the thousand and one flatterng details which go to express a truly feminine styling are registered on fashion’s calender for 1928. There is no question about the supremacy of bows in the modes.

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These bows do not look like premeditated acts, they seem rather like last moment inspirations, tied as they are so nonchalantly and unconventionally. Especially at neckline and hipline are fashionists “saying it” with bows. For that matter the new bows are apt to occur at most unexpected places—likely as not at the back of the neck, maybe at the front waistline or “betwixt and between” the aeckline and girdle in the form of a deep tie-collar. Some very precocious bows have gone so far as to suggest a bustle effect, confining their eccentricity, however, to formal evening gowns. The self-fabric bow which is taking the lead, is really more of a constructive detail of the garment itself rattier than an accessory item. The three Paris frocks of soft silhouette in the illustration convey the idea of the trend of bows most convincingly. A tie-collar, also a bow which seems to help draw the dress ybt a little snugger over the hips as it ties at the front of the waistline, distinguish the model in the center and adds chic. The frock in the foreground of em-broidered-with-plain crepe abounds in significant style details. In the first place this drsss combines patterned fabric with solid color, which is a characteristic feature of incoming spring modes. The fact of its high collar effect should not pass without comment, for many of the more recent necklines emphasize this tendency. The soft tied bow at the side which Hutters its streamers so gracefully over the shoulder, is the very essence of smartness. So is the side drape

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at the hipline which itself suggests a huge drooping bow and so obviously achieves an irregular hemline —and what an important subject this brings to mind —uneven, erratic hemlines. The “long and the short” of most of the new skirts is mostly a matter of dipping hemlines. The other frock tn the picture also Introduces a bow of the same material as that of the dress itself. Again jersey is “it” when it comes to the outstanding preferred mel — ; —- — Fad in Hair Waving The smooth straight shingle is no longer than it was, but the shorthaired woman who has her hair waved should have it waved so that there is an unbroken continuity of undulations all around the head. Colors for Frocks If you can’t decide whether an additional frock in your wardrobe will be red or brown—you can have a very lovely blend of the two colors in the

dium for sports and utility apparel. However, the jersey fn»ck or ensemble of today emerges from workroom and atelier, a new creature of the imagination, endowed with fetching details which eclipse its every previous styling. There Is a decided difference, too, between the Jersey of the now and the past, which has to do with acer-

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Bows Add Stylish Touch. tain subtlety of coloring as well as an interesting variety expressed in the very weave itself. With regard to the question of col oring, honey beige, natural grege shades, biscuit, fawn and many twotone effects are given prominence. Likewise the new tones are in good style, also winsome pastel shades. Especially smart is the uew angora jersey in delicate mauve or maize, pale-pink, dull light green and a range of blues. Diversity is also registered in patterned jersey, usually delineaiing dots, disks, crossbars and herringbone effects. Jersey, hand-painted in modernistic designs, likewise metaltouched effects, all enter into the revised list of jersey fancies for this season. As said before the manner of styling adds greatly to the prestige of jersey. Analyzing the models in rhe picture, with a view of discovering just why two such apparently simple frocks are so convincingly chic, one arrives at the conclusion that it is all a matter of arresting details and subtle coloring. For instance the double belt, the skirt plaited to at-

tain required fullness, the monogram proudly displayed on the blouse, the Peter Pan collar and cuffs of satin, these are the items which in the aggregate spell style. As to the dress shown to the right of this picture, it achieves its smartness through clever lacings introduced at shoulder, wrists and beltline. The eyelets are enameled the same soft green of the dresg. JULIA BOTTOMLEY. (®. 1928. Western Newspaper Union. I rich red-brown shade which lends itself so well to the soft woolens, tweeds and velveteens. Combination for Jersey Frock Whether or not to have a whole cosdime of angora ' jersey is overshadowed by the attractiveness of the combinations which can be made with it. The natural color jersey .with black is perhaps most distinctive, while natural with tans and browns is more often used.

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