The Syracuse Journal, Volume 20, Number 22, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 29 September 1927 — Page 2

The Turning Point ™ f iheßevolution

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TAzrrr <&<«// By ELMO SCOTT WATSON T WAS a camgaign which, on paper, had every prospect of success; when put to the test of execution It failed miserably. So American history added to the roll of the “Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World” the name of Saratoga, and it la at Saratoga, N. Y.. where the unsuccessful Burgoyne campaign culminated. that there Is being held on October 6, T and 8 the greatest In the aeries of aesquleentennial celebrations staged by

the state of New York this year. Because of the far reaching results of the events that took place there 150 years ago. the Saratoga celebration has nation-wide significance. In the spring of 1777 the British ministry decided to make a supreme effort to crush her rebellious colonies. Accordingly Lord Germain, the English minister, conceived the plan of separating the colonies into manageable units, and mors especially cutting off “the bead of the rebellion," Few England, by sending a force down the Hudson from Canada, another up that river from New York City and a third through the Mohawk ▼alley from Oswego, all converging on Albany. But no sooner were the plans laid than several vital mistakes were made. In the first place, Gen. John Burgoyne. a pleasure-loving man of letters. playwright and social lion, who had but little military ability, was placed In command of the expedition from Canada Instead of the capable Sir Guy Carleton. More than that he was given positive orders as to exactly what he was to do and he had no authority to alter his plans to meet changing circumstances. But the greatest blunder of all was this: Ix>rd Germain wrote out the order for General Howe in New York to cooperate with Burgoyne. laid It aside on his desk, forgot about it and went off to visit a country house without sending the order. The result was that Howe sailed away from New York on a perfectly useless expedition against Philadelphia and Burgoyne plunged into the wilderness to meet Howe without knowing that the latter was actually running away from him! Having started. Burgoyne proceeded to make a few mistakes of his own which assured the failure of the campaign. He underestimated the ability of the Americans who opposed him under the leadership of Gen. Philip Schuyler; he underestimated the difficulties of traveling through the wilderness ahead of him. loaded himself down with useless baggage and failed to provide himself with adequate means of transportation for bls supplies, and he deceived himself In the belief that the Loyalists would rally to his standard as he approached. Not only did they fall to rally, but Burgoyne soon found that in employing Indian allies, over whom he soon lost ail control, he completely alienated any who might have been friends and he soon stirred up a veritable hornets’ nest. When his army of wine 7,000 men. nearly half of them Germans under Baron Riedesel, embarked on Lake Champlain on June 17,. 1777, It carried with it one of the finest artillery trains ever seen up to that time on the American continent. At first everything seemed to point to the success of the expedition. For the British were not the only ones who made mistakes. General St. Clair made a serious one when he failed to fortify the hills overlooking Fort Ticonderoga—and Burgoyne captured this fort and with It 128 guns. Crown Point had been taken previously and Fort Independence and, a little later. Fort Ann also foil before the invader. These successes led the Englishman to believe that within a few days he would be in Albany and his view was shared by the home government There to an amusing story that when the news of the fall of Ticonderoga reached King George HI, be dashed into the queen’s room with the glad cry of “I have beat them, I have beat the Americans!" He did pot realize that they, like John Paul Jones, had “hot yet began to fight, although Burgoyne soon realised It. The historic Fort Edward was the next to fall into bls hands. But by this time his greatest difficulties bad just begun. The prudent and skillful

Fishes’ Food Supply Kept Up by Icebergs

Os all dangers that beset ships engaged tn the North Atlantic traffic, there Is oom so great as that of the Iceberg, These great floating islands of ice drift down from the north, and so well is the peril recognised that, tn the spring, ships bound from Britain to America take a more southerly ' than at other times of the Mt only danger-

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General Schuyler, as he retired before the British advance, did everything In his power to delay the enemy. The Inhabitants of the country withdrew with Schuyler’s army, taking with them all of the provisions and stock possible and destroying the remainder. 8 Bridges were broken down, rivers and creeks choked up and giant trees cut down across such roads as there were through the woods. Burgoyne was forced to cut his way through the wilderness. It took him 30 days to cover less than 25 miles and during that time he was forced to build some 40 bridge*! The New Englanders were threatening his flank, but his instructions forbade him to turn aside and strike a blow at them. The messengers which be tried to send through to Howe were captured by the Americans and he had no idea of what that general was doing. Finally the food situation became desperate. Then Burgoyne attempted the ill-advised expedition under Colonel Baum, the Hessian leader, to Bennington. Vt, to capture the American supplies there. The result is history—the defeat of Baum by grim old General John Stark and the defeat also of Colonel Breyman. who had been sent to Baum’s assistance. In the meantime another disaster to the ambitious British plan had taken place. Col. Barry St Leger. who was to deliver the Mohawk valley coup, failed to capture Fort Schuyler (formerly Fort Stanwix) and this. like Bennington, was another factor which contributed to the final downfall of Burgoyne. But despite these reverses, he determined to push on. On September 13 ho took the decisive step; crossed the Hudson and moved his whole force to Saratoga. In doing this he had cut off his communications with Lake George and Ttcongeroga. All he could do now was to press forward and trust to luck. There was doe element of luck In the situation In another blunder by the Americans. Politics in congress had resulted In the replacement of General Schuyler by Gen. Horatio Gates, a leader Inferior In every way to Schuyler and even to some of his subordinates, notably Daniel Morgan and Benedict Arnold. But even that fact was not enough to save Burgoyne from the fate which awaited him. The American camp was pitched at Stillwater, 12 miles further down the river. Burgoyne advanced to attack and on September 19 the bitter fight at Bemis Heights took place. Burgoyne had failed to dislodge the Americans and the attempt had cost him 500 men. The predicament of the British general at this point to well described In Wrong’s “Washington and His Comrades’* In the Yale University Press’ “Chronicles of America” as follows: Burcoyne’s condition w»i now growing desperate. American forces barred retreat to Canada. He must go back and meet both frontal and flank attacks or go forward or surrender. To go forward new had moat promise, for at last Howe bad Instructed Clinton, left tn command at New Turk, to move and Clinton was making rapid progress up the Hudson. On the seventh of October Burgoyne

- ous tn themselves, but they also cause , fogs which hide them and make the ‘ risks even greater than they would otherwise be b The idea that an Iceberg could poa- » sibly have any use would make the i average sea captain gasp, yet one of i the biggest of marine industries has f been helped considerably by icebergs. b Nearly all the codfish from which *> la made that wonderful medicine, cod*

liver oil. are caught on the banks of Newfoundland, a vast area of shallows which run far out Into the sea. It is known that this great submarine plateau is composed entirely of rock and earth dropped by melting icebergs. The great icebergs come down from the huge glaciers of the west coast of Greenland, and their bases are full of detritus—earth, gravel and rock. A single berg carries enough to build a village. All this stuff is shed as the ice melts, and la course of ages has

THE SYRACUSE JOURNAL

attacked again at Stillwater. This time bo was decisively defeated, a result due to the amaaing energy in attack of Benedict Arnold, who had been stripped of his command by an intrigue. Gates would not even speak to him and his lingering in the American camp was unwelcome. Yet as a volunteer Arnold charged the British line madly and broke it. Burgoyne’s best general, Fraser, was killed in the tight. Burgoyne retired to Saratoga, and there at last faced the prospect of gettin*; back to Fort Edward and to Canada- It may be that he could have cut his way through, but this is rather doubtful. Without risk of destruction he eould not move in any direction His enemies now outnumbered him nearly four to one. His camp was swept by the American guns and his men were" under arms day and night. American sharpshooters stationed themselves at day,break In trees about the British camp and any one who appeared in the open risked his life. . . . His horses were killed by rifle shots. Burgoyne had little food for his men and none for his horses. His Indians had long since gone off in dudgeon. Many of his Canadian French slipped off homeward and so did the Loyalists. The German troops were naturally dispirited. They died, a score at a time, of no other disease than sickness for their home*. ... in the face of all this there remained for Burgoyne nothing but surrender. On October 8 he sent a flag of truce to Gates, asking what terms he would give. The British general Indignantly refused the first demand for an unconditional and after much argument finally signed ihe articles, called "The Convention of Saratoga." under which the British army was allowed to march out with the honors of war. pile their arms at an appointed place and then be marched to Boston, from whence they were to be allowed to return to England on the condition that they would not serve again tn America. X. Although Gates was not a particularly admirable figure in this campaign, in that he connived to supplant Schuyler and basely refused to give the credit due Morgan and Benedict Arnold for their brilliant work against Burgoyne’s army, he does deserve credit for his treatment of his fallen foe. When Burgoyne handed him his sword with the remark “The fortune of war. General Gates, has made me your prisoner.," the American general Immediately returned It with a bow and the gracious remark “I will be ready to testify thatlt. was through no fault of your excellency.” It can also be said to the shame of congress that It repudiated the terms given the British by Gates, held them as prisoners of war In Boston and later In Virginia and although the officers were exchanged from time to time, the army, as a body, never got back to England and eventually disintegrated. By the time peace came in 1783 Burgoyne’s soldiers bad been merged Into the American people and It may be that some of their descendants may participate in the celebration this month at Saratoga where American and Briton clashed In deadly conflict and wrote with their blood the name of another history-making battle. For Saratoga led directly to French aid and it was the biggest step taken by the American patriot in his march to Yorktown and to victory.

up the banks. The process still continues, and the debris, deposited on the sea bottom is the great breeding place for cod. herring, and other fish, j It contains food for these fish, and if the great bergs ceased to drift south this gigantic fishing industry might soon be a thing of the past Not a Bad Definition This definition of an expert is given by an English schoolboy: “An expert • man who knows nothing daa."

Chicago-Dallas Air Transportation Opens

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Passenger and express air service between Chicago and Dallas. Texas, was Inaugurated over the regular air aiail route when the first ship to the southwest of the National Air Transport company took off from the Chicago municipal field. In the photograph Ed Matucha, plane pilot, is shaking hands with the privet of the oldtime stage coach drawn up near the plane.

Apples All Year Under New Plan

Growers at Louisville Convention Unite and Promise a Constant Supply. Louisville. Ky.—How the American consumer is enabled to have a fresh »pple on his table or in his pocket the year around was revealed at the thir-ty-second annual convention of the International Apple Shippers' association. “Today American fruits have no season.” said Samuel Fraser of Geneseo. N. Y., a frdit grower. “The supply Is constant. While our population has Increased 40 per cent in the last 25 years, the rail movement of fruits and vegetables has increased more than 500 per cent, and that by truck enormously. The rapid increase in city population and in the standard of living has created a market for American fruits, especially the apple, which was not dreamed of a quarter of a century ago.” Twelve Hundred Firms United. Twelve hundred firms in the United States. Canada. Great Britain, the Scandinavian countries. Germany. Spain. Finland. Italy. Tasmania and Australia, have membership in the association, whose headquarters are in Rochester. N. Y. There also is a rep resentative in London. Producers, storage men and buyers are represented in the association which thus has. so to si*eak. a personal interest tn the apple from the orchard to the wholesale distributor. A number of British delegates t¥gistered at the convention and several German firms, were rep resented. The I. A. S. A. is a clearing house for anything affecting the apple. It was explained by R. G. Phillips, secretary. In June, when the fruit Is in blossom, the members are furnished

Art Treasures Are Found in Lima, Peru Lima, Peru.—-Two paintings by the Flemish master. Van Dyck, and another long forgotten treasure from the brush of Murillo are about to make their reappearance In the world of art after more than three centuries of seclusion in the ancestral mansion of Senor J. I. Irlvarren de la Puente, descendant of one of the most celebrated members of old Spanish nobility in Peru. Marquis de Vlllafuerte y de la Puente. The three works, valued at approximately 51.250.000. have been pronounced genuine by the late Theophilus Castillo. Peruvian artist and jritic who enjoyed a high reputation n Europeon circles. They have been touched for by other critics who save made special visits to Peru to riew them. Os the three the most valuable Is the Murillo, valued at SUMMMMI. its tubject is “Saint Joseph and the infant Jesus.” Its canvas measures approximately three feet in height by vo feet in width. The first of the Van Dycks Is paint»d on copper plate, its subject being: •The Repentent Magdelen Distributee Her Jewels.” It is rectangular tnd Is smaller than the Murillo. This rork is in a perfect state of preservation and Is valued at 3150,000. The other Van Dyck is "The Worihip of the Golden Calf.” The own»r values this picture at 31U0.0U0 The pictures were brought to Peru sore than 300 years ago by Marquis le Vlllafuerte y de la Puente. The owner recently decided to sell ill three works and has offered them to the British museum

BROOKLYN BRIDE FINDS HER HUSBAND TO BE A BEGGAR

Lillie Tsavalas Says James Won Her by Saying He Was a “Big Candy Man.* New York.—The marriage of James Tsavalas. who Induced a Brooklyn girt to become bis wife by boasting of being a “big candy man” in Detroit. was annulled recently by Supreme Court Justice Charles J. Druban in Brooklyn, in a suit brought by Mrs. Lillie Penna Tsavalas of 260 Ovington avenue, Brooklyn, who charged that her husband had fraudulef*ly represented himself to obtain her consent to wed. In 1922. according to her testimony. Tsavalas was a guest at a party tn Brooklyn, at which she also was a guest, and he made use of that introduction to visit her at her home and to propose marriage. She withheld her acceptance of his offer until be had made four visits • J

with crop estimates for the United States. Canada. England and the continent. The antipodean crop does not come into competition with that in the northern hemisphere. At the annual convention In August, a statistical report by states and countries is furnished. together with the relationship of the year’s crop to those for five or ten years previous. From these reports members make their deductions as to how the crop should be moved. This is followed up with September and October reports, showing possible fluctuations. Receive Storage Reports. On December 1. association members get figures on storage holdings in the United States and Canada. A similar report on January 1 records the movement of the month previous, which enables shippers to judge whether it has been of right proportion. Monthly surveys are continued until June, each time with a resume of storage holdings for the last five years. The stabilizing effect on the trade of these reports is obvious. The shippers are able to move up hold back the crop, so that every comer grocery and fruitstand can have regular supplies of fresh fruit every day of the year. Secretary Phillips explained. Claim of “Psychic” Exposed by Science Berlin. —Another “psychic” phenomenon, backed up by photographic evidence, has been upset with nothing more than a rubber glove filled with water, plus a common alarm clock. Dr. Julius von Ries, a well-known physician, tells of a woman living at Geneva who believed she was possessed of the power of “animal magnetism” and practiced the laying on of hands to cure the sick. In an effort to learn whether any physical emanation actually did come out from her hands she laid her left hand on a covered photographic plate and kept it there for half an hour. After development the plate showed a luminous print the size and shape of her hand, with what seemed to be short rays streaming out. Dr. von Ries was somewhat skeptical. He tried the experiment over again and got the same luminous print. Then he substituted a rubber glove filled with warm water for the living hand, weighted down with a running alarm clock to simulate the pulse—and again got the same pattern I Finally he used a glass vessel filled with water and weighted down with the clock and once more got a print, this time the shape of the bottom of the glass. He concludes, therefore. that the photographic effect la not psychical but physico-chemical. Crimea Palace “Repair Shop for Worn-Out” Reds Yalta. Crimea. —What Lenin once called a “repair shop for worn-out revolutionists” has been established by the bolshevik authorities in the former palace of Grand Duke Peter Nikolaevitch. to the Crimea. It is a place to which commi.nists flock from various parts of the globe to rest from what one of them described as “grim dungeons of imperialistic countries, atrocities, sufferings and bourgeois persecutions.” They pass their time wandering lazily through the beautiful halls of the palace or resting on soft oriental cushions and rich Persian rugs.

and described his chocolate and candy works. • They were married in the Municipal building. Brooklyn. Mrs. Tsavalas told her busband that she would like to see his business place and she suggested that they should conclude their honeymoon tn Detroit When they arrived, she said, he took her to furnisned lodgings. This puzzled her. but not quite so much as did the mysterious absence of her husband during certainhours daily. A remark about her husband's business several days later > brought a quick response from the landlady, who said: “You want to see your husband’s business? Then come with me." The landlady escorted the bride to a busy street in Detroit and stopped near a man pounding the sidewalk with a cane, his eyes concealed by “smoked" glasses. A sign proclaimed that he was blind. “That’s your busband,"

g Welshman Who Speaks No English Ls Found U London. — David Jones ut Triael Blaen{>ennal, Llanilar. O Cardiganshire, has proved that g there is at least one Welshman g who can speak only Welsh. g Jones, brought before the » king's bench division in London. § began giving his testimony tn Welsh, to the confusion of the S court. He failed to understand g questions put to him by the Ct judge and a Welsh interpreter had to be called. * Os recent years there has g been a concerted revival of the Welsh language throughout $ Wales, but hitherto Londoners o have been unwilling to believe X there are Welshmen who know O only the language of their fag there.

Largest of Telescopes Is Found to Be Too Big Pasadena. Calif. — Scientists have found that In making the world’s largest telescope they made It much bigger than necessary. The 100-foot dome which houses the 101-inch mirrored telescope at Mount Wilson observatory. above Pasadena, could just as well have been only 40 feet to housa an instrument approximately 60 per cent smallen according to Dr. G. W. Ritchie, who designed the record stargazing apparatus. The smaller size, he said, would have been equally effective. This will have no effect on work now progressing on Mount Wilson. Dr. F. G. Peasa of the observatory staff said after receiving information of the new finding from Doctor Ritchie. Practical Importance lies In. tha greatly reduced possible cost of'constructing still larger telescopes. Doctor Pease said. A model embodying tha new ideas has been constructed and named the “aplanatic telescope.” Lika the great Mount Wilson instrument, this also is of the reflector tyP®> ln which a mirror takes the place of tha usual lenses. A concave mirror reflects the starlight back toward tha star to a smaller mirror, from which it travels back again, through a hole) in the larger mirror, to the eye of the 1 observer. Scientists found a new method of making the mirrors, thus reducing the length of the telescope. In the model the mirror is about 16’4; inches in diameter, though the entire telescope is less than four feet long. Doctor Pease has suggested plana for an Instrument with 300-inch’ mir-i ror to cost approximately 5124MM).(MMJlj Discover White Race Living on Jap Island Tokyo—Delegates at a recent sciem tific congress in Tokyo evince cons siderable interest in the origin of a white race now living in Japan, where it seems to have preceded the yellow race. Isolated now on the Islands of Hok+ koidc, the race, called Tinos, still have a manner of living and a language which show them to be descendants of primitive white men. The Tino is no taller than the Japanese, but is heavier. His skin is white, though swarthy, and his hair is thick and wavy. The eyes do not have the Mongol slant “Prettiest” Fireman Wilmington, Del. —Fire Chief Luta has won a medal to hang on his uniform. He won the bathing beauty contest for men staged by the Second Alarmers’ association. The chief wai selected by the judges as the “prettiest” and most “shapely” of 125 husky firemen who appeared on “t reviewing stand in bathing suits.

the woman said pointing to the man. Mrs. Tsavalas was unable to believe " what the woman had told her. She returned to the house and telegraphed for her mother. Mrs. Ellen Penna. When she arrived, mother and daughter .again sought the supposed “blind man." When the beggar approached. Mrs. Perma stepped forward and pulled the glasses from his eyes, and Mrs. Tsavalas ree<>gnized her husband. He offered no defense to the suit. Pulverized Coal Philadelphia.—Sea traffic may be greatly influenced as the result of a 10-day test of the use of pulverized coal for vessels, which was completed at the League island' navy yard by the United States shipping board and the navy. No ship now uses pulverized coal for fuel, but within a few weeks, it was announced, the first ship so equipped will set forth, the 9,500-ton United States shipping board freighter “Mercer” of the America-France line. “The results have exceeded all expectations, and more," an official said.