The Syracuse Journal, Volume 19, Number 25, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 21 October 1926 — Page 2

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By ELMO SCOTT WATSON rs" |'H Y FIVE JfMN ago thia ni-nth occurred a disaster which takes rank as one of the leading events in American history. For October 9 is the anniversary of the great Chi»*ag»» tire, and although thi« country haw known many catastrophes since k I*7l. 11 holds a unique place in the minds of moot Americans. Just why ,hlt ** ’* n " 1 easy ,o determine. One reason may be because It was not only the first great catastrophe In our history to send its thriß of horror and sympathy for Its victims all over the nation, but it was the most overwhelming calamity that had ever visited any community. Perhaps the better reason Is that Its aftermath was what we like to think la so typically American. Here was a city that by persistent energy, daring enterprise and far-reaching plans had been built up to a high position with unlimited possibilities fnr the future. In one night all the effort of 44 years was swept away. A hundred thousand people were homeless and out of employment. UO.Otki buildings had been destroyed and property worth nearly two hundred millions of dollars had vanished. In the face of all thia it would seem that human nature would give way to despair. But the hardy pioneer stock of Chicago’s dtlsenry was not the kind that was easily daunted. For them there was no sitting down among the a desolation <>f their city and giving themselves up to mourning over their shattered hopes. The moment the telegraph wires had been repaired, her hanker* with nothing but the future greatness <>f their city tn offer aa security, were borrowing millions from eastern capitalists and her merchants were ordering new stocks of goods. The cbm- of one merchant was typical. Before the smoldering ruins of hla store had cooled, he put up a sign <m the site which read: “All gone but wife, children and energy!“ • Out es her travail • ’hlcago with her motto of “I will I” arose to begin building again and within three years there stood a new city beside the lake, new In brick and stone and new In spirit. Within twenty years congress had chosen Chicago as the site for the world’s fair to celebrate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery »of America and the World's Columbian exposition of pbKt set a new mark In such celebrations. Fiftyfive years later finds Chicago clttr.en* planning an even greater exposition for 1931. one which will celebrate her centennial and will show to the world that In a hundred years she has arisen to a position which challenges the achievements of any eity, no matter how many hundreds of years of history it has behind It." To appreciate how great was the disaster that overtook this city on October 9. 1871. It Is necessary to review her brief history before the blow fell. The first pernsanent inhabitant on the site of Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point au Sable, a West Indian negro, who built a rude cabin at the month of the Chicago river tn 175*. A Frenchman “Jumped” his dalm and later sold It to John Klnxte. who is often called “the father of Chicago” In 1SI«3 the War .lepartment built a fort on the banks of the river—the first Fort Dearborn whose history was to end an tragically In the massacre of 1812. A second Fort Dearborn was built In 1816 and occupied for 30 years. But even the protection It afforded failed to attract settlers and in 1827 Chicago could dalm only three families. First platted and named In connection with the survey fbr a canai route In 1880, the town covered only some three-elghts of a square mile and when it was Incorporated In 1887 Its population was only 4,100, although there bad been a b<«n after.the Black Hawk war. The panic of 1837 caused a period of stagnation and all that kept Chicago alive was the canal project and the indomitable grit of men who foresaw a great future for the city. A steady growth hogan after 1842. with a temporary setback by the panic of 1857. and continued through the Civil’war. By this time the entrance of rall-

Modesty Becomes Matter of Custom

It haw been the custom at Moscow for generations for the young people to bathe together in'the rivers. In a state of nature, and they may be seen disporting themselves any Sunday afternoon in hot weather, writes Paul E-Mishard In the Nation. In the< Forum. Hugh Kennedy tells how'ten rw* ago m. American woomf who wore transparent sleeves in her dress drew a crowd on a London

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roads, the development of manufactures and Its strategic location as a trading center had effused Chicago to forge ahead until it was becoming truly a "wonder city." By 1871 it had a population of 350 000 from 4,000 to 880,000 in 34 years! In its ajipearance the Chicago of 1871 was said to have resembled somewhat the great city of Paris. Mansard roofs, imported from Parisian architecture, were much in evidence, as was also the light-colored building stone which had the ap|>eariuice of the famous Paris marble. It had many beautiful homes and gardens and an elaborate park system, so that it was often referred to as the “Garden City.” Into the midst of all this peace and prosperity came the fire dragon one Sunday evening. As churchgoers were returning to their homes, they were startled to hear the alarm of fire from the courthouse bell, it was the second alarm that had t>een sounded within 24 hours, for the night before the city firemen had battled a stubborn blaze all night long before they had succeeded in subduing it. Cackling geese once saved Rome and a kicking cow destroyed Chicago. The fire of October 8 originated in the barn of Mrs. Patrick O’Leary, an Irishwoman living at IS7 L)e Koven street who kept a cow uud sold milk to her neighbors. Tradition has always had it that Mrs. O'Leary was milking her cow that fateful night, but recent researches into* the history of the event shows that it was one of the neighbors, and not Mrs. O’Leary, aho was milking the cow at the unseemly hour of 9240 p. uk. Perhaps If Mrs. O’l-eary had been doing it. the history of Chicago would have been different. However that may be, the fact remains that the cow kicked over rhe lantern, the bam was ignited and the great Chicago fire had begun. It made strong headway despite the efforts of the firemen, wearied to exhaustion by. their experience of the night before, and was soon out of al! control. The flames swept east toward the river and there It paused, as though selecting its point of attack. On the east side of the river, between Adam« and Monroe streets, stood the South Side Gas works. A blazing plank was blown «ero*B the river and lighted on these buildings. A moment later there was a terriffic explosion and the South side was in darkness, save for the glare of the flames. Blown by a terriffic gale the fire had enjoyed a devastating sweep of four miles through a line of wooden buildings which were dry as the proverbial tinder, for there had been no rain for weeks. The fire department, driven back steadily by the onrushing flames, had hoped that, the barrier of the river would check the flames. But when the fire reached this barrier about midnight and lea<*ed across, they all but abandoned hope. Buildings of stone, brick and iron in what is now the loop district, which were supposed to be fireproof, crumbled and melted before the terrific heat. Apparently aiming *t the courthouse, the fire now selected a* its avenue of approach La Salle street, the financial center of the city, and steadily ate Its way along Madison and Monroe street*. Only Mie structure, the Nixon building, proved to be really fireproof. As for the others, the limestone and even harrier stone melted before the terrific heat and ran down like lava from a volcano. The cupola of the courthouse was framework and burst in flames long before the remainder of the structure succumbed. Long after two o’clock in the morning, when the framework burned, the bell, operated by a mechanical device, continued to toll Its warning to the citizens, but it wa* sounding the knell of a doomed city. On the Nvrth side stood the Chicago water works containing the powerful engines which pumped the lake water for distribution through the city. While the courthouse was burning a brand from it went hurtling through the air and lighted upon a wooden outbuilding of a brewery.

from which he reeeaed her with the aid of a policeman and a taxicab. Gauzy sleeves were tljp fashion in New York, but London hadn’t seen them. Last year, ten years later. Mr. Kennedy found himself in the same London street. “Everywhere on? ‘ looked were girt?, not in gowns with transparent sleeves, but in gowns with no sleeves at all: tn gowns that didn't , come an Inch belew the knee; in gowns

devoid of necks and only very trans- | patently supplied with backs. Yet ten : year* before, one lone girl, clad In a fashion which would now be regarded as almost Quakerish Id its modesty, had created something bordering on a panic in this very jlace.”—Capper’s Magazine. Several new types of cotton have ; been discovered by three government ' plant experts who have just returned i from the West Indies and South | America.

THE SYRACTSE JOTRNAL

From this 4he fire spread to the tower of the waterworks and soon the entire mechanism was disabled and the water supply cut off. With it went the last hope for checking the flames —if indeed there still was any hope. As the fire swept on toward the lake Gen. Phil Sheridan, comandlng officer of the department of the lakes, whose headquarters were In Chicago and who had taken charge of the situation, tried to check the spread of the fire by blowing up buildings along Wabash and Michigan avenues. A few structures were saved in this manner, but against the gale that was blowing, but little could be accomplished. So from early in the evening of October 8 until late at night on October 8 the conflagration raged, a vast ocean of flame, sweeping over the city in miie-long billows and breakers. • Before it fled a horde at hwinanlty in a frenzied search for safety along the lake front. But the refugees soon found that standing in the water was unsafe and they sought to escape by a mad rush to the south. The horrors of the scene, as well as some of the ludicnMas phases of it, are described by an eyewitness as follows: The ecene wae Indescribable. The great, dazzling Tight, the flaah and roar of the conflagration, and the desperate flight of the crowd. . . . They stood transfixed, with a mingled feeling of horror and admiration, and while they often exclaimed at the beauty of the scene, they all devoutly prayed that they might see such another. To the roar which the itmpk process ot combustion always makes, magnified here to »o grand an extent, was added the crash of falling buildings and the constant explosion of stores of oil. The noise of the crowd was nothin* compared to this chaos of sound . . I saw men. women and children, in every variety of dress, with a motley collection of effects which they sought to save. Some had silver, some valuable papers, some pictures, carpets, beds. etc. One little child had her doll tenderly pressed in her arms An old Irish woman was cherishing a grunting pi*. There was a singular mixture of the awful, the ludicrous and the pathetic. A torrent of humanity was pouring over the bridge . . . drays, express wagons, trucks, and conveyances of every conceivable species and size crowded across in indiscriminate haste. Collisions happened almost every moment. The same long line of men dragging trunks was here, many of them tugging over the ground with loads which a horse would strain at. Women were there staggering under weights upon their backs. Now and then a stray schooner came up and the bridge must be opened. Then arose a howl of indignation along the line audible above the tumult. By Monday determined efforts already were being made to bring order out of chaoa. Two thousand extra police were sworn In to stop the plundering, state troops were called out and Sheridan's regulars took charge. Relief bureaus were organised by the city officials. Immediately other cities came to the rescue of their stricken sister. Carloads of food and clothing were sent by St. Louis and Cincinnati. Chicago’s trade rivals. To counterbalance the scenes of horror and baser human passions which had swept the city during the fire was the wave of sympathy and help which came from all parts of the country. It was In the form of money and provisions and offers of all kinds to help. For several weeks the problem of living among the ruins was a real one for even people of wealth. The thousands of homeless people found shelter In hastily constructed shanties and leanto* and did their cooking in the open. Gradually, however, conditions were bettered and Chicago emerged from the devastation and began the task of rebuilding. The debris from the fire was dumped into tfie lagoon that formerly separated the tracks of the Illinois Central railroad from the lake front, filling it up and paving the way for later Improvements. Within a year the new Chicago had sprung, phentx llke. from the flames and exactly two years later the great glassdomed building of the Interstate Industrial exposition. erected where the Art Institute now stands, marked the rehabilitation of a great city after one of the greatest disasters In history.

Explaining Lightning Lightning is nothing more than a ; gigantic electric spark, the passage of millions of volt* of electricity between an overhead cloud charged with atmospheric electricity and the earth current of an opposite charge. The atmosphere being a poor conductor of i electricity resists the discharge through it. and on account of this rei distance the path of the discharge is ; made white hot—what we see a* « bolt of Lightning.

Harvesting Soy Beans Now Easy Harvester-Thresher Unit Is Found to Be Practical and Cheap. Although the large combined har-vester-threshers of the West have never been considered practical for . use in Midwest grain fields, because of the heavier rainfall in this section, these combines this past year made a place for themselves with the Illinois soy-bean grower and also have shown to good advantage in the harvesting of small grains, according to I. P. Blauser of the farm mechanics department, college of agriculture. University of Illinois. It is estimated that the cost of harvesting has been reduced about a third through the substitution of the combine for the ordinary method. The combine harvester was first used in Illinois in October. 1924, by Garwood brothers of Stonington to harvest soy beans. Credit must be given to these brothers for pioneering the combine in this state. After be Ing turned down by two companies, they succeeded in getting the third company to sell them a combine so that they might give it a trial in harvesting soy beans. Incidentally, the harvesting of soy beans has been the most difficult problem in growing and handling this crop. First Machine Used. This first machine was used to harvest 212 acres of soy beans, 60 acres being so weedy that Garwood broth ers said they could not have saved them by any other method. By June, 1925, there were seven combines o1 the same make in Illinois waiting to be given a trial in harvesting small grains. Just one year after the first machine was introduced. It is quite commonly agreed by those who have Used the oombine, that it is here to stay if for no other crop than the soy bean. As one farmer said. “We cannot get along without the combine for harvesting soy beans.” This past season the combine has been used to harvest wheat, oats sweet clover, red clover and timothy in addition to soy beans. One com bine in Champaign county harvested this past season. 530 acres. Including: 230 acres of wheat. 40 acres of oats, 20 acres of red clover, 10 acres ol timothy, 10 acres of sweet clover, and 220 acres of soy beans. This acreage was divided between two farms located 11 miles apart. Other machines in the state have similar records. •- Determine Total Lose. The farm mechanics’ department ot the agricultural college has made s number of tests to determine total loss in harvesting with the combine These tests were made both in wheal and in soy beans. The total loss for 53 threshing machines tested was a little more than 8 per cent. The av erage total loss for 14 tests made with the combine in wheat was a little under 6 per cent. In the case of soy beans, the saving In harvesting with the combine is much greater than by any other method of harvesting and threshing, even though the total loss is considerably higher than the loss in har vesting wheat. The same combine that had been used to harvest wheat, oats, sweet clover, red clover and timothy, gave an average total loss of 10.62 per cent for 14 tests in harvesting soy beans. For harvesting soy beans the cylinder speed was reduced, special shoes were put on the cutter bar permittipg the machine to cut lower, and the small grain riddles were, replaced with soy bean riddles. Sweet Clover Not Ideal Hay Crop by Any Means Sweet clover Is not an ideal hay erop by any means, but more or less of it is cut for that purpose in different every year. Those who have not hid experience with it are apt to cut the second-year crop too close to the ground and thus kill the plants outright. Sweet clover, being a biennial, starts to grow from the root crown only once—in the spring of the second year. Second growth in that year starts from buds on the stems. If cut too close to the ground there will be no buds left from which growth can start. Leave the stubble from seven to eight inches long. Steel Com Cribs Favored Leading corn growers of Ohio, Indiana, and other states have found from experience that the steel cribs eave them large sums on corn held over from one hamper season to the next to get higher prices. They are ventilated to provide proper drying, they prevent bleaching from the sun. and they do not harbor rats. mice, and similar rodents that carry off large amounts of feed. Most of these are made of sheet steel and can be set up easily by r two men. Feed live stock regularly; it pays. • • • Every farm should have at least a small woodlot. • • • The unsuccessful farmer is the “offagaln on-again” fellow. • • • Plenty of water and salt are necessary in all feeding practices. • * * This is the season when hens go on trial —many will be found “guilty” of nonproduction. • • • Many hens’ eggs will stand 20pounds pressure on the shell. The average is about 14 or 15 pounds. a • • Pick pears that are to be used at home while they are hard, and put them in a cool place to ripen. If they ripen on the tree they may rot at the core.

QIEAMNQ3 GRADE AND PACK KIEFFER PEARS While very few Carloads of Kieffer pears are shipped from South Carolina. a few suggestions for, harvesting, grading and packing not be amiss. Lt is true that the Kieffer pear is not as desirable for eating purposes as are some other varieties, : but there is a market for Kieffer pears of good quality that have been properly graded and packed, thinks C. A. Owens, extension marketing specialist at C.lems<« college, who gives below some timely suggestions along tins line. There Is no Invariable rule as to when the pears should be harvested. Some gather the fruit as soon as the seeds turn brown, while others wait until the ground color changes from green to a light yellow. Another rule is to gather the fruit when the stem will part easily from the limb by twisting the fruit from the natural position with the thumb and forefinger. It would be a wise policy to take all of these factors into consideration before harvesting. In harvesting the pears, says Mr. Owens, step-ladders will be necessary to pick the pears. The pickers can use either a crop bottom sack or a wellpadded half bushel basket for picking purposes. . Gather all the fruit with the stems attached, carefully avoiding breaking or bruising the skin. Do not by any chance shake the fruit from the trees and attempt to ship it, because bruised pears will surely spoil In transit. For number ones, selected, wellformed, clean. sound pears free from insect injuries and blemishes of any sort. The pears in this grade should be of average uniform size. The number twos are the same as the first grade with the exception of being smaller in size. The package most commonly used in South Carolina for shipping pears Is the bushel basket. Pack the pears carefully so that all spaces will be filled up. and a slight bulge will show after the top has been put on the package. This guarantees an honest pack it the other end. Study of Common Types of Storage for Apples A study of common types of storage for apples was recently made by a group of 38 farmers, their families, county agents, and specialists from the New Jersey State College of Agriculture. Two points of chief interest were storage houses at Marble Laboratory, Inc., Canton, Pa., and at Pennsylvania State college. At these places the visitors had an opportunity to inspect above-ground storage houses and bank or cellar type storage. It was made clear that the principal factors involved in storage are ventilation, humidity. and temperature. Apples continue respiration aftv harvesting and therefore must have air. This is best supplied by large doors at both ends of the storage. The visitors were shown that by opening the end doors an entire change of air may be made in a short time. In the fall this is done at night when the air is cool. A good temperature for keeping =apples is maintained in this way. Ln winter the warm day temperatures are used for ventilation. The bank or celsar storages hold in uniform temperature without danger of freezing the fruit, as they have the moderating effect of the ground. It was observed that above-ground storage must be well insulated to hold heat in the winter and to exclude It in the warmer months. Humidity is generally maintained naturally in cellar storage, due to damp earth floors. With other types of floors. In cellar or above-ground storage, humidity is provided by sprinkling the floor with water at frequent intervals. Aged Horticulturist Is Growing Model Plums O. W. Moore of Spring Valley, Minn., ninety-six years old. may be well along tn years but he is up-to-the-minute as a horticulturist. In a letter to R. S. Mackintosh, secretary of the Minnesota State Horticultural society and a member of the extension division, department of agriculture. University of Minnesota, he reports that he has an orchard of 50 young plum trees of the latest “models”—the newest and best varieties of plums bred by the fruitbreeding station of the university department of agriculture, including the Elliott, the Stella, the Winona, the Mendota, the Mound, the Tonka, (he Red Wing and the Underwood, ail of which are well-known varieties. Sell Clean Apples Although spots of spray residues on apples are absolutely harmless to consumers of the apples, it will pay growers to take the time and trouble to wipe or brush off such spots, according to R. S. Marsh. University of Illinois. Buyers of fruit are becoming more suspicious of apples containing sprav residues and are likely to reject all apples showing excessive amounts. Removing the spray residue adds to the attractiveness of the apple*. Protect Grapevines Grapevines planted in the fall may be protected in a very satisfactory way through cutting back the one or more canes that developed the past season to -spurs of three or four buds on each and then covering all with a ’mound of earth. In fact a protective covering of earth is far* superior to all other materials. Early in the spring remove the mound so that the soil is level, and cut away all but one spur entirely. The spur retained should be rut back to two buds.

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