The Syracuse Journal, Volume 6, Number 37, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 8 January 1914 — Page 3

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The War Fifty Years Ago Leaders Brought to the Front In the Great Campaigns of 1863—Robert E. Lee the Hope,of the South. General U. S. Grant's Plans for 1864—“0n to Atlanta!" the Motto Given to General George H. Thomas—Grant the Man of the Hour —General W. T. Sherman Gets a Free Hand In Mississippi. Thomas Stands Alone at Chattanooga—Recognition of the Empire of Mexico by the Confederate States.

By Cape. GIOH.GE L. KILM£R. Late U. 5. V. ARMY and uavy oneratlons In 1863

brought to the front several leaders of force. Not a few of those prominent during the year

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had been relegated to the background. One—“ Stonewall” Jackson—had been cut off by death in the first battle. Jackson ranked as a corps commander when he fell, but the needs of the south became such before the year closed that he would undoubtedly have risen to an independent command. His mantle of marshalshlp in the Army of Northern Virginia—the right hand man vs Lee—passed to General James Longstreet. Although Lee had failed in his mightiest effort of the year—the invasion of Pennsylvania—he remained the hope—it might be said the single hope —of the Confederacy. He had foiled In a similar adventure of invasion in 1862, the Antietam campaign, yet had twice saved Richmond within the seven months following. This was to be his chief task in 1864. General U. S. Grant had succeeded tn all his enterprises of 1863, Vicksburg and Chattanooga. These triumphs lifted him far above the average army commanders and opened to him wider opportunities. General George G. Meade, the .victor at Gettysburg, continued at the head of the army which won thiit victory. By skillful maneuvering he had placed it firmly on the road to Richmond. In 1863 General N. P. Banks had recovered from his reverses of 1862 by the capture of Pert

4?®Al -IP Cu _jg CPjfcx TUBS? luKa -vE F - '' Dahlgren copyright by Patriot Publishing company; Grant, Lee, Perter. , Meade, Banks by Review of Reviews company. / ARMY AND NAVY LEADERS OF 1863. ■ B, General U. 8. Grant. U. 3. A.; X, General R. E. Lee. C. 8. A.; « (center). Admiral J. A. Dahlgren, U. S. N., fleet commander at the Federal siege of Charleston; 4, General George G. Meade. U. 8. A., successful commander at Gettysburg; 5, General N. P. Banks, U. S. A., captor of Port Hudson and commander in Louisiana; 8, Admiral D. D. Porter, U. 8. N„ fleet commander at Vicksburg.]

Hudson, on the Mississippi. At the head of the Army of the Gulf he was operating in the southwest. The Mississippi fleet, led by Admiral D. D. Porter, had given support to Grant’s army at Vicksburg. Admiral D. G. Farragut was active on the lower Mississippi in 1863, but the greater opportunities lay with the force under Porter. In midsummer, 1863, Admiral J. A. Dahlgreu succeeded to the command of the squadron operating against Charleston. In connection with the army under' General Q. A. Gillmore, the warships engaged in a vigorous siege of. Fort Sumter and adjacent forts and batteries. Grant’s Plans For 1864. Grant’s rise to the head of the United States army was by no means a Napoleonic stride. it was a two years’ hard climb. At the end of the first year he had won two battles— Fort Donelson and Shiloh—and had been Immediately shelved after each event At the close of 1863 he, was credited with two more victories— Vicksburg and Chattanooga, and then the tide turned. There was no repetition of the quibbling and faultfinding which after Donelson and Shiloh had brought him into temporary disfavor and even disgrace. As a sequel to Donelson he had been put in arrest and after Shiloh humiliated in the

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eyes of the army by being ranked as "second in command." When the Confederate .army abandoned the struggle for Chattanooga In November. 1863. ; ”'il marched southward into GeorjJa. Grant immediately began to plan a campaign to take Atlanta. His command was then one of the several military divisions tn existence under, as many generals, it comprised the legion between the Alleghenies and tile Mississippi river, extending south to Louisiana, where N. I*. Banks was general in chief. Sherman. Thomas find Burnside were at t lie head of three distinct armies, all under the coßtrtl of Grant. The central i>oant in Grant s military division for tMH’ing telegraphic communication with his generals and also with Washington was Nashville, and Grant removed Uis headquarters from the front at Chattanooga to that point late in December. This change of location was less a matter of convenience than security. On to Atlanta. The wires could carry messages to Chattanooga as readily as to Nashville —that is. if the Confederate rough riders didn't Interfere, and this they had a habit of doing. Morgan, the Kentucky raider, who more than onefe had stampeded Federal generals and the Washington heads with tricks at the telegraph, had indeed been lodged in an Ohio penitentiary during the summer. but had dug his way through stone and mortar with a common ta-

ble knife and was once more with his rough riding band. Forrest, the prince of raiders, was eVen then, the last days of December, riding at will in west Tennessee and might take a notion to pass the holidays in the Federal rear of Chattanooga. But. while backing away tn person from the army front in Georgia. Grantkept his mind fixed on- that particular end of the military problem for the new year. His motto for Thomas, who was confronted with a powerful foe at Dalton, thirty-eight miles away, was “On to Atlanta!” He expected tv retain the command he then held—the military division—to push Thomas forward toward the goal direct from his winter camp at Chattanooga and to use Sherman’s forces at Memphis and Vicksburg wherever they would di the most good. The Army of the Ohio, then under Burnside, was to winter at Knoxville, in east Tennessee, a region quite unknown to Grant, and he left Nashville a day or two before Christmas to look over the situation there. Traveling by rail, steamboat and on horseback, he made the circuit from Nashville to Chattanooga, thence to Knoxville and Lexington. Ky.. and hack to Nashville. Grant (he Man of the Hour. Ail of these personal details of Grant's experiences nt tb» close of

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1883 have a special interest when It i Is recalled that at that time, when he was simply one of half a dozen major I generals his equal in rank, in responsibility and opportunity and working j away patiently at one of the many problems of the war. President Lincoin, the congress and the cabinet : were devising means to give him rank , above all others and make him general i in chief of the vast armies of the re-.j public. Only a few weeks before bls j favorite plan of attack by the army | and navy on Mobile to take the Confederates established in Georgia in the rear had been turned down at Washington headquarters. And in December. 1863. while his battlecry was “On to Atlanta!" from the north, he was hoping, yet hoping, as he thought, against hope, that some one else would put the Mobile project through. In a few' weeks the decision would lay with him, foft fortunately, repeated failures and disasters In the field had taught the Washington government that there might be truth in the old saying, “One bad general is better than two gopd ones.” The crisis demanded one head for all the armies. The conqueror of Vicksburg, the savior of Chattanooga, the one general of all who had. work carved out ahead and was pegging away at it, was the man. As Major General Grant he fired the last shot in 1863; as lieutenant general be would open the ball in 1864. Sherman Gets a Free Hand. Sherman especially had no immediate problem on hand commensurate with bis ambition. His field of command was the territory east of the Mississippi from Natchez to the Ohio river. The Federal forces of the region had been drawn upon to tight for the defense of Chattanooga, and after the battle these divisions were distributed along the railroads feeding Chattanooga. Thomas remained in command of the victorious army at Chattanooga, subject to the orders of Grant, who at this time still held the rank of major general. Sherman’s first move after Chattanooga had been relieved was to march to the aid of Burnside, then besieged it Knoxville. Tenn., by Longstreets Confederate corps. Longstreet didn’t stand for battle, but only withdrew to a safe distance to wait for another chance. Sherman wished to unite his troops with Burnside’s and give Longstreet n drubbing which would send Idin back tP Virginia, whence he came, but Burnside declined the offer, preferring to let well enough alone. Meanwhile reports were coming in from the west that trouble was brewing In “Uncle Billy’s" own bailiwick along the Mississippi. The Confederates still maintained troops in Mississippi, and Forrest had broken loose on his old warpath in west Tennessee and ■was raiding the country under the nose of the Federal garrisons, carrying off to his lair rich military stores, beef cattle, wagons and conscripts. Shernjan wanted to use his troops under McPherson and Hurlburt at Vicksburg and Memphis and "strike a blow” east of the Mississippi. Grant told him to go ahead. From Nashville he proceeded to Ohio to pass Christmas with his family and started down the river from Cairo early in January. Thomas- Stands Alone. Meanwhile the victors of Lookout Mountain and Mission Ridge remained at Chattanooga with Thomas at their head. These troops were to form the bulk of the army which later would go forward under Sherman to skin the southwestern leg of the Confederacy, take Atlanta and march to the sea. Thomas had in his front at the beginning of the new year the old foes of Chickamauga and Chattanooga. These Confederate forces on retreating from Mission ridge had marched back to Dalton, thirty odd miles south of Chattanooga. Toward the close of December their old commander! Braxton Bragg, was succeeded by General Joseph E. Johnston. Longstreet still held on in east Tennessee between two fires, with Burnside west of him at Knoxville and Thomas south at Chattanooga. Thomas was himself between three tires, for, besides Longstreet to the and Johnston south, a large Confederate force, including Forrest’s cavalry, hovered in Mississippi west of him. Out of this mixed situation of December, 1863. was to come the straight ahead march of Sherman in the Atlanta campaign of 1864. Minor Affairs. The new year fifty years ago was ushered in by a winter storm of phenomenal severity. The snowfall was heavy, and biting winds prevailed, with zero weather as far south as Virginia and Kentucky. Troops encamped along the Rapidan and Tennessee rivers suffered the greatest hardships of their experiences. Lakes, rivers and canals were icebound. About this time fifty years ago a United States naval commission reported favorably upon petroleum oil as a fuel for warships. (The latest British creation in Dreadnoughts will use oil fuel exclusively.) Toward the close of .1863 the Confederate states recognized the new empire which bad been set up in the republic of Mexico by French bayonets. The Confederacy asked in return recognition of its independence by the emperor of France, Napoleon 111. Recognition by a first class European power had long been sought by the south. Southerners believed that it would follow upon a victory won on northern soil by invading armies. The failure of Lee to win the battle of'Gettysburg had been a crushing disappointment for this very reason. His defeat seemed, to postpone recognition indefinitely. 4 The ambition of France in Mexico gave a ray of hope, and the south was quick to seize upon it.

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