The Syracuse Journal, Volume 6, Number 36, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 1 January 1914 — Page 4

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The War fifty Years Ago Effect of the Combats of 1863 —Lee’s Army Firmly Planted on Rapidan River, Virginia—Confederate Need of Rest—Federals Confront Lee. Recruiting In the North—Confidence In General Meade, Leader of the Army of the t Potomac at Get-tysburg—-A Federal Gunboat Attacked In Stono River, South Carolina—Aid From the United States Cruiser Pawnee Saves the Marblehead From Capture.

By C»pt. GEORGE L. KILMER. Late U. S. V. A LTHOUGH Vicksburg and Gettys-

burg, the great Federal victories of 1863. did not decide the war. they did determine the future

A

progress of the conflict in the field. The northern generals were at last free to take the aggressive. Vicksburg had opened the Mississippi from the Ohio to the gulf. No need of longer maintaining large armies along its banks, as had been the ease long after the fall of New Orleans and Memphis, in 1862. Gettysburg had settled the question of southern invasion of northern states, and the Confederates under General Robert E. Lee had gone south of the Potomac, with little* cause to linger in the vicinity of Washington. The Federal leaders in the east and in the west were looking ahead tx> strike a decisive blow in 1864. There was no question but that Richmond should be and would-be attacked, but how best to ‘go about it was not easily settled upon. situation had arrived which

ww«i| ' a/-- ' Ja - J • . *** / ■ ■ 'IA'A '4- I '■V. 1 , ... \ • S*- '' ■ 'l. v ■ 1 I BMi ; ' 4ft x \I HI ■ ; "In fl / I /'fti’lft\ A\ v.M: : X- I--. . • ft ... . . . ft'dMl Copyright by the Review of Reviews company. THE UNITED STATES WARSHIP MARBLEHEAD, WHICH WAS ATTACKED AT HER WHARF ON CHRISTMAS MORNING, 1863. |

Lincoln set forth so pithily somewhat later by sayiug that one Federal army should hold the head of the Confederacy while the others skinned its legs. The head of the Confederacy was at Richmond, on James river. One of the legs extended down through Georgia. Alabama and Mississippi to the gulf. After taking Vicksburg Grant proposed a plan to wrest the whole of the gulf states and Georgia as well from southern grasp, but it was not approved of in Washington, and so the armies of the west under Grant, Thomas and Sherman were drawn to Chattanooga, and the victory there at the close of November left the armies with no other occupation for the time being than to hold down the territory already conquered. Lee at Bay on the Rapidan. When the year 1863 drew to its close the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia still confronted each other on the Rappahannock line not far from their camping grounds of the year before. In 1863 the little river Rapidan was the barrier between the men in blue and the men in gray; in December, 1862, the barrier had been the Rappahannock at Fredericksburg. Under General George G. Meade the northern soldiers gazed eagerly, if. indeed, dubiously, toward the faroff goal of their efforts, Richmond, on the James; under General R E. Lee the southerners stood sub lenly at bay. After what was called the Mine run fiasco, which culminated the first week in December in tlie retirement of Meade's troops to winter quarters along the Rappahannock and Rapidan. all idea of a decisive battle to close the year was abandoned alike by chieftain and private soldier. Both of tb£T antagonists in the mighty struggle over Richmond had learned something from the experiences at Fredericksburg. Lee defended the crossing of the Rappahannock at that point in December. 1862. with little effort, and the Army of the Potomac, under Burnside, failed, with frightful loss, to make the passage and seize the road to Richmond. But later that same army under Hooker crossed the Rappahannock above Fredericksburg and turned the flank of the formidable heights which had checked Burnside. Having learned the way across above the town and the advantages of that route the Federals would never again be so blind as to run against the stone wall of Marye's heights. Lee therefore took the lesson given by Hooker’s lucceesful strategy, abandoned the up-

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per Rappahannock without a struggle to the Federals and planted his lines on theißapidan to block the road to Richmond. Confederates Needed Rest. The south bank of the Rapidan was an ideal resting camp for the defenders of Richmond as the game stood at the close of 1863. The region had escaped the ravages of war. Good roads connected it with Richmond, with southern and southwestern Virginia and the Shenandoah valley, that granary of the Confederacy, not yet wholly despoiled. With his hooks planted there. Lee was hard to get at and dislodge, as was %hown by the Mine run fiasco. From there, he could strike out to the north again should he see his opportunity and, best of all for the part he was playing, launch his whole command forth in a day and block the roads from the Rappahannock to Richmond. Lee’s soldiers were sadly in need of the resting spell they were to have on the Rapidan for the months that lay

ahead of them. The Virginian troops were furloughed to their homes to recuperate, thus relieving the commissary of so many hungry mouths and leaving more for the far down southerners. The Confederate cavalrymen owned their own mounts, and the Virginia troopers took their steeds home to fatten up for the spring rides. In this way men could do picket and outpost duty against the Federals and still be enjoying the comforts of home. Thus the “eyes of Lee.” Stuart’s Virginia squadrons, were never shut to the doings of the enemy. Having the tragic end of the conflict to bear and playing, as they well knew in 1863. a losing game, it might be supposed that the men in gray were a gloomy lot. but such was far from the truth. They could laugh over a menu of corncob meal and molasses. For tobacco, that eternal and inexhaustible solace of the camp idler, grew on every bush, as it were, in the sacred soil of old Virginia. And the leaf was legal tender across the lines. A regular contraband traffic was kept up with the Yankee outposts, and tons of northern hard bread, coffee and sugar passed by the underground “system” to the huts of the tattered butternut battalions on the southern bank of the Rapidan. Federal Ranks Recruited. There was one thing Lee could not do in the off hours between the campaigns of 1863 and 1864 which his enemy did zealously. That was recruit the depleted ranks. Already conscription in the south had gleaned the land of its men. But in the northern camps reorganization.-recruiting and re-enlist-ing by wholesale were the order of the day. Meade achieved no brilliant strokes of battle or strategy, but he hung to the trail of the retreating army of northern Virginia with a never letup persistency that led his soldiers and the whole country backing them up to believe that when the dogs of war got loose again it would be for the final run. The whole country north was a vast recruiting camp for the Army of the Potomac, and long service regiments were furloughed In a body to re-enlist. While Meade as a leader of the army didn’t inspire enthusiasm in the troops, he held their resjXH-t and confidence.' As sober and .serious as Pap Thomas and Uncle John Sedgwick, he lacked their genial ways with the nien. but he h'ad succeeded at Gettysburg, and that was everything. A certain headquarters clique was busily discussing how Mende came near being defeated at

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Gettysburg and how he won out by the genius of other heads. Os this the soldiers knew nothing. The army had scored p. tremendous victory, and Meade was at the head of it. Confidence In Meade. - Furthermore, Meade in personality was the exact opposite of two generals who had preceded him and led the army to disaster, yet were especially popular with troops. Burnside and Hooker. When it comes to a matter of life or death, of an endless war or progress toward victory, volunteers will not let their personal preference count in the matter of loyalty to a leader. At that stage of the game a leader might be a camp tyrant, yet if he won battles the men would swear by him. Meade’s handling of the army after Gettysburg lifted him in the eyes of the soldiers when -at last they stood on the banks of the Rapidan, with the Rappahannock behind them. Richmond in front and the slaughter pep at Fredericksburg avoided. Men are ready to fight and bleed with a fair prospect of winning, but they protest against hopeless slaughter, and the commander who aims to save them from that may count upon their devotion. It is true that Lee took his stand on the Rapidan and drew Meade after him, but Lee’s tactics were decided by the necessity of guarding the pass at Orange Court House, which Meade would have seized if given opportunity. Thus Lee, on the Rapidan. was the outpost guard of Richmond, and Meade encamped at the gates of the citadel to watch and wait for the opening of the battle season of 1864. Christmas Attack on a Gunboat. Early on Christmas morning fifty years ago the Confederates opened artillery fire upon the United States

steamer Marblehead, which lay at the wharf of Legaresville. on Stono river. South Carolina. Stono river separates James island from the mainland. It was navigable for small gunboats only, but these were able to annoy the Confederate batteries on both James and Johnson’s islands. . As an attempt to control the river General Beauregard, the commandant at Charleston, had erected masked batteries at 600 to 800 yards from the wharf. On Christmas morning the Marblehead was alone, and the Confederates determined to seize or destroy her. A year before they had captured the Isaac Smith under similar circum; stances. One eight-inch howitzer opened on the Marblehead at 600 yards range and four at 800. tn front of the guns the Confederates had built ramparts, and the guns of the Marblehead were unable to answer the fire with effect. a The early mornir- shots aroused the Confederate pickets stationed along the Stono to harass the Federal gunboats and announce their approach. Fortunately for the Federals the Federal light draft cruiser Pawnee was steaming toward Legaresville when the firing began on the Marblehead. The pickets were unable to check the course of the Pawnee, and she swung toward shore and with a pine inch and several rifled guns opened rapidly into the flank of the Confederate batteries. This was practically a tire in the rear. Six of the artillerymen were cut down and eight horses killed in a few minutes. Seeing that destruction awaited them, the Confederates retreated, leaving their dead and two howitzers behind them. The Marblehead lost seven in all. and her hull and upper works were riddled by shells. Other Events of the Week. On Dec. 22 General Michael Corcoran. commander of the Irish legion, met with a fatal accident at the Federal camp near Fairfax, Va? His horse stumbled and threw him. then rolled oveF on him. Corcoran had led the Sixty-ninth New York at the first bat,i of Bull Run. He was taken prisoner that day and narrowly escaped death as hostage while in Libby prison. On the 26th the launching of the finest Ironclad constructed to that date took place in New York city. This was the powerful Dictator, built for the United States navy. She carried ten and onobalf Inches of armor plate, a ramming beak and several thirteen inch guns, using a charge of 100 pounds.

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BUSINESS

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