The Syracuse Journal, Volume 6, Number 12, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 17 July 1913 — Page 6

PfiDDUGERJF FOOD United States Leads in Supply of Great Staples. Raises Products for Own People and Many Other Nations—Each Country and Epoch Has Questions of Food Supply. Washington.—Each country and each epoch has its special food problems. During the last 400! years and more the United States has passed on from the conditions prevailing in a i newly discovered country, with only a , small area under cultivation, a'nd has I become a producer of food and other i great staple products not only for- its own people, but also for

er nations. An equally grffift change taken respect to the different regions of thqc hired States. As the country has been I developed frontier conditions of living have receded, until as never before, the food problems of country and town ■ are approaching each other, and it is no longer the case that the rural community is. as regards its supply of staple food, largely independent and the urban community largely dependent Each must rely on the other, for in general the farm-grown crop is milled and the live stock is slaughtered in the large establishments where facilities are adequate, as they could not be in the case ftMiome enterprise. And, indeed, in all economic ways the two regions are perhaps more naturally interdependent than ever before. All this means that many problems related to food' demand are ’ studied in order that the best use may be made of agricultural food crops by the farmer who grows them, th© manufacturer who converts the raw' material into food products, the merchant who supplies the food to the household and the housewife who selects and prepares it for the family table. Some of the problems which pertain to this subject have been studied by the Federal department of agriculture and C. F. Langworthy, has compiled the data regarding food conditions as a whole, the characteristics of the American diet and the special problems of housekeepers in both country and town. The majority of persons set their pleas of the food habits of a race or region from popular writings and often the source of ihformation is inaccurate or incomplete. If a writer states that the diet in New England is pork and beans and brown bread, or that in the south it is corn meal and pork, every one knows that the statement, is very inadequate. With the question of diet In less familiar regions, the discrepancy is net so obvious. It is often said and is generally believed that the diet in the United States is generous and that the range in variety of food products is unusually large. The dietary combines many customs and food habits of the races which have helped to make up the population, but in its general character it is British, as is natural, for the hulk of the earlier settlers were from Great Britain and brought the customs and manners of the old home with them, adapted them to the new country, and passed them on to the succeding generations. As time has passed marked changes in the character of the diet have taken place, owing largely to improved methods of cultivation of food crops, to better methods of transportation and storage, to improvements in milling and other manufacturing processes which pertain to food, to improvement in house construction and kitchen appliances and to similar factors. Whether the value of the daily diet has changed when considered from the standpoint ’ of the amount of nutritive material supplied is another matter, and one which is more difficult to decide. As an illustration of changed food conditions, facts relating to the diet in public institutions may be of interest, as it seems fair to say that such a ration bears the same relation to the food habits of any one period as does a corresponding one to those of another. In an account of the diet in a large institution in Boston in 1850 a very simple ration was supplied in which bread, molasses, potatoes and salt pork were the staples. In recent studies carried on in the same city in a similar institution the ration is much more varied and contains many articles, such as oatmeal, fresh and dried fruits, tapioca and sago, which would have been considered luxuries in most homes in 1850. It is not without interest to consider in more detail some of the factors which have modified dietary habits. In northern regions of the United States, in earlier times, the vegetable suppb r in the summer was fairly abundant, but in the winter was limited to a few varieties, chiefly root crops, which were of good keeping quality. Eggs, salt meats and less commonly poultry were staple summer foods, but fresh beef, mutton and pork were more abundant in winter than in* summer because they could be kept in good condition frozen. The lack of variety of vegeable foods In winter and ot fresh meat in summer was without doubt the reason for the great abundance of preserves and pickles which every housewife deemed necssary, and for the great number of kinds of pastry, cake and similar dishes. In other words, there was a craving for variety, and it was satisfied by using in many different ways the comparatively small number of food materials which were moot commbnly obtainable. With im-

Would Save Time. “I am going to take my luncheon to the state department with me hereafter/’ said Secretary Bryan at the White house the other day as he glanced into the press room at a reporter nibbling at crackers and drinking from a bottle of milk- “My wife has bought me a lunch basket and is going to prepare my luncheon, so that I can take it to the department with me. I think it will save me much time —nearly an hour each day.”

provements in crop growing, transportation, storage and marketing of foods there is much less seasonal variation in the food supply and consequently much more uniformity in the diet at different times of the year. In considering the human race, as a whole, there are three great epochs in man’s diet, .namely: The early hunting period, in which man depended entirely on a natural supply of both animal and vegetable food; the cooking period. in which man still used a natural supply of food, but prepared it for use with the aid of heat, and the socalled cibicultural or food producing period—that is, the period in which man has depended upon the cultivation of both flocks and herds and field and garden crops to supplement a wi(d supply of food.

| Is is easy to see there is a press agent at work in the department of

agriculture. Fo i he comes to bat with two wonder ful tales, vibrant

Warm Bread for All.

with exciting news interest. The first announces the startling discovery by the omniscient bureau of chemistry in Secretary Houston’s department of a method by which “wrapped bread can be warmed. “The experts found,” says the announcement, “that if a cold wrapped loaf is unwrapped and placed in a pan in the oven, in good medium heat for ten minutes, it will be as good as fresh, crisp without and tender within.” The other dissertation touches upon an even more important item of household economy —“how to keep eggs from cracking.” To show how important this problem is, the press agent records the fact that out of 1,532,275,- ■ 200 shipped into New York last year, 137,804,768' were broken. So Secret tary Houston has put the food research laboratory to work on this problem, and they are shipping eggs to all quarters of country, by parcel post and otherwise, in an effort to find the best way to ship theny without breaking. No results have yet been announced. Col. George W. Goethals, who is in charge of the army of men on the con-

struction of the Panama canal, while in Washington some' time

Reports Most Interesting.

ago, referred to the great number of reports which are sent to his office from all branches of the work, and which he reads himself. He declared that if gathered together the reports would make a volume of most interesting reading. A copy of a report from the assistant foreman of the toolroom to his superior officer, which had been forwarded to Colonel Goethals, was produced. The report was on an accident to a Jamaica negro employe of the canal commission, and was as follows: “Mr. Jordan: Mr. D. Adams got bust his big thumb almost cut off. He was attended by other machinists in toolroom. The uses of wrappings was required. He start fainting and stretchers was getting ready. There was no small stir; everybody in motion as brigade. Mr. Cassell was the swiftest. Locomotive ready at hand and blowing solemn for hospital. I guess he was gone and all was over. “JIM.” Forty-two delegates, representing all English-speaking countries, gath-

ered in Washington and former Senator Chauncey M. Depew of New

As Defined by the Guide.

York, acting as guide, conducted the party through a greater part of the capitol and then announced that he would next show them the “Chamber of Horrors.” A number of the English delegates failed to comprehend, and Andrew Carnegie raised his hands in horror at the remark as the delegation entered Statuary hall, where the great men of the .nation repose in granite and stone. The visitors commented on each statue and were as polite as anyone could be under the shock of the first sight of this hall. “And now, gentlemen, we come to the chamber of the senate of the United States,” said Guide Depew. “Have you many rules?” asked Lord Weardale. “No rules to shut off debate,” said Guide Depew. “And when a senator talks too long, you call that filibustering, do you not?” inquired a Frenchman. “We call it a nuisance,” replied the venerable and polished capitol guide.

The ink used in printing the paper money is a splendid germicide and for

this reason few ot the thousands o| professional money handlers havq

Ink on Money Is Germicide.

ever contracted disease from this source, according to Dr. W. C. Rucker, assistant surgeon general of the United States public health service. “The formula of the ink used In the engraving of the money is, either by design or accident, (i splendid germicide,” said Dr. Rucker. “The public health service was called upon some time ago to examine the old money returned to the treasury after months-of traveling around the country and passing through all kinds of hands. It was found that it was comparatively free from bacteria, and the ink is given credit for this satisfactory condition cf affairs.” It is not known to what ingredient of the recipe for the ink is due the credit, for the secret of its composition is carefully guarded by the government.

Long Service. C. N. Richards, seventy-two years of age, recently completed his 49th year’s service for the United States government. There is not a single member of the houes or member of the Supreme court who was in office when Mr. Richards began work. He was appointed superintendent of the senate stationery room before Senator Luke Lea of Tennessee, at present the youngest member of the senate, was born.

* ■- ' ........ I By I UCftardcfer II 77\7 77 777. ■7 ~ 7 II More than once I have heard a tired 11 A fl boy exclaim: “Gee whiz! I didn’t 11 > f f think that it was that much work to 11 t nS sharpen an ax.” . y 1 Ku Few city boys know tbe names oI IJk AJ A 1A A f'f'AA A the common trees at sight, much less VL /// X J// 77777 77 are they able to distinguish between X X X A A A AA pine, spruce and hemlock boards. Un- '• 77 less they see the on the * ree *

HEN a boy has spent a season at a good summer camp it leaves an impression on his mind that time will not eradicate. At the close of

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the season he has had the fun that he wanted to have, he has taken his part in the games and contests, he has climbed mountains and sailed on lakes and streams, he has cruised with the fellows and shared their pleasures and hardships, and he has returned home fill«d with the memories of gorgeous feasts, of midnight pranks, of cdventures on sea and on land, of encounters with friend and with foe, and of moments when the Success or failure of a battle depended solely on his strength, his skill and his valor. The influence left on a child’s character by a summer thus spent cannot but be important. In the first place the child is away from his parents, away from those to whom he is accustomed to go for sympathy and advice. He is placed on his own resources in a manner quite new and strange. A camp is not at all like a boarding school, where there are regular duties and a fixed routine for each activity of the day. The summer camp means fun, freedom, frolic and a chance to do nothing if one wishes. The boarding school means order, discipline, restraint and hard work at all times. Therefore, when a boy finds himself at a camp for the first time in his life he is often at a loss to know what to do, because ha is often left to his own choice. He has many new problems which must be thought out alone. He come to camp to have a barrel of fun, and he means to have it. His first impulse is to make friends with everybody, and especially with the counsellors. It is quite right that he should do this. And it is the especial duty of the counsellors to have a watchful eye out for the new boys, to see that they do not get homesick or tire of the camp because of inactivity. Ten weks of camp life cannot but have its effect on the character of lads who are just beginning to feel the first Impulses to do things that they have read about in books. There are no boys so bad that there is not some good ip. them, and there are no boys in camp so good that there is no bad In them, and some of it is pretty sure to crop out before summer is over! In many boys this badness has been lurking for years. It has not shown itself because of lack of opportunity. The boys’ camp is one of the places where the inherent badness In a lad has. an opportunity to unbottle itself without serious injury to the boy. But camp life is of such a nature that these unbottlings are not of frequent occurrence. Before a bad habit has been fixed on the boy he is brought to a halt and having been shown that he has been doing wrong he learns a valuable lesson. The average summer camp is not a Bunday school. It is not intended for such. On the other hand the directors of these camps are for the most part Christian gentlemen, having high Ideals. A proper respect for the Sabbath day is required not only for the

HAVE NO POWER OF FLIGHT “Flying Fishes,” So Called, Said to Be Only Capable of Maintaining Themselves In the Air. This much-debated question is discussed by Wilßam Allingham in the English Nautical Magazine. The orthodox scientific opinion is that the “wings” of the flying fish merely serve as a parachute to sustain the fish for a brief period in the air, after he has launched himself out of thG water by

A Tower of Gold. According to a law promulgated in Germany in 1871, the $30,000,000 whir ,• France paid in Indemnity to the P- ussians the previous year was gua ded In the “Tower of July” at Spandau, the famous fortress situated eight miles from Berlin. Besides this amount of money, definitely set aside, |s a quantity of gold in reserve for commercial panics. In order to safeguard such a massive store great precautions have been taken for the last 42 years. The

i z. z .?l \ v / 1 - ® " I - JI ' x .-. •*

good of the boys, but also out of respect for the felings of the people who live in the neighborhood. Where possible the children are invited to go to church, after which they take walks, go in bathing, read, tell stories, etc. Usually a song service of a more or less religious nature is held in the evening. Often one of the directdrs delivers an address in the main hall of the camp. Some of the influences that are brought forcibly to bear upon the youths are those which put a premium on honor, truth, patience, generosity,' forgiveness, usefulness, politeness, sturdiness, pluck and the like. A camper who is lacking in any of these qualities is soon made to feel the need of them, greatly to his benefit. It does a boy a world of good to mix with a lot of other boys of his own age, observing, as he usually will, their good traits and bad traits. The educational advantages of camp life are only less important than are the moral advantages. For the most part the school books are closed, but nature is wide open. Book knowledge is of great value, but practical knowledge is often of more value. In camp boys often get their first practical knowledge of money values. Here first they manage their own allowances and learn what it is to go broke till the next allowance is distributed. They aften compete with the native boys of the village in their efforts to earn small sums of money to tide them over or to enable them to buy coveted treasures. This is a very good experience for any boy. I have noticed that during the second year at camp a boy takes better care of his things than he does during the first year. This may be due to the fact that near the end of the first season his clothes, especially his trousers, were in bad condition, due to carelessness, and as no new ones were forthcoming, the lad became more or less self-conscious about his appearance, greatly to the delight of his companions. Sometimes a boy’s shoes go wrong, and the parent, knowing where the fault is, makes him get on the best he can till he reachee home. (' At camp children learn from Necessity to mend, sew on buttons, sharpen tools, and best of all they IgaruJiow > important it is, to keep tools sharp by i practice in turning the grindstone.

a powerful screw-like movement of his tail. According to this view, the fish has no power of directing his flight after he has left the water. However, Mr. Allingham, who is a nautical expert attached to the British meteorological office, and is in constant intercourse with seamen, reports many observations that tend to controvert this opinion. Certain observers claim that the wing'-fins are in constant rapid vibration, and seem actually to serve the purpose of flight. One vessel master watched a fish

| money is kept on two floors of the | fortress and is packed in 1,200 oaken I chests. Each chest contains $25,000 lin gold. T>e inviolability of these I chambers is secured in the following manner: They have triple doors with various locks whose keys are held by certain officials of the ministry of war, and these keys each open only one door, so that no one official is ever able to enter alone. The clamps of the chests are sealed and stamped in such away that it is not possible for them to be tampered

they do not know the difference between a pear and an apple tree. In most canids boys learn to make these distinctions. In camp boys and girl learn to wash dishes, to be economical with food and to like food that they would not previously eat at home. I have known camp life to change a boy’s appetite completely, so that on going home he was glad to eat such wholesome foods as boiled rice and Indian meal mush, which he would not touch before. Camping life will not make a child expert at any particular trade or occupation, but it serves to show him how much skill is required in doing much of work usually performed by the laboring classes. Whenever a boy tries to perform any manual labor his respect for it increases. ’ He has a try at rowing, swimming, sailing, fishing, running an engine, repairing a boat and sometimes in building small boats. He learns the use of tools common to country people, who are more independent of plumbers, carpenters, masons, etc., than city people are. Perhaps one of the most important lessons for a child to learn is respect for labor. When a boy has hoed a few hills of horn he instinctively remarks that he would hate to keep that up all day. If he follows the hay cart for an hour he realizes that “raking after” Is not all sport. When he takes a shovel and attempts to assist in digging a trench or drain he suddenly realizes why those laborers whom he has seen in the city at the same kind of work seemed to take their time about it After five minutes of that work he learns just where his backbone is located. There are many other educational advantages which are incidental to camp life, such as practice in singing, speech making, editorial work on the camp paper, literary entertainments, etc. The camp paper though, seldom more than a simple manuscript i® often a very ingenious production, in which the editor, together with the camp artist, succeeds in bringing home to thb lads some wonderful bits of news as well as some healthful truths. The social advantages of camp life are many and varied. The close relation in which boys live at camp Invariably results in the formation of permanent friendships.

that had attained an altitude of 20 feet above the water and was flying toward the mizzen rigging of his ship, when, apparently noticing the obstruction, it changed its course about 60 degrees, crossing the vessel’s stern to regain the water. Many other similar observations are mentioned. A series of cinematograph pictures might solve this question once for aIL r Minnesota’s new prison at Stillwater will cost $2,000,000. It is a “daylight” prison.

[ without danger of almost instant discovery. Moreover, the weight of each sack and chest is registered.— Harper's Weekly. Search That Never Ends. Ignorance may find a truth on Its doorstep that erudition vainly seeks in the stars. Never Even Tepid. “Have you hbt water in you* I house?” “Have I? My dear boy, I am never out ot it**

sHSHi to. Lesson « (By E. O. SELLERS. Director of Evening Department, The Moody Bible Institute, Chicago.)

LESSON FOR JULY 20 MOSES CALLED TO DELIVER ISRAEL. LESSON TEXT—Ex. 3:1-14. Read the entire chapter. GOLDEN TEXT—“Blessed are the pure in heart for they shall see God.” Matt. 5:8. Last week we learned that Moses had a vision of a great need; in today’s lesson there is revealed to Moses the other half of the lesson, viz., One who could meet that need; One who could supply all that was lacking when Moses made his first ill-advised attempt to free his kinsmen. Bush and Voice. I. The Manner of Moses’ Call. His call came in the midst of his labor as a shepherd. God does not set a premium upon idleness and his greatest revelation came through tw-o very common agencies, a bush and a voice. There w r ere probably many other such bushes on the back side of the desert, but this one is distinguished by thfe presence of Jehovah. Moses turned aside to see this “great sight.” Why was it not consumed? Because it was divinely lighted. Having secured his attention Jehovah spoke to Moses, called to him out of the midst of the bush. When men pause in the faithful discharge of the common tasks of life and consider God it will not be long before they will hear his still, small voice. God’s call is never to the idler and is generally through the common agencies and experiences of life. The time is ripe for deliverance. God had tested Moses for forty years. Now God is ready to reveal himself here upon Horeb, the mountain of God. Jehovah’s presence is symbolized by the fire (see chapter 18:21, 22 and 19:18). The lowly bush suggests the incarnation. In Jesus humanity was on fire with the presence of God, yet was not consumed. 11. The Purpose of Moses’ Call. This was two-fold: (a) Deliverance from sorrow, oppression and the task masters of Egypt (type of sin) vv. 9, 10, 17. (b) Deliverance to freedom, a better land, to service, worship and riches, vv. 8, 12, 21, 22. Moses made ! ready response to the voice of God, saying, “Here am I” (v. 4). He had not grown cold and cynical during his shepherd days, but rather was more keen and teachable. He had. however, another lesson to learn, viz., the majesty ans holiness of God. So it was he is halted and commanded to remove his shoes (v. 5). The Christian can draw nigh with bold ness (Heb. 10:19) but he must remember to do so with “reverence and awe,” Heb. 12:28. 29, R. V. As soon as Moses realized who it was that was speaking to him he hid his face. God begins with a three-fold comforting message: (1) “I have surely seen” (Ps. 12:5). Through all those bitter years when hope seemed dead he had seen their affliction; (2) “I have heartF (Ps. 63:9); (3) “I know.” The assurance of this was a God, Eternal, Past —“i am, and I have seen;” Present—“l Know,” Future —"I am come down to deliver.” In like manner God will deliver us not only “out of’ Egypt (sin) but also “into” a large place, 2 Cor. 6:17. Out of the bad into the good. It is one thing to be delivered out of the world (Egypt) but quite another to be entered into all the fullness of Christ (Eph. 3:1719). Six times in this chapter God says, “I will.” God’s Answer. 111. The Credentials That Accompanied Moses’ Call. As has been suggested, this call came by means ot two very common agencies, viz., a bush and a voice. While Moses no longer depends upon his own strength yet he lacks that assurance and those credentials that will justify, in his own sight, a return to the court of Pharaoh. “Who am I that I should go?” God’s answer is, “Certainly I will be with thee.” Moses need have no fear, nor need the Christian (Matt. 28:30). “If God be for us who can be against us?” Our commission which is from God is certain of ultimate success. There could be no possibility of failure for Moses is told that when deliverance is accomplished “ye shall serve God upon „ this mountain.” Yet Moses is not satisfied for he remembers his previous experience with his kinsman (2.13, 14), what shall he say to them? In answer God gives Moses a name by which he shall be known “1 am that I am,” and further he is to tell .them that he is the"<Jshovah, the God ot their fathers.” Gocl does not set before Moses a primrose path to follow. He plainly states that Pharaoh will object and that their deliverance will be wrought by a mighty hand, but that as the power of Pharaoh is broken the children of Israel shall go out carrying with' them the spoils of Egypt. One more difficulty suggests itself to Moses, viz., his lack of eloquence and an inability to propeily state the case at Pharaoh’s court. For this Moses is rebuked but is permitted to take Aaron, his brother, who is to be the spokesman. IV. Moses’ Response to the Call. We have seen that this call came “in” the midst of the common duties of daily toil; that it was “for” a definite, a specific purpose, deliverance from and deliverance to; this call came “by” God. A God, past, present, future. God a person, “I am,” God, a power, “I will.” but the call was “to” an agent. God works his purposes through man, “I will send thee.” This agent had assurance, proper credentials, and was promised power, sufficient aid. Moses as this agent was a man of (1) humility (v. 11); (2) lacking in knowledge (v. ,-13); (3) lacking in confidence (Ch. i<4).’ lacking eloquence (4210).

The Final Destiny of the Wicked By REV. WILLIAM EVANS. D. D. Diiector of Bible Course, Moody Bible Institute Chicago

TEXT—Rom. 2:8-9.

This is probably the hardest of all the doctrines of Christianity to be received. If we ask the reason why, • we receive various answers. Some would tell us that this doctrine is unweb come to many because they feel themselves guilty, and their conscience tells them that unless they

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repent and turn to -God this awful doom awaits them. Others believe that it is because the thought of future punishment strikes terror to people’s hearts; and therefore this doctrine is repulsive to them. To others, the thought of future anguish seems utterly incompatible with the fatherly love of God. Yet it is acknowledged to be a remarkable fact that both Jesus and John, who more than any one else in the New Testament represent the element of love in their lives and teaching, speak most of the future anguish of the wicked. 1. The wicked are said to “die in their sins.” John B:2l—“Then said Jesus again unto them, I go my way, and ye shall seek me, and shall die in your sins.” The “death” spoken of here does not mean cessation of existence any more than eternal life means the beginning of existence. Eternal life does not mean merely to live forever, but to live in a state of blessedness forever. ' Eternal life deals not so much with quantity as with, quality of existence. Even in this life death can co-exist with life: “But she that llveth in pleasure is dead while she liveth” (1 Tim. 5:6); Eph. 2:1. Wiiat men} call life God calls death. Rev. 21:8 describes what “death” means: “But the fearful, and the unbelieving . . . shall have their part in the lake which burneth with fire and brimstone: which is the second death." 2. The wicked are not annihilated. The texts most strongly urged as teaching the annihilation theory, if rightly interpreted, will be seen to refer to removal from off the earth, and not to future retribution. Here are the principal passages: Psa. 37:20 —“But the wicked shall perish, and the enemies of the Lord shall be as the fat of lambs: they shall consume; into smoke they shall consume away.” This psalm is written for the encouragement of Israel, and against her enemies and their power on the earth. This earthly power shall be utterly broken, and be of no more account than the smoke of a burnt sacrifice. The great truth taught here is that the earth is the inheritance of the saints, and that the wicked shall have no part in it In speaking of the “everlasting punishment” with which the wicked will be visited, as recorded in 2 Thess. 1:9, the annihilationist would say that ref* erence is made to the “results or consequences” of that punishment and not to the punishment itself. But the Scriptures state that it Is the “punishment” itself, and not the consequences, that is everlasting. What need is there of a resurrection if the wicked are to be annihilated at death, or why should they be raised from the dead if only to be at once extinguished forever? Again, there is no such thing as “unconscious” punishment. You cannot punish anything that is unconscious. Can you punish a stone or a house? Punishment can take place only where there is consciousness on the part of the one suffering. 3. The wicked are to be punished. This punishment is eternal. We read of “eternal” or “everlasting” punishment, “everlasting” fire. It is objected that the word “eternal” or “ever* lasting” does not mean “forever/* This may be true. But we are all willing to admit that wh*n this w£rd qualifies the condition of the righteoua it means forever, without end, e. the righteous shall go “into life eternal." The same word, however, qualfc fies the punishment of the wicked, a. g., “these shall go away into everlasb in’g punishment.” Fairness demand! that we make the joy of the righteous and the punishment of the wicked—both qualified as they are by the same wor( i— O s the same duration. If there is any end to the reward of the righteous, there 'is also to the penalty of the wicked. The one lasts as long as the other. If “destruction” means annihilation, then there is no need ot the word “eternal” to qualify it. Further the Scriptures present the punishment of the wicked not only as “eternal” (or age-long), but as enduring “for ever and ever,” or “unto the ages of the ages” (Re’v. 19:3; 20:10; 14:11, R. V.). Here is a picture of ages tumbling upon ages in eternal succession. 2. “Fire.” This is one of the most constant Images under which the torment and misery of the wicked is represented. Fire is a symbol of the divine judgment of wrath (Matt. 5:22). In Matthew 3:10 the godless are represented as a flee hewn down and cast into the fire; in 3:12 the chaff (godless) is burned with unquenchable fire; in 13:42 the wicked are said to be cast into a furnace of fire. Is the “fire” spoken of here literal fire? It is an accepted law of language that a figure of speech less Intense than the reality. If “fire” is merely a figurative expression, it must stand for some great reality, and if the Reality is more intense than th© figure, what an awful thing the punishment symbolised by fire must be.