The Syracuse Journal, Volume 1, Number 50, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 15 April 1909 — Page 6

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SHOWN BY THE DEVELOPMENT THREE STAGES IN EVOLUTION, AS • ' OF THE SKULL. . wl® <r Iwllm ■ '■■■■S- ■»■■ ....... -.,-.•-■■■■■■ ... j». __..— .... ...J Skull of Man of Skull Found Recently. Skull of Man-Like To-Day. , Ape. ;i tut CIENTISTS have been digging in the eaves and buried cities of ' the earth for years in an effort to discover the‘facts about the beginning of the human race. In France they recently made t 1 a discovery that comes nearer to proving that man has climbed by slow stages up from lower animal forms than any diseoveries previously made. They have found a skull, part of the ’ Tu skeleton and some of the implements of a primitive man estimated to have lived 400,900 years ago—a man of lower type than any that has been discovered before, nearer like human beings of to-day than like the highest species of apes of to-day. This discovery still leaves many “missing links” to be found before the chain of evidence proving man’s descent—or ascent—from the ape shall be complete, but it is the greatest step iu that direction taken in a generation. . , , Years ago an American poet named John Greenleaf Whittier wrote a poem beginning: “I am. How little more I know I Whence came I? Whither .do I go?” In that second line he asked the two questions that have chiefly con cerned the minds of thinking men since men became sufficiently developed to think at all. Not much progress has been made in answering in any i scientific way the second question—the “Whither do I go?”—though belief in a hereafter, a future life, at least for the souls or the spirits of meh, is almost universal and has been in all ages. ’ i| Toward answering the other question—the “Whence came I?"—greater progress has been made by science. The story of the erection, in Genesis, which pictured-the first man sis having been made by the lj>eity scraping together the dust of the earth and molding it into the image of Himself, and breathing into its nostrils the breath of life, once believed literally throughout Christendom, is now regarded, even by the majority of Christians and Bible students, as an allegory, . - v Search for the “Missing Link.” = —.Darwin, about fifty years ago, wrote the “Origin of Species,” tracing man’s ancestry back to the monkey or ape. At that time the chain of connection between the lowest known typ.es of man and,the highest known types Os apes was not complete. There was a “missing link,” for which science has been searching. Various discoveries made since Darwin's book was written have come

ABDUL HAMID DYING IN TURKISH PALACE. • "T ’ I ' ' ' / I <■ I ■* ' HHFk-"- 1 '’l >0 Ssif! 'VJBI 'r B ' XFi 1 WWW' ' Z 1W J .• WO 1 w V V - Wtiiwlr.- * b ■ E /Wi 1 ' ' I - i r Mw.jiw I ■ Mi * : ABDUL HAMID, SULTAN OF TURKEY. In Constantinople there is the gravest concern on all sides over the health of the Sultan,-Abdul Hamid. Reports are in circulation that he is on his deathbed: that he is being attended by several of. the foremost physicians of Europe.’ but that they, have no hope of prolonging his life beyond a few months at the utmost limit. The aged Sultan, who has lost part of ‘ his desjtotic power to the young Turks and part of his territorial authority to Austria, .is said to be afflicted with insomnia and neurasthenia. He is scarcely able to get a wink of sleep, night or da‘y. Surrounded by his most faithful advisers, with physicians byought from Paris and Berlin constantly t at his side, the feeble monarch is bedfast. The utmost secrecy, so far as official reports go, is maintained, about ibis, condition. In truth, the official f reports are directed toward leading the people to believe that the Sultan Is ”as vigorous as he was ten years ago. This was strikingly illustrated at his last public appearance. When he rode through the streets he seemed to be strong, but it is disclosed that he had been nerved for the ordeal through the administration of powerful stimulants; that he ventured out in violation of the ordefs of his doctors for the express purpose of deceiving the public as to his health, and that he collapsed on returning to the palace. Contrary to the general belief of the outside world, which has been told that the young Turkish party has plotted against his life, the young Turks wish Abdul Hamid to live many years. They fear a younger sovereign might throw off their influence and restore a reactionary regime. As long as he remains on the throne they feel assured that the constitution is safe.

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The cave man of La Chapelle-aux-aints, in France, reconstructed from the skull and skeleton, in accordance with the laws of anatomy, and drawn by Kupka for L’Hlustration of Paris. This map, longbodied and short-legged, could not stand erect, though his knee-pans, unlike those of monkeys, are in front. Judged by the shape of the skull and face bones, he must have looked in life much like the picture M. Kupka has made of him. Hp is shown lying in wait for prey. - ■ » >- . . —

nearer to filling the gap in the chain. The discovery of the skull and other remnants of a skeleton of a primitive man, just made at La Chapelle-aux- , Saints, in France, is the latest of these, and is regarded as the strongest evidenetj yet found in support of the theory of evolution —the idea that human beings are the result of a long and stow development upward from the lower forms of. life. The discovery at La Cliapelle-aux-Saints consisted of a prehistoric skull, which has been declared to be the most ancient in the world, that has been found nearly complete, although it was in pieces. The fragments were submitted to the eminent French archaeologist. M. Marcellin Boule, director of the Laboratory of Paleontology of the Paris Museum, who was able tjureeonstruct it with the utmost exactitude. It may be useful to mention here some of the previous results obtained in paleontology. The last very incomplete fossils unearthed during the last century have proved very Jittle. . Tito .first in date is the skull of Neanderthal, discovered in Germany in 1856, a few years before the issue of Darwin’s famous work on “The Origin

WAR AVERTED BY FLEET. French Deductions from Tour of American Battleships. Admiration of the American battleship fleet is- unstinted in the French press. Its arrival in European waters in the same week as the news of the death of Admiral Rozhjestveusky in St. Petersburg leads,to many contrasts between the two voyages which for part of the way, at least, covered much the same route. Rozhjestveusky with a heterogeneous collection of ships and the 'American adniiral with a holme geneous fleet. French writers insist on two points, the impossibility of France’s navy undertaking such a feat and the difference between the conditions at the start and at the end of the voyage. At the start, they insist, war with Japan was imminent; at the end peace is assured. and this, they maintain, is the direct result of the fleet’s trip. M. Berlin, who acted as Japanis adviser for naval construction from 1886 to 1890, aud afterward became the head of the French ministry of marine, says it is a veritable feat the Americans have accomplished. To understand this one must know that a modern warship is a highly delicate collection of docklike machinery which needs constant care. Commercial fleets are inade for long voyages, warships are not Admiral Cuverville says: “This tour of the world, accomplished for the first time by a powerful squadron, is a bold undertaking successfully carried out which commands all our admiration. That the fleet finishes its voyage intact proves undeniably that America has navy officers aud engineers and administration of the highest rank.” WIRE FENCE A DEATH TRAP. IFi I ■ Charles Senft, 73 years old, who had been strangely missing from his home at Hast Berlin, Pa., for several days, was found dead about one-half mile from his home. His body was found dangling from a wire fence. It is supposed that Mr. Senft, while trying to crawl through the fence, was caught by the wire and held a prisoner until the exposure killed him.

TEDDY IN AFRICA. —Chicago Journal. j ; ' __________

LOCOMOTIVES IN TUG OF WAR. Engine Held for Taxes Finally Pulled Away by Two Others. A tug of war between locomotives took place at Arkville, N. Y., when the Delaware and Eastern Railroad Company recovered possession of an engine that had been levied upon for taxes. The seized engine stood covered with official notices and fastened to the tracks with big log chains and padlocks. The superintendent, with two locomotives aud fifteen men, went to East Branch to get the engine. The deputysheriff' heard of their coming, and, gathering five men, swore them in and prepared for war. The railroad men tied what is known in railroad circles as a three-link chain to the drawhead of the stalled engine and began to pull. The officers, one of whom was a former railroad man, had fire up Snd so much steam that it was blowing off. As soon as the two engines began to pull, the one-time railroad man threw the reverse lever. For fifteen minutes the great machines tugged and strained, but the

of Species.” Os the skull there remained only the cranium, very much flattened, with the eyebrow arches almost as developed as those of anthropoid apes; the face was missing. According to Virchow, it was the skull of a sick man; others said it was that of an idiot. Thirty years later, in 1886, tow professors of Liege, Fraipont, and llohest, discovered at Spy, in Belgium, two skulls similar to the preceding, and accompanied by the fragments of a skeleton. These fragments suggested bipeds able to adopt a crouching attitude. Two points only were established: These skulls had been exhumed from the Monster ian ground; they were, therefore, contemporary with primitive man; while, on the other hand, their‘cerebral capacity brought them far nearer to man than to the apes. That capacity was about 1,300 cubic centimeters. Now. the mean human capacity is 1.500; it reaches 1,800 in certain exceptional, beings (for instance. Cuvier and Lord Byron), and is as little as I,4<X) among the lowest types of Australians. The maximum observed among the authropomorpljie apes is 600. The skull of La Chapelle-aux-Saints was found in a cave at a depth of sixty centimeters. From the geological section bf the ground where it was discovered, and from examination of the chip flints and the bones of animals, reindeer aud bison gathered near the human bones, it. follows that these latter belong to the same epoch as the skulls of Neanderthal and Spy. namely, the Mousterian epoch. At the same time that the skull was found at La Chapelle-aux-Saints, a Swiss archaeologist, M. Otto Hauser, discovered in the Valley of the Vezere a fossil-skeleton also belonging to tix- Mou-o riau epoch, and the skull of which is very similar to that of the Chap-lie auxSaints, but far less complete. Here is what, Dr. Ludwig Reichardt »f Bansays on tjie subject: “In the upper valley of the Vezere, in Dordogne, at the foot of a chalk cliff, is the village of Moustier, where since the middle of the l:>~r - • i.- y has been discovered an important deposit of cut' flints.. It is fp.rn t, ; . place that the expression ’Mousterian’ has been used by archaeol<<i- - to dicate an age of civilization. 5 “For several years M. Hauser has been, excavating in that region, p. November, 1907, he began exploring a deep cave, whore Jie <-ollo<-.-.j ;i t f !r large quantities of cut flints. ’On March 7, 1908. Ono of his workiiio i; . earthed a few fragments of bones. M'. Hauser directed their removal with extreme care, and then, in the presence of numerous authorize d witness-, he had some authentic reports written of Uis discovery. The skeleton wanearly complete, but in such a state that a great part of it fell into du.-t when they tried to disengage it. They were able, however, to pick up several fragments, notably those of the skull, which was restored by Prof. Klaatsch of Breslau. - • Marks of Primitive Man. “On Nov. 21 last, as a great favor, I-was able, in company with an archaeologist of St. Gall, to examine the■ precious remains, which had been brought to Bale expressly for our benefit. The forehead is receding; the jawbone, very prominent, seems to be bf an extraordinary strength; the eyes, nearly twice as large as ours, are protected by bony folds such as one sees to-day, less accentuated, in Australian negroes. As the examination of the skeleton has proved, we are in the presence of a young man 18 years of age, measuring about 148 centimeters in height The limbs are short; compared to the length of the trunk; their proportion is comparatively th-rt which we observe in children. The incurvation'of the legs proves that tliis young man must have walked with bent knees like the old men of our own day. With bodies probably covered with hair, he and his feliows prowled in small hungry groups, in countries rich in game, but poor in vegetable food. A leather belt with which he tightened his stomach during the frequent days of famine was doubtless his only garment. His weaixms were rudimentary, a mere cudgel, perhaps, also a spear with the point hardened by tire. . which this primitive being knew how to procure IV rubbing together two pieces of wood, and tools of flint, which he was already making. “Last of all, at the same time'.as the faculty of articulated language, religious feeling commenced to awaken in him. In that last order of ideas the discovery of Moustier has allowed us to gauge in quite an irrespective fashion the mentality of these primitive Europeans. It demonstrates that religious practices and the cult of the dead already ‘existed even at that period, separated as it .is from ours by several hundred thousands of years. This JSlousterian skeleton certainly represents the most ancient human remains found in a really virgin ground. It is impossible to' ascribe to it even an approximate date. However, from recent observations on the mean denudation of Switzerland and of the south of the Black Forest, it seems permissible to reckon his age at a minimum of 400.000 years.” . - And still the scientists must keep on digging, in their effort to answer conclusively the question, “Whence Came I?”

lone engine, chained, held its ground. Suddenly the three-link coupling broke, but the railroad men tied up again. For five minutes more the locomotives puffed and snorted. Then superior force prevailed and the stalled engine was a . ——— — — —' ■■ - WOLVES TEAR LITTLE CHILD. A weird tale of the North has been brought to Saskatoon, Manitoba, by Fred Allingham and James and Mack

. J. Curtin, who spent the winter around , Moose Lake. A trapper had obtained . several young timber wolves which he 5' trained for drivhig. On one occasion • he had been away on a long journey » afid was finishing a hard day in which had not received any food, as is the custom of treating dog teams while traveling. As the driver of the team approached the shanty that was their home, his 3-year-pld daughter ran out to meet them, and the famished animals jumped upon her. In a flash she was dead before the father could lift a baud. Seizing a sharp ax the trapper went at the wild creatures and never stopped until he had killed them ■ ah. • Retort Courteous. Poor Chap (waiting in drawing room) —I say. Marie, did you give Miss Gotrox my card? The Maid —Yes, sir. Poor Chap—What did she say? , The Maid —She told me to tell you, sir, that she was sorry she was not 1 in. Poor Oh*p—Oh, very well. Please : tell her I said I was glad I didn’t call.

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