The Syracuse Journal, Volume 1, Number 37, Syracuse, Kosciusko County, 14 January 1908 — Page 3

’EARLIER EARTHQUAKE t> WHICH KILLED 30,000 Strange Effects of Shocks Related After a Close Observation of All the Phenomena. MEN HURLED OUT OF CHASMS. Lakes Formed. Sea Deepened, Kocks Are Split and Rivers of ’ Mud Set Flowing. i — ' . « A previous earthquake that cost nearly s<>.<nm) lives in Italy is described by William 11. Hobbs, in; his book on “Earthquakes.’.’ lie writes: * ■ The great earthquake which shook; Calabria and. northeastern Sicily in r- the year 1783; stands out in striking contrast with disturbances of other periods, for the reason that it was carefully studied by a number of men of more 11$an average ability and trustworthiness. Not content with the studies of tiise the Royal Academy of Naples sent a delegation with a staff of artists and prepared a bulky report of the greatest scientific value. No earthquake, ancient -or modern, has becm more carefully studied. Calabria is a country which has many times been racked by eartji- ■■ qual< and in no other |iiunt ry S save Japan have the records been so long qr so well preserved. The; areas shaken have- not. been extraordinary for extent; but as regards both the geological changes and the ’Tosses of life by which they have been :je<ompanieil they •among tlie greatest in history. • ; The shocks of 1"S 3 which cost 30,0(|>0 lives, canie wiihout warping on Feb. 15. . 1783, and *ll uhe space of two minutes threw down the structures in numbqr- » less cities ’.and villages scattered through t’alabrif and. northeasternSicily. • The great central granite of Calabria, which was but slightly disturbed by the first shock. was more heavily shaken by those which followed. . * s Turns a Well Inside put. 'During the earthquake the surface of the country heaved in great undulations. which were productive of nausea and which have the. effect qf the' clouds having suddenly •become motionless. an effect which is even observed from thd deck of a t< ssing ship. Large ! trees sw.lyed by the rocking were . so bent that their tops touched the earth. * / ' .1The fissures which'appeared in the ' ground at the time of the earthquake were numbered bj‘ thousands and were found in many parts of the disturbed region. At many of these fissures displacements had occurred which, in some .cases, amounted to as much as i ten feet. _.' ■ ;-N' .' ■'■ | : Sea Deepened at MessinNl Along the great fault -line which followed the., straight southeastern coast Os Sicily, mbvetnenfe- was especially Noticeable at Messina, where the shpre was rent and tilted seaward so tlifit tlie quay sank fourteen inches, and the sea (bottom was not only depressed ;in plates but rendered irregular. Men Thrown (hit Alive. Many fissures were observed to open and close alternately.' and- instance's were not-lacking where men and cattle were first ingulfed in. thee fissures and later ,thrown! out alive by -succeeding shockk. accompanied by a Itfrge, volume of water and sand. •..The closing of the fissures is said to have taken place violently, so that the 1 walls were pres'ser) hard against each other.. Certain houses, which had been engulfed' in _ the fissures, were afterward exhuDjed ajid found to have had their sides jammed together into a compact mass extei.ded along the plane of the fissure.' Seme of tile' Calabrian plains were found after the earthquake to be doti NT with circular hollows, which, upon the average, had the size of carriage wheels, and which when filled with water to within a fppt or two of the surface, appeared like wells. In addition to the well-like pools of water which occupied the circular hollows described. there were other water basin's more deserving the names of- ponds or lakes. One of these, in the wicinitjy of Semiuara, to which the name of Lago < Tclfilo was given, was about a third of a mile in length and was so copiously fed by the spring? ranged on a fissure in the bottom that ail attempts to drain it proved futile. Vivenzio states that fifty lakes arose at the time of the earthquake * and' the government surveyor’s, who included smaller ponds, counted, no less than 215. The first effect of the more violent shocks was generally to dry up the rivers, immediately succeeding which they were filled so as to overflow their banks.. Torrent,, of Mud let Loose. As earthquakes arqfrequent throughout the province it is seldom that some Bears due to this process are not to be observed in all the'deeper gorges. During the great earthquake .bf 1783 the great volume of water which welled up front below along the lines of these so modified the usual process that the soil has been described as “dissolved” into, great torrents of mud, <whlch inundated all the low grounds After manner of mud lavas in connection with volcanoes. One such mud stream, formed at the time of the great earthquake, presented a front of 225 feet, with a depth of 15 feet

TYPICAL SCENES AMONG RUINS LEFT BY FORMER EARTHQUAKES IN ITALY. 5> - I ■F3 — ' —— -*7. I fob/ * fm. ' v>! ithr - v-.v 7^'/' ; IrBIEl. ; , IN AFTe£ TH© TAJITHQUAW ET4 G "BODIE-J- -"—■..." ' . .. —4 ! - «- -Om 5 v ' bOhl' ■; WwOA •’ I'-i • ‘ ' »faster IflSfeßw • -it ' I * ■ WfflG -i’-ieWK -:W •■*<•■* CLKVJbChC ■W’RJE-CJCEZD I A GULL. ALW z JbT' I AND TAKING OUT THE, TODY OF . ' . - / • . I A. DEAD CH IXZD

EARTHQUAKE CENTER. Calabria and Sicily Often Before Visited by Disasters. Calabria and Sicily, which were so “disastrously, yisited by the recent seismic disturbances. form the center of the earthquake' district of southern Italy.* The last seridus earthquake, in Calabria occurred in. September. 1905. whgn 3,000 persons lost: their lives and over- thirty towns were, destroyed. Two. thousand two hundred* alone were reported' as being buried .at Martirauo. Calabria-is in southern Italy, forming the southern part of the former King l Join of Naples. It is divided into three provinces—Cdsenza, Calabria and Catanzaro, ‘ ' . . ■ ' ' y The full force of the recent earthquake seems to have centered on Sicily. The two principal cities affected there are Messina apd Catanix The former is alpiost at thef extreme northeast point of the island. and is separated from Calabria by the Straits of Messina. It is. in Close proximity to Mpnnt Etna. Messina, next to Palermo the chief commercial town of Sicily, with upward of PO.OOQ inhabitants, is situated on the*Strait of Messina and is overshadowed by a range Os rugged irocky peaks. It has. experienced many vicissitudes. It was an- important place in* the time of the Romans, arid bore a part in the naval wars of Caesar and POmpey. fin A, D. 843 Messina was taken by the Saracens, who in turn were dispossessed by the Normans in 1062. Messiim has been the scene of many, battles and ha's been so often, devastated , that there are no important relics'ofj antiquity. ’During the eighteenth ceiitury Messing was overtaken by two overwhelming calamities—a fearful plague in J7lO. from which ' 40,000 per Sons . died, and' ahearthquake in 1783 which destroyed almost the entire town. Catania is due south from Messina and is situated at the foot of Etna. The city is of noble appearance from the sea. with regular, and spacious streets paved with lava, of which material the numerous public buildings sre constructed.; It has a population of over 100,000. .A natural mole of lava, incloses the'harbor, and an expensive artificial breakwater protects the city* In Italy, as in Japan, earth tremors are almost incessant, but most of them are so slight as to be revealed only by the seismographic records. While the’ whole country, from the Lombardy plain to the toe of the peninsula, has had more than its share of earthquake disasters, the north has been Visited less frequently than the south.

WHY AND WHEREFORE OF EARTHQUAKE SHOCKS. By Prof. William Hallock, of Columbia University.

What the great earthquakes of recent years mean from the point of view of the scientist is discussed in an interesting' way by Prof. William Hallock, dean of the faculty of pure science in Columbia University, in the New York Times. He is quoted in part as follows: < “While the disaster in the south of Italy, from a human standpoint, Js 'Sappalling, probably the most-awful catastrophe in man's history of man. it cannot be regarded as so important Au indication of the earth's scientific vagaries as the quake in 8;lit Francisco. The disturbance on the Pacific coast extended for an area of .over, 2(10 miles, while the actual place of dis-turbaiii-e in Italy was very much smaller. Os course, to the. minds of the superstitious and the scientifically disinterested, there is in an earthquake au extraordinary element of unknown horror, of an impending disaster that lies under , our feet, over which we have no control, no forecast, and no means of protection. It comes suddenly and in a few seconds, perhaps, destroys hundreds of thousands Os human beings . “The actual mystery of the^eart hquake is only partly explained in scientific: research, that by deductive theories only managed to pacify our awe jof she unknown. There are things we know, about the interior of the earth. ' and! many things we don't know but would like to. “We are ourselves merely the crust of the earth, which scientists have variously estimated to be from .ten miles to fifty miles below us. From the inner edge of this crust to the "center there are, presumably, gaseous matter substances of excessive heat. The temperature of the center of the earth, which has been.sensationally declared to be ‘inconceivable’ by Flammarion and others, is proNably not so at all. Calculating a conception of these inner temperatures of the eartp by the increasing heat that miners find as they descend deeper and deeper into it, it may be assumrM that the probable temperature of the 'earth is

• 1 W * ** MTU S/tv* V / ’< GO '"'"'J r X ZtS '* A. e I A iff ' e!/ wjF • ■ Krv.’ » 4pF'vxsxJ<Ni>a I o oc za» } A. ' w' > r ° *• 5 >SLs ♦ y f * L J * (a c _ZQ— T — 1 3ov :• M \ Jl* 111 ° C • u_U—- ,'** J A , - L ‘ A **J <r \ J j « __ «,a at » . | sZ k o eo > - t j o o - x >4> e l°- wk'- k4> 1. Sicily—Tear, 1137, 15,000 killed; year, 1693, 100,000 kiUed; year, 1783, Messina and other towns of Sicily and Italy overthrown, thousands killed !2. Syria—Year, 1158, 20,000 killed; Antioch, year, 526, 250,000 killed. 3. Naples—Year, 1456, 40,000 killed; year, 1626, 70,000 killed. 4 Yeddo—Year, 1701, 200,000 killed; Japan, year, 1896, 35,000 killed. 5. Lisbon—Year, 1531, 300,000 killed; year, 1733. 50,000 killed. 6. Algiersr—Year 1716, j.0j)00 killed. 7. Pekin—YAar, 1731, 100,000 killed. 8. Grand Cairo—Year, 1754, 40,000 killed. 9. Kaschau. Persia—Year, 1/66, 40,000 killed; Persia, year, 1893, 12,000 kihecl- 1° -Central America— Year, 1797, 40,000 killed. 11. Venezuela—Year, 1812, 20,000 killed. 12. Peru and Ecuador—Year, 1867, 25,000 killed. 13. St. Pierre, Martinique—Year, 190,2, 20,000 killed. 14. Northern India—Year, 1905, 19,000 killed. ) .■‘T 'H. ■ ' ' /

GREAT EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS AND THE® RECORDS IN LOSS OF LIFE.

H The Secret Service and 1 the Problems It Handles. 1

There is no branch of the government's work which is so little understood by the average man as is the Secret Service, or that is so hedged about with romanc^'and glamour and unreality. And somethingXof what is going on among Uncle Sarnes detectives, whose alleged espionage of Congressujen enraged the lawmakers, may be of interest. At Washington there are a couple of rooms in the Treasury building with •‘Secret Service Division’’ emblazoned over the door'set aside for the service. In one of ■ these sits Chief John E. IViikie and his assistant, W. 11. Mbran. The other is ocyu-' pied by a dozen clerks. The doors are always "open, and any (•usual stranger, may wander at leisure through them and endeavor to draw upon bis ’imagination to the extent of seeing th mighty wheels go round, in thirtyseven <pther cities id the country there are branch mtlices located in the various post office buildings, afid in each of these is an official in charge. The words “Secret Service” appear o/er the doors, yet they are deiiiocratic and open to the public ps is the Washington office. The number of hien in

the service is known<only to the men who are directly in charge of it. There are probably four or five to each office,Xu perhaps a.force of not more than 2<X) men altogether. No one knows who these men are except the directora of their actions. If a man tells yon he is a Secret Service sleuth ybu could have no better evidence of the fact that he is not. The men in the service ?ay nothing about! it,-while the liitui, outside of it will often s'A’ly dtbp a ‘hint that will impress his fellow's and enable him to scrroimd him <-J with an air of mystery and an importance which is popularly attributed to •the post s • • Au interesting member of the Secret .Service' force is the "plihdow. Shadows are like [’loots; they afe lK>ru, not made. I ie shadow must have just the qualifications that make him. the least conspi« iions man on tlic street. He must be a man who is absolutely regular and uninteresting, and who' would Never, catch’your eye if you met him'on the street: forty times a day. The man he is .shadowing is likely to see him many times. He must'have the ability of always being apparently about his own business find oblivious of his victim* Yet must bea.man of. prompt judgment, quii-R in tjetion, able to extricate himself from all sorts of» difficuTties and still not Jietray bimseif. • All sorts of work is necessary, and the motto of the Seeiset Service man is to push it to the earliest possible completion. There lias been much illegal fencing, of'goVet nrnent land in Neliraska. for iiisi.t’i'-o. in mder to'determine who were the offenders.it was necessary to resurtey great tracts of country. Technical men were pressed into service and the= detectives took charge of them aiql actually did\the work of running these lines. Jhey go underground and work as miners or into financial institutions as clerks, All variety of man is needed, and whatever emergency is met with there is just the man for the work.. ' ‘ f The Secret Service never forgets and never stops work on a case that it lijjs once taken up.- It is said always to. get its man sdoner or later.. The offense is ever revived and kept alive, as qn indictment’ against a man pi.iy 'be, and sooner of later, he will return and be caught. There arse no counierfeiters of any importance that have escaped detection for long. An o casional man nfiay'make a few bills and pqjss them and lose -his nerve and retire. He nyiy never be found out. but if lie keeps it" up for an|fe length of time he will be caught. • An estimate!, has buen obtained from banking institutions from all oyer the country, and upon tnem is based an approximation of the amount of bad money in circulation. F&r paper money it'is estimated that there-is but one counterfeit for every SI(*UK»O in currency. In coin it is figured that tbore are prpbably $3 of bad m\mey to every SIOO,OOO. This is regarded as near an approach to an absened of counterfeit moAey as caii.be reached.

about equal to that of an arc light or an electric furhace, which is about 5,000 to 6,000 degrees Fahrenheit. t ' “The idea that liquid gaseous material in the center of the'earth resembles a vast .volume of air, in a toy balloon, for instance, is not scientifically accepted. The entire, earth is pressure rigid. It is subject td differences of Toad caused by the shifting of that load. It is the incessant readjustment of balances in the integral rigidity of the. earth sphere that causes earthquakes. "Imagine the tons upon tens that are carried*from the mountains td the sNa by the rivers ! The Mississippi river alone probably' bears continuously millions of tons from the .mountains to the ocean. Necessarily a pressure taken from one place and increased in another too suddenly’ causes a cavein, or releases a pressure from below, which makes the upheavals we call •earthquakes. “It is an accepted theory in the scientific examination of the earth’s substance that it. is as nearly pressure solid as it can be, but not wholly so, a conclusion that leads us to believe that the adjustment of pressures is becoming steadier as the years progress. Tlie displacements shown by th« cracks in the San Francisco earthquake were only a few feet. Geological observation of prehistoric earthquakes shows that the earth made 'fissures and slides 0f.20,000 feet. Take the evidence in geological survey of Mount •Shasta, in California, and she probable jSoutl; American catastrophes of pre historic time. But there is no actual scientific assurance of the breadth and immensity of these gigantic upheavals. We are still;in a state of theoretical conclusion about earthquakes. Actually qur khwledge is comparatively liin- ■' i-ted; there is nd possible forecast oP earthquakes. The seismograph merely registers a disturbance when it is occurring. (

Sk *' -- o®ftfti D’syi CHIEF JOHN E. WItKIE.

SOMETHING FOR EVER YBODY . Love-making on postal cards is in violation of the postal re"gul’ations of Russia. , New York City has. more" automobiles run at the pubfi,c expense than any other two cities in the .world. , M. Paris, a. young scientist of the Pasteur Institute.' claims to have discovered the secret Nfiw to make sap phires. , J. Pierpont Morgan belongs to thirty-1 five clubs, and his inemliership dues fig- \ ttre over S7,(MX) annually. August Bel- I mont is a member of thirty-four and; ' Chauncey M. Depew belongs to thirtytwo, ' • A has been organiied'Mt/'’ Georgia with a -capital ?3.000.(XHT for the purpose of dcy- r Suwannee Falls to furnish < I lor tfie operation of electric raiji roads to b< constructed In Southern Georgia and ( Florida. The icjeal meal consists of bread, but ! ter and cheese, according: to Dr. Jl E ,1 Squire.- who delivered ale -ture to the British National Healfii 'Society. “These foods." -he said, ‘•contain nil the ele nu-nts necessary for the .proper work- :■» ing of the bqdy, ami .thus ,foriu> a .coin »:• plete meal." - ! 1 I \\hile there is an abundance of suit cable timber in -Brazil, 'it is diilicult tci find many .districts where the trees! Suitable for lumber' are close enough together for prpdtable fwork. Trans- . i portatii'd '<-aus'-< mu ii dilli'-iilty. otter making it impossible to transport logs,' l to a mill or lumber to a' market. i Lincoln’s ani-estryjias been,trated tr'i | Samuel Lincoln, who I’-.- d at Norwiclul England. Bmigratjmr to America, luj; - tied .it Ili-mh m. V in/IG3.‘\ Some of Ids who ; - wen ! Quakers, settled- in Rocklngliam.l ty*,. Ya. The president’s graiidfatluv, . removed to,Kentucky. Thomas Liheoli): ' the president's father, was- a carpenj."■ ter. ' 'jo A Zurich' published th P following advertisement in ■ English'* ' “Residing board house among a charn Ing set of mountains,. Very beseen , Ing for'families'o^ - singular individual:.Shadowed glades and amiable place I for resting for 'guests of the cure. AII facilities sos mojiiitainbus expedition# Excellent kitchen, with lager beer, ruin nlng from the tap.” - < : .The Rev. Dr. John ll.' DeForest, a- - Congregational missionary, ; t Senday, Japan, has been decorated l|y the Imperial goveriinient with the, .O f- : der,of tin- Rising Sun, tlie distlnctb p having been conferred in recognition I ■ ills services IN jflspelling, Niiti-Japane se i misconceptions among Anterieans. Ir , DeForest hits been doing mission, \yo I; in Japan for thirty-five years, . i i.. Venison was selling not long ago .n Vermont for 8 cents cheaper- than go id. ; beefy’for the slaughter of deer was unprecedented this yieai*. The usual b;g ' for the sjate is about seven hundi ‘Ts, an A fifty,' but careful estimates, in lie. cate) that upward of two thousand di ei havp been killed. As the meat cam of be taken, out of the state except bj ifhunter from out of the state who l as paid a $5 license fee. most of it - e malned ft> afford cheap living while ii ■ lasted. ■ - 5 . . Y • L . Paris is at present' interested in he maharajah of Kapurthahi, who is, there with his wife,, whom he first f tei in Madrid as a dancing girl. Ai Ita Delgado was graceful and beauti ul. and the maharajah Jost no time in v inning her regard. He took her to D ris to be trained for the position' she rqs - to occupy anj.l she developed int a handsome woman of dignity and.p.esenCe, Later he carried her to his h me In India and last winter married aei with Orilental .cereinony.’ LIn a letter to tlie Boston Transc apt favoring humane education in the ; üblic schools, a correspondent says: 'Tn'" z one public school in London,, Engl nd. wheTe, in . the course of twenty .ye irs... 7,000 children were given a thorc igb humane education (during this pei lod, which would piake many of these oys men of twenty-five and thirty-five), nol one of them was ever arrested. ,f( r a criminal offense, deraonstratihg the value £>f humane education to pre ent crime, a?'well, as! cruelty.” Mme? Johanna Gadgki has bro ght to this country a fad that has be< >me quite the rage in Germany, whei j it was Introduced by no les? a perso age than the crown princess hersplf. tis a new form of visiting card, contal iing not only an elaborately engraved border, but a silhouette of the pers* a" II *, represents.; , The custom calls for design appropriate to the holder's str .ion. Thus, in Mme. Gadski's qase th& p, ima donna’s head is framed in a bord r ot> laurel, while a lyre forms the ba e of the design. The card is not only unique, but exceedingly -pretty an I effective. . The Rev. James E. Cassiday o ' St. Mary’s CatliQlic church. Fall l iver,. Mass., who was ope of “the leade s‘of the successful no license figjit in that city, has served notice that in his parish at least the new prohibitory law is not going to be a dead letter f he has anything to say in ‘ the m tter. “Already the newspapers are disci islng ways and means for practically ,iulli- • fying the verdict,” he recently tol l his congregation. ‘T serve this notice that so far as St Mary’s parish |s concerned, liquors will not be sold contrary to. law. Neither myself. n< • my priests will enter a house wit the blessed sacrament where liquor i sold In any tenement. This is a fair rarnIng."