Terre Haute Weekly Gazette, Terre Haute, Vigo County, 18 November 1880 — Page 2

OLD-TIME POLITICS.

The Election of Jeff«rson in 1801 by Congress—Hamilton's Agency

III

Defeating BUT.

The War With the Barlary Powers and the Cause that Produced It

To the Kriitor of theCiueinnali Kuqulror: When it became known that in th Electoral vote of 1880, Thomas Jefferson and Aar Burr had each rcccircd a majority over John Adorns and Charles Coteaworth Pinckney, the Federal candidates, and that Jefferson and Burr each hftTing tin wimo numlic of rotes, the •lection would devolve upon the House of Representatives to determine which shonld be President nnd which Vice-

Prcoideiii, iir.d that the Federal party in Congrcfes would endeavor to thwart the will of the people lv the election of Burr, the feeling throughout the length und broadtii of the land vraa intense. Under the (torn,tstiuion, until amended after this election, the Elector* voted for two men for IV-rkk'nt, tiie, person receiving the highe number of votes, if a majority of the whole number cast, to bo President, tho second highest to bo Vice President. It was usual for some one delegate to vote for some 'man not a candidate, and for his choice for President, so as to bring the vr,ts of bis choice one vote ahead of the man in'endcd to be Vice President—as was lb: ease in Rhode Inland, which gave John Adams four votes and Pinckney but three, ."o that if Adams bad been clected lie would have been President and Pinekney Vice President. The vote, as counted, stood: Tlio1.Jefferson 05 voie Aaron Burr, 73 votes John Adams, 05 votes Charles C. Pinckney 04 voles and John Jay one vote,

Upon the counting of this vote in joint convention of the two 1 louses, the President of the Senate declared that ThomaH Jefferson, of Virginia, and Aaron Burr, of New York, having the greatest number arid a majority of the votes of all the Electors appointed, and being equal, it remained for the House of Bepresenttives to determine the choice.

Anxious to defeat Mr. Jefferson, the Federal members of Congress determined to give their support, at the election by the House of Representatives in Congress, to Aaron Burr, claiming that as Burr got just as many votes for President as Jefferson did. it gavo them the right of choosing between them. While it was true the number of votes were equal, yet, up to the time of the Electoral College voting, Mr. Burr was not, nor was he looked upon, as a candidate for President, but was a candidate for the second office The House of Representatives proceeded to elect, on the 11th of February, 801— each ate large and small, being entitled to one vote—and the tirst ballot showed eight states for Jefferson, six states for Aaron Burr, with two states divided- It required the vote of nine states to elect, that number being a majority of the sixteen statia that then composed the Union. There being no choice, the ballot ajjain commenced, and stood the same—eight for' Jcflerwon, six for Burr and two states divided—'up to and including the nineteenth ballot. The balloting at. noon next day was resumed, until with the same result, it readied tho twenty-eighth ballot. The next day, February I?ith, but one bal-lot,makingtwenty-nine in all was had. The next day the number of bollotings readied thirty three, all with the same result. This hi.-t ballot was on Saturday. On Monday but one ballot was taken. On (he next day, Tuesday, February 16th another ballot was had, and at one o'clock ol that day tho thirty-sixth was ordered, and resulted: Thomas Jefferson ten •tato?, Aaron four states, and the vote of tho. two states blank. This ballot •lected Thomas Jefferson Presi. dent of the United States, and made Aaron Burr Vice-President.

Pending this con tost various efforts were made to draw pledges troni Jefferson b} the Federal leaders. Governor Morris told Mr. Jefferson tiiatthe reasons why fears of his election were entertained we're that he would turn all the Federalists out of oflicc, put down the navy and •wipe out the (i.e., repudiate) the public debt That if Mr. Jefferson would declare, or authorize his friends to say, that he would not, then instantly the event of t"he election would be decided. To this tne reply was that lie (Jvfferson) would leave the world to judge of his future actions by his past life: that he felt it to lie his "duty at such a lime as this to be perfectly passive and silent until the contest ended lie certainly would make no terms, and never would go into the Presidential chair by capitulation, nor with hand tied by any conditions which would hinder him from pursuing the mease res which ho deemed for the public good.

The friends of Mr. Jefferson were certainly indebted to Alexander Hamilton, the great Federal leader, for shortening 4he contest. Personally, lie was not friendly with Jefferson, and was, at that time, oh good terms with Burr. He said «fthe two candidates: "If there is a .•man in the world I ought to hate, it is

Jefferson—with Burr I have always been pcsonally well, but the public good muss be paramount to every private consideration." In other letters to Federal UIIHTS, he implored them to save the country from the calamity of Burr's election, and by his rea*ouhij and his personal popularity as the ablest Federalist of his day he was enabled to change votes enough to elect Jefferson. Tincourse pursued by Mr. Hamilton in thi.contestso embittered Burr against him as to be, really the canso of that ful-ai quarrel which led to the duel between Burr »nd Hamilton, in which the latter -was killed.

In selecting his "Cabinet," as heads of Departments are called, James Madison the successor of Mr. Jefferson as President, was made {Secretary of State Albert Gallatin, Of Pennsylvania, Secretary -of the Treasury Heiiry Dearborn, of

Massachusetts, Secretary*of War Robert Smith, of Maryland, "Secretary of the Navy GideonJUranger, of Connecticut, Postmaster-General. At the time of Albert Gallatin's appointment as Secretary -of the Treasury he was absent in Europe as a Foreign Minister, and, as tho matters intrusted to him were such that he could not return, George W. Campbell, of Tennessee, was appointed in his place. It -was ah able Cabinet, and. following the lead of Mr. Adams, whose appointments •were all Federal, Mr. Jefferson selected his from members of his own political -party-

1 •„.

jJfitfltSii

Iu his first "address" to Congrcst Mr. Jefferson made a departure which has been followed by all bis successors. General Washington and Mr. Adauw" both, when Congress convened, went to the Capitol, and there, in the presence of the two branches of Congress, drew up a reply, which was delivered to the President at the Executive Mansion, the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives attending. Mr. Jefferson sent his Massage to the two Houses in writing, and the form of Congres* agreeing upon and delivering a reply was dono away with then and ever since.

The main feature of Jefferson's Adminjuration arc too we 1 known to the people to need recital here. But there is one act in itself, almost of supreme importance, that seem to be scarcely known, even to men who claim to be of the highest order of American historians and politicians It embraces a period when the United States, and indeed all the Nations know as Christians, were insulted with impunity by the Mohammedan Power of the Old World.

Tho Barbarv Powers, so en 1 led, embracing Tripoli, Tunis, Morocco and Algiers, fitted out vessels to cruise against the Christian Nations, seize and plunder their vessels, and make slaves of the captives. This was done without any declaration of war except a general one ot war against all Christians. Several of the European Popers paid tribute to the Barbary Powers, just as in the days of Rob Roy the Lowland farmers of Scotland paid "blacU-mail" to the catllethieves ot the Highlands to save their cattle from the marauders. Many thousand Christians thus taken prisoners languished in slavery until a high ransom was paid for their freedom. The ex cuse given for thus enslaving Christians by the Tripolitan Embassador, in a conference with Mr. Adams, the American Minister to London, and Mr. Jefferson, while Miuiister to France, the latter lie ing called to London in 1785, was "written in the Koran that all Nations which had not acknowledged the Prophet were sinners whom it was the right and the duty to plunder and enslave that every Mussulman who was slain in this warfare was sure to go to Paradise." As to the. ownership of the slaves taken, he said that the Mohammedan sailor who was the first to board a Christian vessel had one slave over and above his share, and that when the sprang to tho deck ot an infidel's ship cveiy sailor had a dag ger in each baud und another in his mouth, which usually struck such terror to the foe that they cried out for "quarter" at once. Iu these expeditions they were nearly always successful. The Tripolitan Minister proposed to sign a treaty wah the United States, to last oneyear, with the privilege of renewal, for 12,500 guineas to the government of Tripoli, and 2,250 guineas to the Embassador. For a permanent peace he was willing to take 30,000 guineas to the government and i.5,000 to the Embassador, cash down on the treaty being signed On the same terms, he said, a peace could be had with Tunis but with regard to Algiers and Morocco lie could make no promise. Peace with these four piratical powers would cost tl.c United States $000,000.

The United States, at tint time just out of the war of the Revolution, was pressed for money to carry on the legitimate expenses of the government. Congress, under the old "Articles of Confederation," before a President was elected, had -instructed eir Minister to oiler, for a treaty of peace, $20,000 to the Ernpero ot Morocco, and the same sum to the iev of Algiers. The offer was rejected and when the Ministers, on their own responsibility, offered to double the amount if those governments would return their captives without ransom, the offer was scouted with contempt. In the mean time the captives languished in the prisons of the Barbary Powers.

Mr Jefferson, while Minister to France in 1793, drew up a plau, and to be signed bv the Diplomatic Representatives in France, between the United States, Portugal, Naples, the Two Sicilies, Venice, Malta, Denmark and Sweden, for keeping a joint licet of six frigates and six smaller vessels, one-half of which should always be cruising against the corsairs, vraging active war, until the four Barbary Powers were willing to conclude treaties of peace without subsidy or price.

The Christian Powers named all agreed, provided France would offer tio opposition. Satisfying himself on this point, Mr. Jefferson communicated an outline of the proposed treaty to Congress, which was asked.to contribute but one of the frigates. With no money in the Treasury, and no power to raise it, unless 1 he States would be willing to contribute Congress declined an engagement, that they were conscious they could not fulfil with punctuality, and tlio proposed treaty which would soon have rid the ocean of hese pirates, fell through.

Four years alter, while still in Paris, a bill was sent to Mr. Jefferson for the ransom of American prisoners in the hands of Barbary pirates, naming the ransom of turec American captains at $0,000 each two mates of vessels, $4,000 each two passengers each at the same amount: fourteen seamen at $1,000 each niau amounting in all to $53,000, to which was added 11 per cent., as \yas the custom, making the whole bill for twenty one. captives $59,490. Congress auttiori zed .1 efferson to offer $200 per man but as tliej- worth more than that sum as slaves tlk offer was rejected. In 1780 the numbe. of American slaves in Algiers was twen y-two hundred. .Iu the latter purt of 17:(3 ten American vessels were taken by these pirates, tor the release of the civws of which every church in N.ew England on Thanksgiving Day made a collection, of course far below the large sum required' In 1790 the United Slates bought the liberty of these ajod other Americans by a.s shameful a peace as was ever enter into by any Goverment. ll cost the United Slates $1,000,000. to make the peace, aud during the Administration of John Adams another $1,000,000 to koep it. This was not all paid in money, for apart of the bribe to keep the pcaco was as, officially described: "A trigate to carry thirtysix guns for the Dey of Algiers." For the Duilding and equipment of the vessel the United States paid $99,727, and when sent to Algiers had, per arrangement, $100,000 worth of power, lead, timber, cordage, shells, canvas and other articles to help along the piracy. One hundred and ten captives came home that year! some of them after being eleven years in slavery. "But time at last makes all things ven," and Mr. Jefferson, as soon as he ccmc into power as President, determin

rihute—even

THE TfiKKtt nAt3i£i WEEKLY GAZETTE

ed to do that which Congress in the' poverty of the Republic failed to aid in doings years before, and that was to teach bi Barbary Powers a lessor^ and a fearful one to ibciu that lesson was. He dis patched four oat of the six vessels belonging to the navy— three frigates and aj sloop —to the Mediterranean to overawe the pirates and to protect American commerce, and to make the Mediterranean as safe for Americau vessels as the British Channel. __

Mr. Jefferson, as American Minister to France, where he wan the source to which the piteous appeals of the men enslaved for the crime of being Christains and Americans were directed, felt more keenly for their situation, and equally felt the degrading position of his country in thus omit tint

submitting to buy a truce with the these pirates, furnishing, as black-mail, not only money but vessels of war and ammuniton to carry on their hellish practices.

As President among his first acts was to dispatch three frigates and a sloop-of-war to the Mediterranean to protect American commerce and American ships. This Jleet was subsequently increased by other vessels, ordered by Congress, and the naval hi-tory of no nation exhibits as much gallantry as that of the infant navy of the United States in the war which followed against these pirates. The first difficulty was settled with Morocco, from which a ves-el, tin Meshondo, had been taken, with an American merchant slrp as her prize. The Moorish commander said he had captured the American vessel because he thought there was war between the two countries. Commodore Bain bridge told the captain of.the Meshondo that unless he showed bet er reasons for his conduct he would hang him as a pirate He then showed an order from the Governor of Tangiers authorizing liini to capture American vessels. Commodore Preble in command of the fleet, proceeded to Tangiers. Here the Governor disavowed' the act and made a treaty with the United 8tates.

The next point was to bring Tripoli to terms. The frigate Philadelphia, in the port of Tripoli, had run upon a rock in front of tin batteries, which were opened upon her, and the vessel was taken, and Commander Bainbridge with his crew were made prisoners. The vessel while in possesion of the Tripolitans was burned in port. This was after the Philadelphia had been floated off at high tide and repaired. The fight was terrific one. in which Decatur, Lawrence, Morris, McDonugh, then Lieutenants in the navy, gained their first laurels. The vessel, after being bearded at niftbt and captured, had to be burned, liecause sho could not be towed out of the harbor. After this success followed success. Additional vessels were sent to the seat of war. It was at Tripoli and other ports in the Mediterranean that the bright galaxy of American naval officers who gained fame in the war with England "first flashed their maiden swords." The City of Tripoli was bombarded. The loss to the Tripolitans during the war was terrible, and they seued for peace,, which was sigiod on ihrj 3d of June, 18J3 The Tripolitan Minister urged ajimull

if it was nothing more than

few hundred pounds of powder annual ly. The answer to this was, "You can have all the powder you wish, and more than you want, but you must lake can non balls with it." Powder, with cannon balls, they had enough of without wish•"g #r mere. The war lasted for nearly to ir years, but no more American a weiv made slaves—no more AuJferican vessels at sea were molested. The other Barbary Powers succumbed rr made peace and commercial treaties, and since then A1 gerine piracies have become a thing of the past.

All Europe was thunderstruck at the audacity of a far off Republic, then the youngest of Nations, settling questions with her infant navy that the European Nations had not dared to undertake. The head of the Cathalic Church publicly spoke of the United States in this war as having done more tor Christendom and humanity against the barbarians than the united Powers of all Europe had been able to effect.

If Mr. Jefferson, as President, had done nothing but to teach the Barbary Pow era that tho Americauflag and American rights must he respectcd, that men were not to be made slaves because they did not believe Mohammed was the Prophet of God, that alone ought to be sufficient to hand the name of the great head of tho American Democracy down to fame.

Betrayed by the Truth. '*1

%V. A. Hayes, Jr., In Harper's Magazine.

A very amiable and worthy occupant of the position of British Vice Consul at a port in the far East had often expressed to his -American fellow-residents his great desire to visit their country and make Li mself familiar with some of it* institutions. His ideas of the West had been formed by a perusal of the works tf Cooper, and it is to be feared that his interlocutors had purposely abstained form disturbing his somewhat highly colored expectations. Finally a furlough came to him aud he made ready to carry out his cherished plan ot a trip home by way of the Pacific Ocean and the United States. Introductions were given him to trusty practical jokers in San Fra- cisco, which he presented, on arrival, with expressions of vehement desire to encounter Indians and hunt buffaloes. This, he was told, would be easy, as both abounded in the neigijliorhood of the Cliff House and in the peaceful and prosaic suburb of Oakland. Au expedition was plann- and carried ont, and the British brothor, armed to the teeth, performed great deeds in the encounter with "practicable" Indians un I buffaloes —furnished, it was whispered, by a theater and a circus or menagerie. Exulting in the praise of hw American friends and covered with glory he departed for New York and England. His fame stood him in good stead at dinners and other social gatherings during his entire vacation, preceded him on his return to his post and made him quite a hero among his fellow-exiles. No American could dnd it in his heart to disturb it, and all might have gone well tothisday had he only confined himself to his character of amateur Leatherstocking. One day, however, a countryman of his came to a "Yankee" and denounced this hero. "Just think of that, M— said he,"trying to sell us. By Jove! I never heard in all my life, you know, such atrocious stories as he had been telling us. What do you think he tried to make us believe? It is all very fine to have shot no end of Indiana and buffa

loes. Of course, you know, where there are 90 many as there are in San Francisco, and New Hampshire and Niagara and all those places, a plucky f( lluw might do that Bin he baa actually iri. to make us believe the mo.st extraordinary story that you have ever heard auout your country, you know. He says that he went to a place ealKd Chicago, and he went to draw soinej money from a bank and found that they had raised it up and were moving it with all the fellows inside, you know, going on with their work! I ay, just fancy the cheek of the fellow supposing he could make us believe that!" Alas! the one true story the poor CJUSUI told had proved ms undoing.

How a Married Woman Uoes to Sleep There is an article going the rounds entitled, How Girls go to Sleep." The manner in which they go to sleep, according to the article, can't hold a caudle to the way a married woman goes fo sleep. Instead of thinking of whattdie should have attended to bef 're going to bed, she thinks of i' afterward. While site is revolving these matters in mind, and while snugly tucked, up in Ixd. the old man is scratching his legs in front the fire, and worid ring how he will pay the next month'a rent. Suddenly she says: "James, did you lock the door?"

Which dour?''says Ji.n. The cellar door," says ohe. "No," says a: lies.

Well, you had better go down and lock it, for I heard some person in the back yard last night."

Accordingly, James paddles down stairs and lo ks tlio door. About the time lie returns and is going to get into bed, she remarks:

Did you shut the stair do .r'' "No," says James. "Well, if it is not shut the cat will get up into the bedroom." "Let her come Up then," says James, illnaturedly. "My goodness, no," returns the wife. "She'd suck the baby's breath."

Then James paddles down stairs again, and steps on a tack and closes the stair door, and curses the cat nnd returns to the bedroom. Just as he begins to climb into his couch his wife observes: "I forgot to bring up some water. Suppose you bring up some in the big tin."

And so James with a muttered curse goes down into the dark kitchen and falls over a chair and rakes all the#tii»ware off the wall in search of the "big tin," and then jerks the stair door open and howls: "Where the deuce are the matches?"

She gives him minute directions where to find the matches, and adds that she would rather go and get the water herself than have the neighborhood raised about it. After which" James finds the matches, procures the water, comes up stairs and prepares himself to retire. Before accomplishing this feat his wife suddenly remembers that she forgot to chain the dog. A trip to the kennel follows, and he once more pluntres into bed.

Presently his wife says

ILQ DADED Tnarbaf«Mnv oi JJr

i-~

"James jet's have an understanding aliout money matters. Now next week I've got to pay—" "1 don't know what you'll have to pay, and I don't care," shouts James, as he lurches around and jams his face Suinat the wall "all I want now is sleep* "That's all very well for you," snaps his wife, as she pulls the covers viciously "you never think of the worry and trouble I have. And there's Araminta, who I lielieve is taking the measles." "Let lier take 'cm," says James.

Hereupon she begins to cry softly but about the time James is falling into a gentle doze she punches him in the ribs with her elbow and says: "Did you hear that scandal about Mrs Jones "What Jones?" 1 "Why, Mrs. Jones." "Where?" inquired James. "I declare," says bis wife, "you are getting more stupid every day. You know Mrs. Jones that lives at No. 21* Well, day before yesterday Susan Smith told Mrs. Thompson that Sam Baker has said that Mrs. Jones had—"

Here she pauses and listens. James is snoring in profound slumber. With a snort of rage she pulls all the covers off him, wraps herself up in them, and lays awake until 2 A. H. thinking how badly used she is.

And that is the way a married woman goes to sleep.

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90,00* 30,000 25,000 80,000 40,000 eo.ooo 100,000

J00 10

APPROXIMATION PRIZE8.

100 Approxim'n Prizes of 200

'J),080

100 10,000 7 7,000

11,279 Prizes, amounting to §633^00 Gen. G. T. Beaaregari,of La. Gen. Juhal A. Early, of Vu. t-omteitoncrs.

Application for rates to clubs should only he made to the office of the Company lu New Orleans.

Write for circulars or send orders to -fs N.A.D4UP1II1S Xcw Orleuun, La., or same person at

No, illll Broadway, New York,

CHARTER OAK

COOK STOVE,

r.#

For coal, or wood, or both.

LEVEL BEST.

Wc are sure it pays to do

SSI

you« "love

best" at all times, as whatever ia worth doing at all is worth doing well as an illustration, the manufacturers oi'thelam ous Charier Oak Stoves have alwaya aimed to buy the best materia), employ the best workmen, and make the liest COOKING STOVE that could be pro duced, and the result is, the CHARTER OAK has attained a jmpularily unprece dented in Ibe history of stoves.'

They are the cheapest to bay, They bake evenly and quickly. They are made of best materia. They have always a good draft, They roast perfectly, They require but little fuel, They are very low priced, They are easily managed,

ui ed to all localities.

Ereiy atore guaranteed to lie

Absolutely Perfect!

FOR HALE OSL Bi'

E.L. PROBST

-JS /. 1C fouth Foiith Jr'treo