St. Joseph County Independent, Volume 19, Number 5, Walkerton, St. Joseph County, 19 August 1893 — Page 2

SOME SANITARY ASPECTS OF BREAD-MAKING. BY CYRUS EDSON, M. D. [Health Commissioner, New York City.] It is necessary, if one would understand the sanitary aspects of breadmaking, to fully comprehend the present theory held by scientists of germs and the part played by them in disease. The theory of disease germs is merely the name given to the knowledge had of those germs by medical men, a knowledge which is the result of innumerable experiments. Being this, the old term of a “theory” has become al misnomer. A germ of a disease is a plant so small that I do not know how to express intelligibly to the general reader its lack of size. When this germ is introduced into the blood or

tissues of the body, its action appears to be analagous to that which takes place when yeast is added to dough. It attacks certain elements of the blood or tissues, and destroys them, at the same time producing now sub dances. But the germs of the greater part of the germ diseases, that is, of the infectious and contagious diseases, will develop or increase in number without being in the body of a human being, provided always you give them the I proper conditions. These conditions are to bo found in dough which is be- i

...w, jwSdyfiW “DISEASE GERMS FOUND THEIR WAY INTO TDK YEAST BREAD.”

ing raised with yeast. They are warmth, moisture and the organic matter of the flour on which the germs, after certain changes, feed. It is necessary to remember at this point that yeast is germ growth, and ■when introduced into a mixture of glucose or starch, in the presence of warmth and moisture sets up a fermentation. If the mixture boa starchy dough the yeast first changes a portion of the<starch into glucose and then decomposes the glucose by changing it into two new substances, viz., carbonic acid gas and alcohol. Now-the gluten, -which is also a constituent of dough and moist starch, affords, with the latter, an excellent nidus for the development of germs of disease as well as for the yeast germs. • The .germs of cholera, as of typhoid fever, would, if introduced into dough, find very favorable conditions for their growth. I do not wish to “pose” as an alarmist, nor am I willing to say there is very much chance of the germs of typhus and of cholera reaching the stomachs of the people who eat bread which lias V-iicen raised with yeast. But I have not the slightest cau-e to doubt that other diseases have been and will be carried ^bout in the bread. —A I have met journeymen bakers, suf- ? wing from cutaneous diseases, work* the dough in the bread trough with r . hands and arms. I have no rea■WWwm to suppose bakers are less liable to cutaneous diseases than are other men,

and I know, as every housewife knows, veast-raised bread must be worked a long time.’ This is an exceedingly objectionable thing from the standpoint of a physician, for the reason that the germs of disease which are in the air and dust and on stairways and straps in street cars, are most often collected on the hands. Any person who has ever kneaded dough understands the way in which the dough cleans the i hands. This means that any germs which may have found a lodging place on the hands of the baker before ho makes up his batch of bread are sure - to find their way into the dough, and once there, to find all tlie conditions necessary for subdivision and growth. This is equivalent to saying that wo must relygm heat to kill these germs, because it is almost certain that they will be there. Now, underdone or doughy bread is a form which every man and woman has seen. it is a belief as old as the hills that underdone bread is unhealthful. This reputation has been earned for it by the experience of countless generations, and no careful mother will wish her children to eat bread that has not been thoroughly c’ iked. The reason given for this recognized unhealthfulness has been that the uncooked yeast dough is very difficult to digest. No one but a physican would be apt to think of disease germs which have not been killed during the process of baking as a cause of the sickness following the use of uncooked yeast bread. Yet this result from this cause is more than probable. I have not the slightest doubt that could we trace back some of the cases of illness which we meet in cur practice we would find that germs collected by the baker have found their way into the yeast bread,that the heat has not been sufficient to destroy them, that the uncooked yeast bread has been eaten and with it the colonies of germs, that they have found they way into the blood and. that the call for our services

which followed has rounded off this I seauence of events. I have already pointed out that the germs of disease are to be found in the air and dust. The longer any substance to be eaten is exposed to the air, the greater the chance that germs will be deposited on it. Bread raised with yeast-is worked down or kneaded twice before being baked, and this process may take anywhere from four hours to ten. It has, then, the chance of collecting disease germs during this process of raising, and it has two. periods of working down or kneading, during each of which it may gather the dirt containing the germs from the baker's hands. As no bread save that ■raised with yeast gees through this long process of raising and kneading, eo no bread save that raised with yeast has so good a chance of gathering germs. . What is meant by “raising’ bread is worth a few words. The introduction

— of the yeast into the moist dough and the addition of heat when the pan is placed near the fire produces an enormous growth of the yeast fungi—the yeast “germ,” in other words. These fungi effect a destructive fermentation of a portion of the starchy matter of the flour—one of the most valuable nutrient elements in the flour. The fermentation produces carbonic acid gas, and this, having its origin in every little particle of the starch, which is itself everywhere in the flour, pushes aside the particles of the dough to give itself room. This is what is I called “raising the bread.”

It needs but a glance to seo that it is, in its effects on the dough, purely mechanical. The dough, which was before a close-grained mass, is now full of little holes, and when cooked in this

condition is what we ordinarily call light. This porous quality of the bread enables the stomach to rapidly and easily digest ft, for the gastric juices quickly soak into and attack it from all sides. The fermentation of the dough, however, uses up a portion of the nutrient elements of the loaf. If it bo possible, therefore, to produce a light porous loaf without this destruction and without the “kneading” precess, which fills the dough with germs and filth, and without the long period during which the raising precess g- es < n,

the gain in food arid the gain in the avoidance of the germs is exceedingly plain. But while we can easily seo the dangers which attend the use of yeast it is certain that the vesiculating effect produced by it on the dough is to the last degree perfect. It is apparent that if we are to substitute any other system of bread making we must have one which will give us, .first, meehancal results equally as good, that is, that will produce minute bubbles of carbonic acid gas throughout the mass of dough. Now it is in no way difficult to produce carbonic acid gas chemically, but when wo are working at bread we must use such chemicals us are perfectly healthful. Fortunately these arc not hard pi find. The evils which attend the yeast-made bread are obviated by the use of a ; properly made, pure and wholesome j baking powder in lieu of veast. Bak- i ing powders are composed of an acid I and an alkali, which, if properly com- I bined, should when they unite at once j destroy themselves and' produce car- | bonic acid as. A good baking powder ' dees its work while the loaf is in the oven, and, having done it, disappears. But care is imperative in selecting the brand of baking powder to bo certain that it is composed of non-in- ; iurious chemicals. Powders coutaiujmg alum or those which uro oomi pounded from impure ingredients, or those which are not combined in proper proportion or carefully mixed and which will leave either an acid or an alkali in the bread, hiust not lie used. It is well to sound a note of warning in this direction, or the change from the objectionable yeast to an im- : pure baking powder'will boa case of jumping from the frying pan into the fire. The best baking powder made is, as shown by analysis, tho “Royal." It contains absolutely nothing but cream of tartar and soda, refined to a ehem- : ical purity, which when combined under the influence of h^tt and moiat- |

atU J ■-’’SsaEgj!!^ BREAD WITHOUT YEAST—“TEE MOST PERFECT OF ALL CONCEIVABLE WAYS OF RAISING IT.

ure produce carbonic acid gas, and having done this, disappear. Its leavening strength has been found superior to other baking powders, and as far as I know, it is the only powder which will raise large bread perfectly. Its use avoids the long period during which tbe nuido ckoviglx iniiHt stand in order that the starch may ferment, and there is also no kneading i necessary. The two materials used in the Royal, cream of tartar and soda, are perfectly harmless, even when eaten. But they are combined in exact compensating weights, so that when chemical action begins between them they practially disappear, the substance of both having been taken up to form the carbonic acid gas. More than this, the proper method of using the powder insures the most thorough mixing with the flour. The proper quantity being taken, it is mixed with the flour and stirred around in it. The mixture is then sifted several times, and this insures that in every part of the flour ■ there shall be a tow particles of the powder. The salt and milk or water being added, the dough is made up as ; quickly as possible, and molded into ' the loaves. These are placed in the oven and i baked. But the very moment the i warmth and moisture attack the mix-

tare of cream of tartar and soda, these two ingredients chemically combine, ana carbonic acid or leavening gas ig evolved. The consequence may be seen at a glance; the bread is raised during tho time it is baking in the oven, 'and this is the most perfect of all conceivable methods of raising it. Here, then, there is no chance for germs of disease to got into the dough and thence into the stomach; more than that, tho bread is necessarily M sweet as possible, there having been n > time in which it could sour. This involves the fact that the bread so made will keep longer, as it is iegg likely to l o contaminated by the germs that‘effect tho scoring process. It will be strange if the crowds of visitors to the World's Fair do not greatly increase the number of contagious disea os, which we will have to treat. Under these circumstances is it not folly of follies to open a single channel through which these germs may reach us? Is it not the part of wisdom to watch with the greatest care all that we eat and drink, anil to sea that none lint the safest and best methods are employed in the preparationQf our food ? To me it seems as though there could be but eno answor to questions like those.

I have shown the danger of tiding tho yoast-rai-ed bread, and with tills I have shown how that danger may bo avoided. The ounce of prevention, which in this ease is neither difficult nor expensive, is certainly worth many pouuds ( f cure, and the best thing about it is that it may be relied < n almost ab-o'utely. Those who oat or biscuit -, or rolls made at home Kip Royal baking powder may bp sur||^f hav*' ahmlmelv stopport one’WMLjJ t>, i<-nirli which disease may thorn. —— ~ Note.— Housekeeper, dealrlnu Information in regard t > the preparation Os the bre*!, which, for sanitary lea^o s, Dr. Edson no strongly urges for general use, should write Io the Royal linking Powder Company, New ’Sort; As Good as a Seashore Cottage. • “Are you going to the seashort' this summer?” Jones asked of Brown. “N-md exactly,” said Brown, ‘ buj were going to accomplish the same result without going from homo at all." “What do you mean?” “Why. it's this way: You see, when a person of my means takes a cottage at the seashore he, of course, gets a poor sort of shanty, because kp I can't afford a large, finely finished and ; well-furnished house. You know the , sort of place the usual summer cottage is. Well, we've decided |o aecom; pfe the result in another way. We're going to move up into the attic for the summer.” “Move up into the attic?" “Why, certainly. It is unfinished, just like a seashore cottage. Tho sun IxtaU down on the shingles and raises the teinjKirature above 100 degrees every sunny summer day; that’s just like a seashore cottage, too. Wheu^it rains tho water doesn't beat through our roof, to lie sure, as it does through the roofs of the seashore cottages, but wo can remedy that by {Hiking a few holes through the shingles here and there, and getting tho roof mendbd nt the fall. It will smell a little amity, but that is eminently like a seashore cottage. We -hall keep a duthea basket full of unwashed clam shells standing in the comer to produce a realistic effect. On the whole shad be ever so much more comfortable in ; our own accustomed garret tl>n wo [ would b - at the seaside, and wa shall ' have this inestimable advantage, that when we get sick of it we can simply , move right down into our own comfortable homo, whereas if we woredMU^ shore and paying a high price cottage wo should fee! bound t « stick it out to tho bitter end. Oh, I tell y«'i it is a great scheme!” Boston WonderA*) Melon Keller, smvHelon Keller, tho wonderful dumb, and blind girl, who has taught so much despite her triplo’jffliction, has been visiting Prof. Graham Bell, in Washington. Sho lias lately taken up the study of Frenfh, and already has a go d knowledge of | the language. In a letter to a friend she once wrote: “I am always delighted when any one writes me a beautiful thought which I van treasure in my memory forever. It is because toy books are so full of the riches of whiW Mr. Ruskin sp< aks that I love them to dearly. 1 did not realize until I bepd to.write the sketch what precious conpanions books have been to me, a»d

how blessed even my life has been, and ! - now I am happier than ever because I do realize the happiness that has come I ( to me.” This was written two years ! ago, when she was but 11 years old.- .j ’ A Georgia Marriage Ceremony^ >. justice ot ‘Uo poaco in Sanders- I ville, Ga., being called upon to perform 1 1 a marriage ceremony, is accused « f concluding with, “By the authority t vested in me as an officer of the State I of Georgia, which is sometimes called ! the Empire State of the South; by the : fields of cotton that lie spread out in I snowy whiteness around us; by the j howl of the coon dog, and the gourd j vine whose clinging tendrils will shade I ! the entrance to your humble dwelling j place; by the red' and luscious heart of I the watermelon whose sweetness fills i the heart with joy; by the heavens and earth, in the pre ence of these witnesses, I pronounce you man and wife.” Blockaded by Bees. A swarm of bees entered the cab of a locomotive at Huntington, Pa., drove I the engineer and fireman out, and 1 stopped travel on the road until the * farmer owning the invaders appeared , and effected their removal. » Experience teaches by disappoint- - | ment and failure.

’ GREAT LOSS BY FI RE. DISASTROUS BLAZES OCCUR IN • MINNEAPOLIS. Three Simultaneous Fires Destroy Many Hlr Mills and Wipe Out Over a Hundred Dwellings of Workingmen—Two Elves Reported I-ost. Over a Million in Ashes. Minneapolis has experienced the most disastrous conflagration of its history. the loss from which will reach a million and a hulf dollars. Two flies presumably the wi rk of incendiaries’ broke out within a short time of each other. The first lire broke out in a stable in tho rear of the Cedar Lake lee Company house, and soon spread to the ieo-houso proper. From there, fanned by a quick’breeze, it spread to Clark’s box factory, and then destroyed the boiler works of Lintges, ('onnell & Co.,includingas27,(XX) riveting machine the only one west of Chicago. Lenhart’s Union Wagon Works were totally consumed. Also a quantity of lum•ber belonging to various firms. Tho Cedar Lake fee Company 1< ses •■♦d.OGO: Clark's Box Company, $.30.0G0; Lintges Connell & Co., tf(iO,bOO; Union Wagon Works, $15,1X10. On this there is at< - tal insurance of about half. While this fire was at its height an alarm was turned in from the lumber district at the other end of the island. Boom Jmand tw ih«> nliu-o is called, was n UXU-iS of Wood ami timter plu.H Ix-lon-. to Nelson Tc- iny & Co and Uai-kus & < 'o. was blazing fiercely, and fanned Dpibi isk wind the flumes soon spanned the Harrow stretch of water and began eating their way among- the big sawmills and Residences in the viciniti of the river bank. One after another the planing-mills of the Wileox Company, the Chatterton mill, tho Backus mill, j the Hove mill. Smith Corrigan, and Nelson Tenny N Co. felt the blast of the fire and were either totally destroyed or badly damaged. The llano, left a path of blackness through Marshall street and wei c]>rac-

7^ VIEW of MINNEAPOLIS 1 ROM -T ANTHONY * I’AI iO. (The dintri<t Mimofov. rl* on Nicollet Id oi.i. ja-t north of the br.<ku In the forcerouud molding north bev< n I the second or Hennepin avenue bri'lge

tieally stopp'd by the big brick struct- | «rc of' the Minm-apoli* Brew ing Co., i although their loss i* put at si HUw. ! Situated as it was. directly in the path j of the flame*, with wooden building.* ; on one side of it and a blazing lumb>r yard in the rear, it s-eemed as if I this magnificent edifice costing $.iW.- i IXMI would 1“ added to the long list of 1 pr« perty destroyed. But fTov'dence came to the aid of the exhausted fire- I men and frightened citizens. The | wind changed. It no longer blew from the south, but sprung up from the 1 eaat and north., wafting large einfie:*: ucu--* th> wopardii- ( TTJg “Ytit>iptxjwtrlv <>u tlm n nth ! jrtde. Tho clti'er-. however, were on’ the alei •, and a ic option in the* shap<of a bucket of wa:<-r awaited any : .-rk j that found a lodging. A I along । Marshall street and tloough that entire section are small frame house's oe- , Oupied by laboring and -awmill hands. | They wont like tinder when the ' flames first >Tu>’k them, but the residents had ample time to move the r be- ; longings. In all 112 homes were destroyed, i Although a general alarm was turned in, the entiie city department proved! inadequate to the occasion and aid was ; asked from St. Paul. That city prompt-; ly resjKinded and .-ent over two steam- j ers ami a hose cart that di I excellent

, service. The lire on Boom Island was , burning fiercely at a late hour at night. I and the only hope seemed to lie in let- ’ ting it burn it- -If out. j For awhile it b oked as though all | lof northeast Minneapolis would >e ; (destroyed, but by the concentration of • the department the further progress . ’ of the flames was cheeked. There were l ' several accidents caused by spectators ! i attempting to run en the logs and ■ ! falling in. Two lives are reported I I lost and a number of persons sustained • I serious injury. A conservative estimate puts the I | total loss at $1,590,000 and the insur-| I ance at $900,009. The principal losses I ' are as follows: E. W. Backus A Cum- i ! pany lose UOj OOJ OO feet >f lumber, i j worth $750,000, two sawmills, and barn, f > making their total loss about sld>oo,oi'O. J. F. "Wilcox, planing mill, $50,0 0. J. i : B. Chatterton, -awmiH. 51.7.0 in. Lint- ' 'ges, Connels A Company, boiler works, i I $60,000. J. R. Clark & Company, box ; and ladder factorv. $50,000. Nelson,

Tenny & Company, sawmill and lumber. *40,000. ]•'. F. Lenhart, carriage works, $15,000. George W. Higgins, wood yard, §5,000. Cedar Lake lee Company, ice houses, SIO,OOO. Miscellaneous losses on dwellings, barns, etc., e _ ". coo. Elundrods <>f people are homeless and many of these are t lie n < ip>,.„tH <>f ‘charity, having saved only the clothes on their backs. SUIT AG Al NST BRECKINRIDGE. Miss Pollard Seeks Heavy Damages for Alleged Breach of Promise. In the Supreme Court of the District of Columbia suit has been filed for $50,000 for liroach of promise against Representative W. C. P. Breckinridge, of Kentucky, by Madeline V. Pollard. The plaintiff charges, according to a Washington correspondent, that in April. 1884, when she was 17 years old and a student at Wesleyan Female Seminary at Cincinnati, she was met on the train traveling from school to Frankfort, Ky., by W. C. P. Breckinridge, who made her acquaintance on the plea of his knowing her family, and that she was flattered by his attentions, knowing who he was and regarding him as a very prominent man, and that on Aug. 3,1884, he came to see her at the seminary and got permission of the president for her - to dine with him.,

and by wiles and artifices and protestations of affection subsequently took cnce nt ^Fh° ° f hor y° ulh aE d inexperl- ? 10 aVora that he got her compk tely under his control? The alleira t ons wi f h at g ™ at length into twii' V ntll , rocentl y- The birth of two child; en (who died) and the prelaatu»'e birth of a thiid child are al *’ged as a result of this intimacy She further alleges that after the death of the children she came to W ashington, and he promised to marry e as soon as it would be proper for tl fl 3 ? a 6uffic ient time after t n i? f ns wifo ' From tiln o to time, she alleges, the date L r the mari mgo was postponed until on the Uth day of July B he avers Mr. Breckinridge wiongfully and injuriously married another woman, Mrs. Louisa Wing who I oiiis U T U re ? i ? en . t of tbe citv^of St. Louis. Ire plaintiff in the case was fm some time an employe in one of the departments in Wellington, but shortly after t..e death of Gen. Sherman was dismissed, it is said, for the makng of a den gatory remark Ic porting the dead General. The mmounceniciit of her engagement to Mr. Breekinndge and the subsequent breaking off of that engagement and Mr. Breckinridge s marriage created a sensation in the capital. SEVEN BURNED TO DEATH. Many Persons Perish in a Small < liicago Hotel. Shortly aftc r 7 o'ch ok Monday niornli>U a Hk>. wlileb .-..si th,- HvAh of at leu*t seven person-', start, d in the lit tie Senate hotel < n M: d:son street, near thee rner < f Fifth avenue, Chicago. Thedcadare: Mis. Ccons, Bertha Coons, aged 7, Charles Co. ns, aged !•. Gidfrey children, and two unknown n en. There were over a score of gueds in the hotel. Theflames spread .-o rapidly and the exits were so inadequate that i h ■ inmates were unable toescajH?. The little hotel was situated on the two upper 11 ors of a three-story brick building. Tae fire started oil the second flo r, midway, near the stairs 1. ading to the floor ab >ve. Mrs. Ahrens ami her daughter Annie slept

| in ro< m 20 in the front part of thethird ! ;l or. They discovered the lire first. I : The Other twenty occupants were fly- < , ing alxnit, seeking an avenue of escape, i । Annie and her mother groped theii | way through the stilling smoke to the ' window and sto d out on the sill. The I < ro«d b. ’nw yelled t > them not te ' jump. \\ ith desperation the women j ‘ clung t > The frame-work, keeping a- | j far out as po**ible, w hile the smoke I . and flames bunt through th-' windows j atoun 1 them. Although badly burned 1 they retair.e I their p >*ition until the ; arrival of hi., k and ladder company . No. G. A ladder was luised and they I were roamed A man whose identity Mi UUKHou ;■ f <xf r. • «• l>- J win<TouT The lame* were already scorching his • almost nude 1> dy and he jumped to the : ; stone pavement. lie wai picked up in : an uncon-cious c- uditUm When t'ne firem n arrived ladders ’ were raised ami the woik of rescuing ; ’he imperil- d inmates systematically ; j begun. For * me, hemmed in by , : flame-, overpowered by smoke and with all egress shut off. the rescue was too ate, however. The firemen found ; dead bodies rather than living ones. ' Tho bodies of six pers ns weie recov- ■ cred and several still living were car- ! vied to surrounding drug stores. Lieut, j Humanson was the firs' to reach the thiid IL>< r. The brave fireman was cheered by the cr< wd and climbed through a window, ff’he b dies of the unfortunate- lay near and one after the other lie lifted them out. All the patrol wagons from the South . Side were summoned, and drove rapidly :to the hospital with tho injured. Tho | fire is -a ; d t> have started from an , overturned stair-lamp. Many of those j killed and injured were World's Fair ■ visitors, and. as the hotel regi*ter was I burned, it is feared the list of dead i here given is not complete. Currencies (’nntlenseu. Ge< >rge Shiras, a Pittsburg pioneer, | is dead. Ex-Vice President Morton and । family have gone to Germany. Senator Brice, of Ohio, who has | been ill at Washington, is recovering. John Parker fell from a third story scaffolding at Norwalk, 0.. and was killed. The National Bank < f Fort Scott, Kan., which recently suspended, will resume business. Lois Fuller, the dancer, who has been in France for two years, has returned to New York. McLeod Bros.’ elevator at Marietta, Kan., burned with I O.oiXi bushels of wlieat. U'lit, 1,,-s su.t.ooo, W. G. S. Keene, a prominent shoe manufacturer of Lynn, Mass., committed suicide by drowning. At Chester. Pa., the largest steamboat in the world was launched. She will ply on the Fall River line. Mrs. Henry C. Myer, of Galveston, Texas, ended her life by poison. Her husband is a prominent attorney. Richard Kamin, of Sandu-ky, Ohio, is under arrest on a charge of pounding his daughter to death with a club. A quarjiNtine has been declared against Pensacola, Fla., by Birmingham, Ala., owing to the yellow fever scare. Tom Ricketts and Robert Miller, residents of Parnell, Mo., were run over and killed by a Chicago and Great Western train. It is rumored that W. H. Clough, Vice President of the Great Northern Road, has resigned to accept a positior with the Northern Pacific.

j THE SUNDAY SCHOOL. ’. seaious subjects carefully 3 CONSIDERED J - A Scholarly ExpoCHon of the Le 88on _ 3 Thoughts Worthy of Calm ReflecHon- • Half an Hour’s Study of the Scripture*Time Well Spent. , l*aul Before Felix. • Tho lesson for Sunday, August 20 > to ay be found in Acts 24: 10-25. e introductory. t < nristianity has more than once been j put upon the witness stand and even in . the prisone •'« b x. It has not differed > En ereb V, , has rather triumphed. Brought b fore councils” was one of . the. New Testament pre phecies, and j rich promise for the kingdom was attached thereti. In the ’e -on before 1 us we snail tec how Col turns apparent _ misfortune into bossing. Paul’s der sense of himself before the successive [ magistrates at who. c bar he is cited to _ appe; ' on-titates a matchless serial p apology ior the gospel. He is speaking _ here tor all time, not only in matter j but in mann r. The b ave' attitude of the apostle to the Gentiles is an example and incentive to us all when called upon to btand before the Judge. Haul says t > us her ■. a- prophets and apostle- everywhere spei-.k. in God’s name, ® be strong! POINTS IN THE LESSON. 7 . “Neithei van tl.ey prove the things t wh'-y... f 0,. Vo. .w It >-> Christianity's challenge to the world ■ still. Many clke ges have been laid at her doors. SI e nas carried burdens '■ of misapprehension and misrepresentation since t :.e beginning. But not willingly. though patiently. The yoiee 1 that Paul Hit-here ought often to be ’ raised. There need lie no long-drawn- ’ out vindi 'ation. but at Ipist the asser- ' tion of the truth should be made clear , and strong. As we hold thq profession ; of our faith and hope unwavering, so 1 I let us h< 1 i forth the profession oi our integrity before the world. "Here.-y.” It is the same word rendered sect n the fifth verse above. A ringleader of the heresy of the Naza- ! renes. Alas that there is not more of j this sort of heresy in the world, in the . church. There are Christians, so , c tiled, who fairly could not, certainly ; would not. be called Nazarenes. They are not followers of the meek and lowly ■ Nazarene. Let us have more Christian ! men and women standing forth and sayI ing to a worldly church; “This I coni fess untothee, that after the way which ! they call heresy the heresy of Christ- ! likeness so worship I the God of the fathers." God give us more heretics. What was the peculiarity of this belief which Paul professed? The fourteenth and fifteenth verses tell us, "Believing all things that are written” —tliat tb.e Jews were not doing. “And have hope toward Ged. That the I Jews professed to have, but wrongly ! centered. A larger faith, a larger ! hope, distinguish the true Israel of 1 God, of whom Paul is the shining rep- ’ resentative. If old Israel would only , believe what is written, if she would ' only hope in tho promises as recorded ■ and fulfilled, a hope changed to trust, i how blessed the children Os Abraham : might become—blessed and blessing. “This one voice.” What voice? I “Preaching the resurrection of the i dead.” Here Paul pleads “Guilty!” I I have done nothing to offend even the , most orthodox of the old faith, he says, l “except it be for this one voice that I I cried among them—the resurrection.” The resurrection; the resurrection! Lift the voice to-day. Let it sound out tr*>Tw ftMMaaodutiM-uuoiWii Giwiww *hci -i- <c the resurrection, a^laro the doctrine of tlic re.-urrection to prove its power. How many of us are there who would be compelled toplead guilty here! Alas how many a pulpit, how many a life as touching the proclamation'of the resurrection, is innocent, ; ruinously, shamefully, guiltily innoi cent! “Felix trembled,” trembled—that was all. Some men tremble and accept. Trembling saves no man. The devils believe and tremble. Felix trembled and said, “Go thy way.” Well might he tremble, because of the blessing so near him, yet passed by and lost. “Amore convenient season,” he said. Yet what is more convenient, scripturally convenient, than the present? “Go thy way for this time” is literally for the' now' time. But the “now time” is the only time of salvation, “Now is the accepted time, and to-day is the day of salvation. What Felix really 1 said was a more opportune season, a 1 moment when his time was his own, ' when he had at least a part and share ' in it: such seems to be the significance ’; of the original. But what time is ours I but the present? Carpe diem, seize the I day! HINTS AND ILLUSTRATIONS. Organize a kind of tribunal. Try Paul on the charges preferred before the class. Let the teacher put himself, if he will, in the place of the culprit. 1 , Let the class form the council chamber | of Felix. Have some one state the case, ; and let Paul defend himself. A vivid conception may thus be obtained. The King's Daughters give us the pretty story. “What is the chief end of ' man?” the teacher said. The. little child made answer, as written in the catechism, “To glorify God and enjoy him forever.” Then, quick came the child-query, not written in the book, i "What is the chief end of God?” The teacher thought a moment, then came the answer itself, not written in the catechism, but truly in Ged's book, “To glorify man and enjoy him forever.” Paul was of this sort. it it. r.i-y Ward Beecher, was it not, who, speaKing to tlic people or north of England, on the subject of j slavery, in war times, hooted and howled down, turned to the reporters at his feet with the remark in substance, “I speak to you. gentlemen, and through you to the millions.” It was a bread tribunal. Such was Paul here. Next Lesson —“Paul before Agrippa.” Acts 26: 19-32. Progress of Astronomy. B. C. 350. Aristotle’s “Concerning the Heavens” and Autolyeus’ “On the Moj tion of the Sphere” written. B. C. 344. Hicetas, of Syracuse, taught that the sun and stars were mo- | tionless and that the earth moved round them. J B. C. 336. The operation of eclipses ! calculated by Calippus, the Athenian. I B. 0. 323. Up to this date the Egyp- | ti; as had recorded 373 solar and 832 । lunar eclipses. B. C. 168. Gallus, of Rome, predicted a lunar eclipse., which occurred on time.