St. Joseph County Independent, Volume 17, Number 43, Walkerton, St. Joseph County, 14 May 1892 — Page 2

REAL RURAL READING WILL BE FOUND IN THIS DEPARTMENT. Advantages ot Farm Machinery—How to iqaut Potatoes with a Corn Planter — gome Barn Philosophy—Per Cour, ol rat lu Milk, Etc. Convenient Corn Ct <.

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F f.he desired capacity, or the length of the poles to be had. The poles should not be large, and notched only deep enough to prevent their rolling, and to bring them near enough to prevent the corn rolling out; for it' the poles are too large, or brought close together, the circulation of air will not be free enough. Cribs are commonly made too close; although the cracks between the poles be two inches wide, not enough rain to do any appreciable damage will beat in, because the poles will project out over the cracks. A foundation may be made by laying large logs on the ground; but this is objectionable, as the rats will burrow under the logs. A better foundation is made by setting blocks in the ground, below the line of frost, and high enough to bring the floor of the crib at least eighteen inches above A TOLE CORN CRIB. the ground, so that the corn may not absorb moisture from beneath and ♦ hat the cats and terrier may have a ■ •aro<T oni ni mm si nfoiQ

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doorway is made by cutting through ’ three or four of the lower poles, nail- ! ing a board against their ends to hold them in place. A door is hinged to the outside of the crib, and as the corn is thrown in, boards arc placed inside the crib, across the opening. ' If they pass beyond the opening only an inch at each end, they can b$ removed easily when it is desired to take out the corn. The roof is made 1 of clapboards or of common lumber. ! If boards are used, they should be , just long enough to reach across the crib, and the weights placed on them should be put on their ends. If the boards project, they will split in from the end to the point where they rest on the crib. It is better to weight than to nail the boards down, since they must be turned each year to avoid warping. A pole pen can be made with a driveway in the middle, which can be used for a wagon or machinery shed most of the year. The cribs run up to the roof, and the driveway is routed over into a loft for the storage of hoes, forks, rakes and other light tools. The winter months furnish opportune time for cutting and hauling the necessary timber for such a structure. Our illustration gives a good idea of a pole crib with a driveway through the center. —American Agriculturist.

J laming Potatoes with a Corn-planter. I will describe my way of planting potatoes with the corn : planter. Get two tubes made of stove-pipe iron । eight inches across at the top and three inches at the bottom, and long ' ( enough to set on the heel of the ] runner, and to come about six inches I ( above your planter-boxes. Fasten one j . to each box with a bolt, and tie the , lower end to the runner with a wire. ; . Place a basket with potatoes on the dropper’s seat. Let a boy sit on each . Lox and drop the potatoes in the tubes. They will fall in behind the heel of the planter and be covered as well as corn. —J. B. Fuller. 1 arm Machinery. One great advantage which the in- j creased use of the best machinery is ; to the farmer is seldom spoken of by j the manufacturers, or by the farmers , themselves. Perhaps the farmers do j not realize it, while the makers might ■ think it would hinder, instead of helping, the sale of their machines if it were known It is a fact that the use of the machine soon makes more careful farming a necessity. The scythe could be worked among rocks and stumps, and along hedge-rows and ditcheSpand carried through the bogs, but one who wants to profitably use the mowing machine must remove the obstructions and till up or drain the places where the horses would mire or the machine plow up the ground. The seed drill is of but little use unless a perfect seed bed is made

to work it in. The corn planters and ] potato planters that work by i horse power, very quickly suggest that ; they do the best work when the land s is well plowed, ant well pulveriKed by 1 harrowing, and the potatodiggers and i bean-pulling machines will not workwell if the land is allowed to become foul with weeds that will choke up the machines. 'Much the same thing might be said of many of the machines used in the Southern States,

and others used in the Northern States, but enough has been said to show that the farmer who has a firstclass machine has got to “live up to it” in the other branches of his farming. ORCHARD AND GARDEN. Spraying Fruits. The Department of Agriculture has issued its Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 7, which treats of the subject of spraying, the substances employed, the means used for the destruction of injurious insects and diseases. The matter is presented in a thoroughly practical manner and is of especial interest to the orchardist and fruit grower. This subject is also treated of from a hygienic standpoint for the purpose of meeting some of the objections that are raised in foreign countries against using fruits that has been grown in the United States. But after a careful review of the subject and the study of various authorities, the conclusion arrived at is that no harm can come from the use of fruits sprayed with a copper mixture as directed, and that only a small proportion of copper is used in spraying fruits in this country when compared with the greening of vegetables in France, which are imported into England in large quantities-^For the better instruction of farmers we recommend them to procure and read this bulletin. I out-(>ratte<l Apple Trees. The preference of nurserymen for root-grafted apple trees comes from the fact that by taking very small pieces of roots the can multiply stocks of new varie ies much more rapidly than they can by top-grafting where a young tree, however large, makes when grafted onlj a single stock. Boot grafting is also largely done in winter or at other times when outdoor work is impossible. The young natural seedling makes usually a large growth the first year or two. Here the advantages of topgrafting end. The root-grafted tree, from the fact that its roots are more compact, bears transplanting better, and in a few years the variety is on roots of its own, so as to insure a symmetrical growth of the tree above | ground. Old top-grafted trees usually Lftyiw. thp union was made by

'HERE timber is not scarce, the pole crib will be found the most economical. In such a pen, if property made, corn will keep as well as in any crib or house that a can be devised. * The pen should not be more than eight feet wide, and two feet less width is yet bet- ‘ ter. The length is determined by

aSnadeof, and cut it 9x13. Wrap it around the tree and secure it by simply twisting a small wire about it near the t<>p and pressing the lower end a little below the surface of the soil. These protectors serve every ; purpose desired, keeping out borers, i rabbit and mice, and protecting the j young tree from the severe heat of ; the sun until the top has grown sufficiently to afford this protection. i They will last two or three years and I can be quickly renewed as they cost j only $3 tier thousand at the factory, > thus making them very economical. ! They are left on the trees summer j and winter, and so far as I know ! have never damaged the tree, as some j have feared —Orange-Judd Farmer. Horticultural Notos, i Plant the sweet pea as early as , the ground can be got ready. Also I the candytuft. . ! Sow mustard in shallow drills as ' ! soon as the ground is free from frost. > i Kohl kabi may be grown in drills ; or may be transplanted like cabbage, ' The cultivation of Brussels sprouts ; is the same as that of cabbage. 1 Unless you transplant on dull, ■ cloudy days, remember that some, 1 plants at least will need shading. Sow the seeds of plants that have J long tap roots where the plants are to stand. Such plants do not bear transplanting well.

LIVE STOCK AND DAIRY. Barn Fhilosophy. For twentv-five years and more have I been billed at the same ; place, at the same hour, and every day in the week, Sunday ! not excepted, to discourse farm economy and animal industry in a practical way. My lecture hall, says T. L., in the Stockman, is invariably at my own barn, among our horses, cattle, sheep and swine. That is the proper place in my mind for the farmer to learn the most about the farm and the farm animals. I keep no hired men but feed all the stock myself, and in that way I can save the wages of a man in feed and have the satisfaction of seeing my stock in good condition. In Bill Nye’s interview with John L. Sullivan the question was asked: “Bid you ever have twin thoughts born to you and you be puzzled to know which one to adopt, or whether it would not be a good plan to bring one of em’ upon a bottle and try letting the other out to double in three years?” Now, while I would not think of asking such a question, I will just put a few pertinent ones. Do you cut your cornstalks for your horses? From thirty to fifty per cent, is saved by cutting. Do you keep a salt box for your horses to help themselves at their own good time, and a separate box for the cows, the sheep, and a bunch of salt in the hog pen? For the horses an? hogs 50 per cent, of

leached ashes should be used. We used to have sick horses, sick cows, and sick hogs before we adopted the salt box system, but have never been troubled in that way since, and besides, we have learned that cows in milk will make 30 per cent, more butter when they have a free run to the the salt box. Winter Cows in Sprint-. It is possible to keep a cow longer in milk by having her drop her calf in fall than at any other time. She is then in full How of milk, and on cornstalks or other dry feed, with some whgat brans or middlings, she can be kept to a good mess of milk all winter, and without injuring hei bag. When she comes to be turned out in spring on fresh grass, the bran and middlings should be continued, and there will be an increased How, probably very nearly as much as the good cow would give if fresh in milk. With good additional feeding when pastures fail, the cow may be made to give milk until nearly the time when she is due to calve again. Cows that drop their calves in spring cannot thus be kept giving milk the following winter. Heifers should therefore be bred so as to drop their first calf either late in the fall or early *n winter, so that the habit of givii’#milk the year through may be established. Per Cent, of Fat in Milk. In the course of some experiments carried on at the Vermont Experiment Station for the purpose of testing cows, the singular fact appears, that there is a slight variation in the butter fat as found in the milk taken at morning and night, showing the greater percentage in the morning’s milk. Taking the figures for an entire week and this variation every day is in favor of the morning's milk, although in one instance an increased quantity of milk atnightgave alittle larger aggregate of butter fat than in ; the morning when the percentage was larger. The fact is of no essential value, but goes to show that there are processes in nature that secure interesting results. for Feo<l. There is no better feed than pea> that can be grown with comparatively little trouble. It is better to use old ground, which should be first harrowed to render it reasonably smooth, then sow at the rate of two and a half bushels per acre, plowing them in four or live inches deep;. then sow a bushel of oats broadcast, harrowing in lightly, after which use the roller. The oats assist in supporting the jwas; when nearly ripe they may be cut, cured and threshed and make a good feed for hogs, cattle or horses when ground For use hrwra thoir fnttoning am

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Tt XL" 1111 ”l I । »•■■ •x ■ • • ] When be is running in the yard or standing in a loose box on a pile ot i manure there is nothing to wear down j his hoofs as they grow out. It is necessary, therefore, to trim them : down to the. proper shape with aj knife and rasp. Some hoofs will be | found to have grown out at the toe, and others at the heel. Roth are bad and often result in spavins, windgalls, contracted feet, curbs or ring bones. Many young horses have unsound feet and limbsand theirowners think the unsoundness is hereditary, while in reality it came from neglect. HOUSEHOLD AND KITCHEN. M IscMllmieou** Reel pe*. A Suring Relish. —Chop Hue half a dozen onions of fair size, and add two spoonfuls of sugar, one of butter, I one-half cup of vinegar qnd pepper to please the palate. Cresses and Cucumbers.—Wash ; carefully a pint of water cresses, break in small pieces and drain. Peel three salted cucumbers well freshened and slice them into cold water, in an hour drain them and dry on a napkin. i Arrange them in a salad bowl and I dress with any nice salad dressing. Swiss Pudding.— One cup of line ; bread crumbs, two cups milk, three ' eggs, one tablespoon butter, melted. : one-half teaspoon salt, one-half saltspoon pepper, one-half pound cheese, : grated. Soak the crumbs in the milk, add the other ingredients, cover with dry crumbs, and bake in a quick oven till browned. Orange Custard. —The juice and finely rubbed pulp of two oranges, adding sugar to taste and two teacup- , fuls boiling water. Stir into a very , little water a heaping teaspoonful of flour, and as the orange boils up, add this, together with a beaten egg. Have a tender crust ready baked, and 1 till with the above. j Cauliflower with Cheese.— i Shorten the stems of cold-boiled cauliflower; place it on a flat dish and set it in the oven; when a little warmer j pour over it about an ounce of hot clarified butter mixed with some | grated Parmesan or other cheese: put iit again into the oven, and let it j brown; serve immediately. Cutlets of Halibut. —Remove the . 1 bone and skin from three pounds of halibut. Wipe thoroughly, and cut , ■ into nice-shaped pieces for serving. , I Place on a buttered baking sheet, , i cover with brown sauce and bake • I about thirty minutes, basting twice. Remove to a hot platter, pour the rest r of the sauce over and serve. ' Mock Fried Oysters.—To one can • of nice corn, add two well beaten i eggs, one teaspoon salt, one-half tea--7 spoon of black pepper and flour ■ enough to make a thin batter; mix i all thoroughly: have a pan hot, place ; in it a teaspoon each of butter and i lard and put in corn by large spoonr fuls, and fry a delicate brown, like f fritters: serve at once.

BESTRIDE THE WHEEL. CONGRESSMEN WHO ENJOY BICYCLE RIDING. Jerry Simpson Has Become an Expert Bud Airs His Accomplishment Conspicuously — Several Other Statesmen Who Take Exercise in That Way. Legislators as Cyclers.

THE newest fad among our national j statesmen is the I Congressmen’s Bi- | cycle Club, of which j Jerry Simpson is i President and Thomas B. Reed its I latest nursling, writes a Washing- [ ton correspondent. *on 1 y full-fledged ^Congressmen aro fl’ eligible to membership in it. August r-and reverend Sena- - tors and powerful ^Cabinet officers ’ have no show in it, j and were even Pre-

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Ident Harrison to apply humbly for adDiission, ho would bo peremptorily re- । jected, so exclusive is this unique organization, and so sharply does it draw the lino against all but Congressmen. All the members are enthusiastic wheelmen, and several of them aro exceedingly skillful riders. Among the most expert, besides Jerry Simpson himself, the head chief, aro Congressmen Tom L. Johnson of the Twenty-first Ohio 1 District, Joseph E. Washington of the ; Sixth Tennessee—a lateral descendent of the immortal George Washington— John A. T. Hull of the Seventh lowa, Lewis Sperry of the First Connecticut, and William Springer of the Thirteenth and Owen Scott of the Fourteenth Illinois Districts. Tho idea of the club originated with a select little coterie of congressmen who sit near each other in the chamber of the House of Representatives. Henry George of New York, though not a congressman, may bo held primarily ro- । sponsible for it. M hen the genial, sockless “Sage of Medicine Lodge” left Kansas last spring and visited New York he fell in with tho single-tax apostle, who in due time made him familiar with the pleasures of tho wheel. Representative Johnson likewise recently came under the spell of George’s influence, and he, too, became a convert to ; tho bicycle craze. Representative Johnson happens to sit next to Representative Washington in tho House, and through his rapturous praises of bicyclo riding, daily repeated, he soon induced tho young Tennessean to tempt fate on the revolving wheel. Ex-Speaker Reed was also prevailed upon by John- • son’s eloquence to forego his scruples and link his fortunes in sport with tho budding organization. In this way the charmed clrelo, first formed but little over a month ago, has b<*en gradually but steadily enlarged, until now it is gaining several new recruitl* every week, ami promises eventually ftp embrace, representatives from l> («very State in tho Union. The

IA ■‘‘Wi ~T~ ' - I WHERE CONGRESSIOXAL WHEELMEN MEET.

_ ._ / : / , i ington, paved with the finest asphalt and the smoothest of concrete blocks, afford ideal facilities for bicycling, and the club avails of these superior conditions to the fullest extent. More than an ordinary amount of nerve and courage is required of Congressmen from certain parts of the country in contemplating for themselves such a frivolous diversion as bicycling in this capital city of the nation, where the eyes of the entire public, so to speak, are constantly centered upon them. Indeed, such.a deep-seated prejudice exists in many communities against bicycling, tennis playjng and kindred mild forms of ornamental athletics that the riding Congressmen from those sections deserve to be congratulated on the grit they have displayed in joining the club. The members, while not seeking to conceal their connection with it, have not courted publicity on the subject or sought to be interviewed as to their accomplishments on the wheel. Down in Kentucky a few years ago a certain capitalist from the East, filled with enterprising ideas of progress and invention, undertook to make the race for Congress in one of blue grass districts, using a bicycle of primitive pattern on his stumping tours from place to place. He announced to his prospective constituents that he believed in all sorts of innovations and improvements, and cited bicycles as an illustration, prophesying that they would in a short time largely supersede the use of horses and mules as a mode of locomotion. The voters thereupon, as might be expected, grew frightened at the prospect of losing their livelihood in raising horses and mules and at the polls unanimously snowed him out of sight under an avalanche of adverse votes. Times have changed somewhat since then, but in these unsettled days for statesmen the dear people still insist on knowing both the personal and public careers, and even the sports, of their representatives in Congress. Congressman Johnson is the most versatile rider in the club, despite the fact that he is handicapped with fully 300 pounds of flesh. He is one of the most jovial men in the present House, -with a ruddy, smooth-shaven face, curly black hair and rotund figure. Unlike Henry George, who prefers a light-running English machine, he uses a strong wheel I of standard American make, ball bearings and cushion tire. Notwithstanding his ponderous avoirdupois, he has masI tered the difficult feat known as “the

pedal mount,” and in addition Is able to execute to perfection some of the most intricate figures in fancy riding. So en- i thusiastlc a friend of bicycling is he that he has taught not only his wife but his three little children to ride, and frequently takes his whole family out for 1 an airing “on the road.” Congressman Jerry Simpson, on the i other hand, cares nothing for speed or । fancy figures, but finds an infinite amount of delight in cantering straight ahead at a moderate gait. He rides at any hour of the morning, afternoon, or evening, sometimes with his friend Hull of lowa or Johnson of Ohio, but oftenest alone, “in solitary meditation fancy free.” Ho turns the street corners warily, in the most l isurely manner possible, and in general conducts himself literally like a philosopher on wheels. Ho lives on “Tho Hill,” near the Capitol, and when the debates in the House happen to grow unbearably dull, as they frequently do, he slips over home, gets out his ’cycle, and takes a quiet little spin byway of mental and physical refreshment. Occasionally he moots other members of the club by prearrangement on the i open plaza at tho east front of the capi itol, when they all have a hapyy-go-lucky race over the smooth asphalt. Then, after they have sufficiently enjoyed the keen air whistling about their ears, they return to tho* House in time to vote, depositing their wheels in convenient nooks and crypts on tho basement floor. Chairman Springer, of Ways and Means, is an old hand at the wheel and 13 one of the pioneers among Congressi men in the use of the rapid vehicle. He ' early initiated his youngest son in the j mysteries of riding. Unluckily his lato illness has prevented him from joining

walm -L' . 2W A- ’ i REPRESENTATIVE SIMPSON ON HIS WHEEL, his colleagues In their regular practice, 1 but his heart has been with them all > tho time, and when he fully recovers his health he will make up for lost time. Repiesentativo Washington from the > outset displayed a marked degree of , j pluck and energy in addressing himself ■ to the difficulties that always beset be- • ginm rs on the wheel. With the assidui ous coaching of his friend Johnson, 5 hOWeVer..b* Ino tnAn"’- - ■ i‘s

Young the biggest upright ■ wheel in tho State of Maine when nt homo in Portland, is e mtent here in Washington with a low-seated "safety.” It is related authoritatively that when ho first learned to ride in Maine ho । “dished" his wheel twice, and broke the I delicate attachments. He still lias an aversion to riding in tho fierce gaze of ’ , pubheity which obtains in Washington, ; but he nevertheless consents to a little ' run now and then in the less frequented । rendezvous of the club. Representatives Sperry of ConnectlI cut and S ott of Illinois can be seen oij their wheels almost any bright morning I now, bowling swiftly over the delightful streets of tho fashionable northwest. Mr. Sperry affects a wheel of home manufacture, while Mr. Scott is pleased with an Imported one. Several of tho “very young” Congressmen from Massachusetts and elsewhere have an equal liking for both uprights and “safeties” and are considered connoisseurs as to the best styles ami makes. While the asphalt streets leave noth- | ing to bo desired for ease and comfort 1 in riding, the club’s favorite trysting place A the magnificent driveway called the “White lot,” inclosing fifty acres of beautiful level park, between the Executive mansion and tho'Washington monument. Thither tho Congressmen repair when tho House adjourns at five o’clock i in the afternoon, and enjoy themselves j immensely, with comparative immunity | from observation and interruption. Tho ! only drawback there is the fact that the i^^f \ p — TRYING A SAFETY. occasional passage of a swell carriage or equestrian rider tends to unnerve the , “weaker brethren,” often producing an ungraceful fall and tumble. World’s Fair Notes. Jamaica has increased its World’s Fair appropriation to $25,000. One hundred tons of exhibits for the Exposition have already been collected and are awaiting shipment at Lima and Callao. An effort is being made to collect $25,000 with which to build the Exposition a headquarters for the Sunday schools of the United States. A company from the National Military Institute of Colombia, South America, wants to attend the Exposition and camp on the World’s Fair grounds. The lofty stone monolith, which Wioconsin will exhibit at the Fair, will remain at Jackson Park permanently, the park commissioners having given their consent. The monolith is 107 feet high and cut from a solid block of stone.

GALAPAGOS TORTOISES. gmvivors of an Ancient Race ot Hu?» JTurtles—Their Peoullarlfies. The Galapagoes tortoises are the only survivors of an ancient race of huge turtles which lived s • long ago as the early part of tertiary epoch, says the Boston Transcript. Specimens weighing from six hundred to seven hundred pounds have been captured, and there is authentic ‘■cord of one individual taken Hch tipped Che scales :itß7o pounds. lowever, nearly al: of the very >ig ones have been caught and de void d, and it will not be long before the rice is exterminated—literally “eaten of the face oil the earth by gluttonous man.” It is reckoned that 10,000,000 of turties have been taken from the islands since their discovery. No provisions for ships were ever found equal to these tortoises, which will remain in good condition for a year without food or water. A supply of the latter is carried by the animals in a bag, which contains as much as two gallons, sometimes. They are very sagacious, and, when kept on deck, can be taught to confine themselves to any space arranged for their accomniodation by whipping them gentjy with a rope’s end when they get out of it. The meat is said to be liner than that of the green turtle. Dampier, the explorer, who visited the islands in 1634, wrote that the flesh resembled a pullet’s in flavor. “The oil,” he says, “we kept in jars and used it instead of butter-

to eat with dumplings.” Rogers, in 1707, wrote: “The eggs of the turtle are as big as those of a goose, with hard shells, and exactly round. Two men rode on the back of one of the creatures, which weighed 700 pounds, and it carried them with ease.” In 1793 Colnet reported that the nests of the tortoises “were thrown up in circular form, never containing more than three eggs, which are heated by the sun, a hole being so contrived as to admit its rays through its daily course.” This last very remarkable statement would seem to imply that those chelonians were somewhat familiar with astronomy. The tortoises are vegetable feeders, browsing chiefly upon a succulent cactus. It is said that they are entirely deaf, so that even the report of a gun does not startle or alarm them. At intervals they make pilgrimages to the hilltops, where water is to lie found, traveling by night only. Thus, in the course of centuries, they have wore regular roads from the shore up the mountain sides, by following which the Spaniards tlrst discovered the watering’ places. They have very long and snakeUke necks and heads, and their feet surprisingly resemble,^ a aspect is most venerable.

J/ike a i ero. An English civil engineer, Mr. '•’rancis 11. Grundy, relates what he i calls “The short story of an unknown । hero.” Bill, the banker,” he was ■ called, and even at the inquest over i his body no other name was forth- ! coming. He was only a poor navvy: his usual place was at the top of a forming embaaknient, among the “tip wagons.” During the building of the Manchester and Leeds railway he was topman over a shaft of one of the numerous tunnels which were being constructed on the line. Here he met with a gloriously disastrous, accident, and his conduct should be emblazoned in letters of gold upon the history of his country. He was only a navvy, Isay, and probably could neither read nor.write. The shaft was perhaps 200 feet deep, solid rock sides and bottom. His duty was to raise the trucks which had filled below, and run them to the tip. returning them empty to his mates at the bottom. If a chain broke, or a big boulder fell off a truck, he had to shout, “Waurout!” and the i miners below crept farther into their | “drives,” and allowed thedeath-dea' 1 ing article to come harmlessly. One unhappy day Bill’s foot slipped hopelessly, and he knew that he must be smashed from side to side of the narrow shaft, and landed, a crushed mass, at the bottom. But his mates? If'he screamed, the unusual noise would bring them out at once to inquire the cause. He never lost his presence of mind. Clearly went down the signal. “Waur out below'.” and his mates heard in safety the thud, thud, snrash of his mangled remains. The Pea<lly Cold ised. If trustworthy statistics could he had of the number of persons whe die z every year or become permanently diseased from sleeping in damp or cold beds, they would probably be astonishing ana appalling. It is a peril that constantly besets traveling men, I and if they are wise they will invari- ! ably insist on having their beds aired i and dried, even at the risk of causing much trouble to their landlords. But, according to Good Housekeeping, it is a peri! that resides also in the home, aiftl the cold “spare room” has slain its thousands of helpless guests, and will go on with its slaughter till people learn wisdom. Not only the guest, but the family often suffer the penalty o f sleeping in cold rooms and •hilling their bodies, at a time when they need all their bodily heat, by getting^betwecn cold sheets. Even in warm summer weather a cold, damp bed will get in its deadly work. It is a needless peril, and the neglect to pro vide dry rooms and beds has in it the elements of murder and suicide. The latest popular ballad is entitled “He Never Came Back.” This is probably due to the fact that he did nyt have a round trip ticket.