Saturday Evening Mail, Volume 28, Number 22, Terre Haute, Vigo County, 27 November 1897 — Page 6

WHY TAMMANY WINS.

METHODS OF NEW YORK'S UNIQUE POLITICAL ORGANIZATION.

The Philosophy of Thomas Jefferson—How Blcliard Croker Uu Gained His Influence—District Leaders and Captain*—The

Will of the Majority. [Special Correspondence.! NEW YORE, NOV. 22.—The great po

litical surprise of the last election, which passes at once into history as one of the peremptory declarations of the American poople, is eminently suggestive of an inquiry as to the means employed to bring a boat such an astonishing result.

In New York city the election was emphatically a Tammany Hall victory and was all the more pronounced because of the crushing defeat of 1894. That defeat heeraed like a thorough repudiation of Tammany Hall, its principles, its methods and its leaders. Many intelligent people have believed that it was exactly that, and to them the present triumph seems almost inexplicable.

What is it, thftn, that has enabled an organization discredited and apparently demoralized three years ago to win the most important victory ever achiev ed by a local political party?

Tammany Hall won this year because of two things. The relative importance of the two will be judged differently by different people. First, I place the fact that the organization has stood steadfastly and continuously for more than a century for one settled and well formulated political faith, and the faith which Tammany professes outside of the temporary complications of local politics seems to be the faith that the majority of New Yorkers hold. It is the philosophy of Jefferson as opposed to that of Hamilton.

But sentimental considerations do not alone control municipal elections. The practical power lies in organization, and it is of the organization of Tammany Hall that outsiders appear to be curiously ignorant. Simple as it is, it has been more misrepresented and more misunderstood than almost any other open, public association than can be called to mind.

No better example of this general misunderstanding could possibly be found than has been afforded within the last few weeks. It is almost universally believed—it is even believed inside the organization by some—that Richard Crpker came back to New York after along absence and by the exercise of some mysterious, unexplained power imposed his own personal will upon the party and dictated a "slate" which his followers were obliged to accei*.

This is entirely erroneous and manifestly impossible. If Tammany Hall bad not chosen to accept Richard Croker's judgment, there is no power on earth that could have compelled the following— certainly none that Oroker controlled. What he did was to place at the disposal of his party his political sagacity, his intimate knowledge of New York men and affairs and his judgment. He imposed his judgment on the party and not his will, and they accepted his jugir.ont just so far as they approved it nnd no further. The best proof of this is tbo well known fact that he was defeated in tho nomination of some oandidatos whom ho recommended.

To mako it clear that this is true it is worth while to consider just how Tammany Hall is organized and how it becomes possible for one man's judgment to overrido another's in a party which strenuously upholds the absolute equality of voters.

In tbo first placo, tho organization is a permanent ono. It is not got up from campaign to campaign, but a permanent enrollment is maintained always of such voters as stand committed to the party, who aro willing, or perhaps desirous, that they shall bo considered regular members of tho party, ready to support it with personal effort, and on occasions with contributions toward party expenses. Whether this willingness arises from political enthusiasm or from A desire to share in tho spoils of victory when victory comes, it serves tho same purpose—that of keeping the party together. When election time draws near, tho enrolled members, usually called Tammany Hall's general committee, form an army of regular workers ready for active service in canvassing for votes or iu performing any of tho labor that is necessary in the campaign. This general committee is tho party.

Tho organization of the party is the method it employs to express its desires and to execute its will. The general committer is enrolled, for the sake cf convenience and effectiveness, by assembly districts, and each assembly district committee is represented by one man in tho councils of the party and in the general executive business. Ho is called the district leader and is a member of the executive committee of the party, this executive committee consisting of the district leaders only—35 men in all.

Theoretically at least this executive oommittee is truly a representative body. Each member is the delegate of his own district general committee and is fully empowered by those whom he represents to act always and under all circumstances for his district, or, in other words, for that portion of the party which belongs in his district. There is no fixed tenure of office. The man who becomes leader remains leader, and therefore a member of the executive committee, as long as he continues tu represent his constituency in a manner that meets their approval. Not one of the 3d could hold his place 88 minutes after his general committee had become dissatisfied with him.

One detail of the organification should be mentioned her* to explain how disaat isfactimt, should it exist, can he readily expressed and readily made ef-i fective. The law divides the assembly districts into numerocs election districts for convenience in voting and for each election district oue votes' in the party,

Is selected as a "captain." He is directly responsible to the voters in his district ou the one hand and to his district leader on the other, and he also continues in office as long as he gives satisfaction, but not a day longer.

There is no one man power in Tammany Hall. There never was, there is not and there never can be a boss in Tdmmanv Hall in the sense of one man being able to say to anybody else in the party, "You must do this because I say so." The utmost that Mr. Oroker or anybody else can say is, "You must do this because the majority says so."

That this will be generally believed outside of Tammany Hall is perhaps too much to expect, yet it is the exact truth. No boss and no leader in Tammany has any power, exoept what he gets from the support of the majority of those behind him. The recognized leader of the executive committeee is colloquially called the boss, and the term has grown into a title, though not an official one, but the boss of Tammany Hall is always the man whose judgment is most respected. When the respect fails, the following ceases and the man from that moment is no longer boss.

It is for these reasons, and for these reasons only, so far as I have been able to learn from 20 years' study, that Tammany Hall succeeds in New York.

DAVID A. CUBTIS.

SOME FINE SHOOTING.

The Old Hanter and the Grizzly's Courage— Kicked Oat of Camp. [Special Correspondence.]

SAN BERNARDINO, Cal., Nov. 17.— "A grizzly will turn tail and ran every time he has a chance," said an old hunter to me the other day. We had been up in the Sierras, and I, in my foolhardiness, wanted to meet and pot a grizzly, but old Ephraim was wary, and I brought my skin back to town without any unnecessary holes in it. I shouldn't have run any risk, my old friend said, unless I had met the grizzly face to face, or cornered him in a particularly tight place. I was rather incredulous, though, and to prove what he said he related several tales of his own experitnee. "My first grizzly," he said, "I saw in the upper end of Wawona meadows, when I first went to live there, some 40 years ago. He was feeding well out in the field, and I couldn't get nearer than about 100 yards from him, so I rested my old rifle over a fallen log and let drive. Well, sir, old Eph just stood up on his hind legs and pawed the air like a circus horse, and then, still on his hind legs, he started straight for the tree behind which I lay. I was ramming in a bullet as fast as possible, but at the rate he was coming he was likely to catch me before I could get loaded, and you'd better believe my hair stood up a little. But when he was within two or three rods of me, he toppled over like a big pine tree felled by the ax and died without a struggle. "No, me and my mate killed nearly 90 grizzlies between us—that is, he

BRINGING HOMK THE DESK.

killed about 80 and I killed the rest, and neither of us ever got a scratch. Why, when I was mining over near to Mariposa along back iu the fifties there was a couple of miners there shoved a grizzly out of their hut, and he never did a thing to 'em. It seems there was an old jack donkey in the camp who used to brow so around regardless night and day when off duty, and one night, hearing something knocking about their shanty, one of the miners said to his mate, who was in the lower bunk, 'Say, Sam, get up and kick that blasted jack out, will yon?' The other fellow was about half asleep, but he turned out, felt something soft and hairy iu the darkness, which he took for the jack's rump, and so he gave him several good kicks in the spot where they would do the most good. The jack didn't say nothing, and Sam slammed the door after him and turned in again. Bet when they found grizzly tracks all about next morning as big as an elephant's foot you'd better believe they did some thinking."

Grizzlies, my friend tells me, have become scarcer and the blacks and cinnamons correspondingly numerous all through the Sierras. All the big game, such as the elk, mountain sheep, deer and antelope are harder to find—in fact, less abundant—than they were a few years ago. Cultivation and sheep raising have been as harmful to the game, big and little, as the most persistent hunting. Even the ducks and geese do not congregate in the numbers of former years, and the valley an« mountain quail are getting comparatively scarce. 1 say comparatively because they are still here in great flocks.

A word of caution to the hunter in the hills and over the brown field* cf this portion of the state: Keep an eye open for rattlers and foxtails! The former are not oftm seen, but they are numerous, nevertheless the latter are everywhere, and yield the spiny spurs which cover the ground and which stick to yon closer than any sort of brother yon ever had. Tbey soon lame your dogs, irritate the horses and work their way through the stoutest shoes. Being barbed, like the spine of the prickly pear, they work their way into fleam and clothing and are difficult to extract.

Fbed A. Ouk

STORES OF AMBER.

This

Yellow Substance Is Fished and Mined For In East Prussia. [Special Correspondence.] BERLIN, NOV. 13.—Germans term the Samland—that part of the Baltic sea's

south shore lying between Dantzic and Memel—the California of east Prussia from the fact that the only amber mines and fisheries of any importance in the whole world are there located. Amber is really nothing more nor less than mineralized resin from pine trees of a sort that seems to have become extinct and never to have grown extensively in any other part of the world.

The largest and clearest blocks of amber are gathered from the' floor of the Baltic off the shore near the village of Palmnicken by divers who are called amber fishermen. Their employment is by ho means child's play, though mortal accidents among them are rarely re ported. The amber reef on which they work is about 600 feet long and 400 feet broad. It consists of solid masses of the prized substance, deposited by the currents that meet there. The divers are employed 10 full months in every 12 and would not be idle at all were it not for the frightful weather of about eight weeks in midwinter each year.

Anchored over the reef the visitor will observe a little flotilla of ten or a dozen boats. Each of these boats has a crew of six in addition to two divers fitted out with the most modern of diving appliances. These latter remain under water five hours at a stretch, working almost always in a recumbent position. This alone renders an amber fisherman's life anything but comfortable, to say nothing of the extremely low temperature of the water in the spring and fall and indeed nearly all summer, Besides his paraphernalia as a diver, he is burdened with a heavy iron bar, with which he loosens the blocks of amber from the bottom and frees them from enveloping sand and entangling seaweed. He also has strapped about his waist a receptacle for the smaller pieces, which he carries with him until he comes to the surface. When he sees a piece too large to handle in that way, he ascends at once, bringing it in his hands. Sometimes apiece is found that is so heavy as to require the strength of two men in getting it to the surface and finds of great slabs of pure amber are recorded that could not be raised without the employment of heavy tackle, though they have been very rare.

The dangers suffered by these men are from storms and the shutting off of the air supply. Great fluctuations of air pressure are also heard, and the men in charge of the air pumps watch the gauge incessantly as tjiey work.

Not far inland from these shore fisheries are the amber mines made by sinking shafts in the sandy soil and running galleries in various directions. As these galleries must be lower than the sea level a great deal of pains has to be taken to keep the water from filtering in. Close to Memel, along this same coast, the sea bottom is dredged for amber, a fleet of boats being constantly kept busy thereat excepting when the weather is exceedingly bad.

This industry has been in existence for hundreds of years. In all its forms it is carefully supervised by the government. P. E. N.

TRAINED GNATS.

An Astonishing Demonstration of Intellectual Capacity. [Special Correspondence.]

VENICE, NOV. 6.—The trained lions of the German, Hagenbeck, do many wonderful tricks and attract large crowds of sightseers, but they cannot achieve the wonders of that tiniest of animals, 'the gnat. We Vere traveling outside the beaten path studying the life of the common people. Recently we found ourselves in the midst of a stream of Italians, who evidently had in view a certain destination. Following the crowd out of mere curiosity, we entered a commonplace hoose and arrived in sight of a platform, on which a strange performance was going on— two gnats were fighting a duel with metal swords about as long as the hairs of a two weeks' beard. It was the most astonishing demonstration of intellectual capacity that we had ever seen. The gnats actually obeyed the orders of the trainer, given with a finger of his hand, and when at last he commanded them to finish the fight one of the gnats adroitly unhanded his opponent and held him at his mercy. Who wonld suppose that such tiny creatures had such brain power as that?

Bnt this was not all that the trained gnats did at the behest of the proprietor. They brought out little chariots, harnessed cme another in and drove around as proudly as any lion king that waa ever made to go through a similar performance. Then all went to school and sat patiently under the instruction of an old grandfather, who was aged enough to be baldheaded. ^§g

There seemed to be no limit to the number of tricks that these gnats could do in imitation of human beings. Far fully half an boor they continued their performance, all the while manifesting as much intelligence as dogs, which are generally accounted the most intelligent of all the animals other than man. The Italian spectators, to many of whom it must have been an old story, were as highly delighted as we were and gave freely of their c^ln when the collection was taken up.

If only some of these Italian gnat trainers wonld go to the United States and train the Jersey mosquitoes to fight duels to the death, they could claim any reward they chose.

TERRE HAUTE SATURDAY EVENTNG- MAIL, NOYEMBEE 27, 1897.

Along the coast at Sohwartzarfc, about 90 miles to the east of Palmnicken, much amber is cast ashore, by each big storm, and there the amber fishermen take their prizes from the beach while the storm is raging and from the bottom in from three to six feet of water after the storm is over. Their work requires much physical strength and hardihood.

A Great Natural Cariosity. A perfect face of a delicate Jewish cast was discovered in a small stone about as large around as a 10 cent piece found lying on the railroad grade near Junction City, Ore. Not only are the brow, hair, beard and beautiful aquiline nose perfectly shaped aud distinct on the stone, but the neck and shoulders are vignetted off into the delicate agate like tracery of the background as it would have been done by an artist

Not only is the face as delicately beau tifnl in line as one stamped upon a Greek coin of the reign of Alexander, but in this stone are reproduced the colors of life. The face is white, with a blending of flesh tones, growing deeper in the shadows of the neck and shoulders. The hair in the dark shadow at the back is a rich auburn, just the color associated most often with the ascetic Jewish type to which the whole face belongs. It is perhaps the strangest part of this extraordinary coincidence of forms that each feature, from the cavernous eye and delicate hollowed cheek to the high, narrow brow and wavy auburn hair, is in accord with a famil iar type of the Christ. In this respect the Oregon stone is infinitely superior as a work of nature's art to the "Stone Man of Sorrows," about which a book was published in London. This head, in a stone a little larger than the recent discovery, was picked up at Oberammergau as a mere casual memento of the spot, because of its associations with the passion play, and eight years afterward, being held in a certain position, was seen to reveal the face that Avas somewhat sentimentally supposed to resemble the face of Christ.—Boston Tran script .ST 'I-

If Water Never Froze.

The whole economy of nature would undergo a startling change if water never froze. The world's climates would be revolutionized. The icebound polar seas would cease to exercise their chill ing influences, and consequently the currents of the ocean might either cease or be turned aside in different directions.

Thus the gulf stream would seek other shores than those of Britain, and the climate thore might be subject to the extremes of heat and cold noticeable in other countries of the same latitude. The icebound rivers of the north, notably those of Russia and Siberia, would be open for navigation, and Russia's activity as a sea power and a commercial nation might alter the whole world of commerce.

Canada would become another country altogether An immense tract of land would be available for cultivating hardy plants, and Greenland might be what its name indicates. The absence of icebergs off the coasts of Newfoundland and Iceland would result in a much warmer climate iu those islands, where now the crops often fail.

Ice, too, plays an important part in the economy of nature. Thus, if water never froze, snow, hail and hoar frost would cease.. The loosening of soils aud the disintegration of rocks by the frost and many other now vital effects would be lost. In short, the absence of ice would be on the one hand an incalculable disaster, on the other hand a great boon.—London Globe.

A Great Authority on Evolution.:

There is a sketch of "A Great Naturalist," the late Edward Drinker Cope, in The Century. It is written by Henry Fairfield Osborn. Professor Osborn says: His pioneer exploration came early in the age of Darwinism, when missing links not only in the human ancestry, but in the greater chain of backboned animals, were at the highest premium. Thus he was fortunate in recording the discovery in northwestern New Mexico of by far the oldest quadrupeds known, in finding among these the most venerable monkey, in describing to the world hundreds of links—in fact, whole chains of descent between the most ancient quadrupeds and what we please to call the higher types, especially the horses, camels, tapirs, dogs and cats. He labored successfully to connect the reptileB with the amphibians, and the latter with the fishes, and was as quick as a flash to detect in the paper of another author the oversight of some long sought link which he had been awaiting Thus in losing him we have lost our ablest and most discerning critic. No one has made such profuse and overwhelming demonstration of the actual historical working of the laws of evolution, his popular reputation perhaps resting most widely upon his practical and speculative studies in evolution.

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Son—Yes, but the rolling stone would like to raise a little dust just now, dad, fay a change.—Boston Courier.

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