Saturday Evening Mail, Volume 17, Number 15, Terre Haute, Vigo County, 2 October 1886 — Page 7

SCIENCE AM) PROGRESS. SCIE

*OD MADE MAN AND MAN MAKES MARVELOUS MACHINES,

ntelligent Swine—The Red Dyt of

KOMI.

Ifttl of Blvers—Steam Machine* for Dining into Earth Banks and Excavating Itallroad»—Steel for Muscle.

How completely steam power is supersed band labor is illustrated in nothing mono ugly tdan in the railroad excavators now jx use. Gangs of 60 and 100 laborers used to 9e necessary to build railroads. They were inported by tbo shipload for that very purpose in the palmy days of railroad building in America. Now this work is done by a steam •ccavator. A great iron scoop-shovel is run ito a sand or gravel bank. A force behind drives it against the bank and scrapes it to nd fro upon it. The earth is broken off and falls into the shovel. Then, when the scoop Is full, a swinging crane and derrick move it one side and empty its contents upon a umping car which stands ready to receive hem.

Upon the tip of the shovel are sharp bladelike steel teeth. These punch into the earth mid literally bite it out. In some of the machines the bottom of the scoop is movable, so that instead of turning the shovel upside •down to empty it, all that is necessary is to pull back a little spring clasp and the load is •dumped out through the bottom.

IRrtN STEAM SHOVEL.

The illustration shows one of these unique •engines at work on a clay bank. Some of them will, it is said, load and unload seven cubic yards a minute. They are valuable for removing railroad wreckage as well, though it is rather a shady compliment to the safety of railway travel in America that the invention of a wrecking train has been deemed necessary.

EXCAVATOR AND DUMPING CAK.

The second illustration shows a steam excavator in the act of dumping its load upon the gravel car beside it. Temporary railway tracks aro laid for the macliincs to run upon las fast as they dig. "if^'^yentions have 'even been used for ui^ng water pif*' trenches. Where the earth crust is very rigid, and where there are rocky banks, a force of blasters precede the excavator and loosen up the material with giant powder.

These machines arts now in use wherever in America railroads are to be built One of them made a remarkable record in breaking through a bed of blue clay on the Canadian Pacific road. They are among the most interesting of recent examples of the triumph of man1s mind over matter. Still, too, it /none the less manifest that, however much machinery may supersede hand labor, then' is always demand for men more and more.

Strength of Brick Foundations. Experiments and observations concerning the strength and utility of brink foundations for machinery show that a rather soft, brick will crush under a weight of 4A0 to 000 pounds per square inch, or about 30 to 40 tons per square foot, while a first rate machine pressed brick will require from 300 to 4(H) tons per square foot But masses of brick work will crush under nmch smaller loads than single bricks. In some English experiments small cubical masses, only nine inches cA each edge, laid in cement, crushed under C7 to 40 tons per square foot Others, with piers inches square and 2 feet 4 inches high in cement, only two days after being built, required 44 to 02 tons per squaro foot to crush them. Another, of pressed brick, in best 'Portland cement, is said to have withstood 308 tons per squaro foot, and with common lime mortar only one-fourth as ranch. The name authority, however, Is careful to ndd the statement, that cracking and splitting usually commence under about one-half the pushing loails. To be safe, he recommends ~.#iat the loads should not exceed one-eighth '•or one-tenth the crushing loads and so also ,• with stone. The pressure of a brick shot 'tower in Baltimore, 240 feet high, is estimated at tons per squaro foot and in a brick Chimney at Glasgow, Scotland, «J8 feet high, at 0 tons. _______________

The Pall of Large Rlvere.

The average pitch of large rivers, excluding regions of cascades, scldojn exceeds twelve Inches to a mile, and is sometimes but one third that amount According to Humphrey* and Abbot, the pitch of the Mississippi from Memphis down (855 miles) is only 4.8^ inches at low water: from Cairo, at the mouth of the Ohio (1,068 miles), 0,94 inches and above the Missouri, from its highest (source, only 11.75 inches. The Missouri, from 'its highest source (8,906 miles), descends about «,*» feot, or twenty-eight inches a mile but from Fort Benton to St Joseph (2,100 mik*).

About

11.AO inches: and below 8t Joseph to the mouth (4M miles), 9.% inches. Dana gives the average pitch of the Amaaon as a LttJo mors than six inches a mile of the lbwor Nile, less than seven of the lowerGan 'gee, about four. The Rhone is remarkable for its great pitch, it being eighty inched per mile from Geneva to Lyons, and thirty-two inches below Lyons.

I for Supposed Drowning. The following method of restoring person* •who have been in the water is recommended in The British Medical Journal:

The body of the patient is laid on the back, with clothes loosened, and the mouth and nose wiped two bystanders pass their right hands under the body at the level of the waist, ami grasp each other* hand, then raise tbo body until the tips of the fingers and toes of the subject alone touch the ground count fifteen rapidly then lower the body flat to the ground, and prow the elbows to the side hard count fifteen again then raise the body again for tbo same length of tiro^ and so on, alternately raising and lowering. The heeM, arms and legs are to 1* allowed to dangle down freely when the body is raised.

Sand Jft for Lsromstiw Wheel*. A device for using *u*i advantageously on Pjocomotiwa which has not a* yet been tried in this country, so far as we know, and which seams worthy of attention and experiment, is Uhvtratod in a late feme of The Engineer as a feature of a new express pasaenger locomotive built by the Mean. 2f«item for the Gafe

railway A mall jet of cemprssecd

air is introdu«d inte the center of the sand pipe, by a seit*le connection, whichhas the affect of throwing tha sand to precisely the point when i) is wanted under the wheeL Consequently, fee quantity can be very much diminished forWjual effect, and it is said that the quantity o^ sand required when in constant operation?* only one pound per mile.

Intelligent Swine.

The Charlotte, (N. C.) Observer, states that about th^e weeks ago a stock dealer from Tennesse arrived in that city with a drove of hogs, and one of the Paw Creek citizens purchased from him a fine sow. The PawCreek man took the animal home and penned her up, but the next morning she was goro, and her owner was never able to hear anything from her until yesterday. He received a letter from the stock drover stating tint the sow had arrived at her old home rn Tennessee, and had given birth to a litter )f pigs the day after her return. This instance of the sow making her way back to her home over such a longdistance is cited as evidence that hogs have a good deal more tense than they are generally credited with.

Penetrative Power of Light, If it were possible to rise above the atmosphere which surrounds the earth we should see nothing but an intense and sharply defined ball of fire, while everything else would be wrapped in total darkness. There could be no diffusion of light without an atmosphere or some similar medium for it to act upon but if the air about us extended to a height of 700 miles, the rays of the sun could not penetrate it, and wc would be left in darkness. At the depth of 700 feet in the ocean the light ceases altogether, one-half of the light being absorbed in passing through only seven feet of the purest water.

The Bed Dye of Moses.

Tha Botanical gardens, London, have succeeded in cultivating the curious kermes oak (quercus cocifere), which, when punctured by one of the coccu* insects, produced the ancient blood-red dye, supposed to have been used by Moses to tint the hangings of the tabernacle. The kermes oak is a dwarf, bushy shrub, somewhat resembling a holly, and grows profusely in Spain.

Facts of Interest.

The population of the United States is now 00,000,000. It is said that a mule cannot bray if you tio a weight to his tail and hold it down.

Ah aeronaut recently really made the journey from Cherbourg, France, to London in a steerable air ship.

Some English physicians believe they have discovered that the scarlet fever poison comes from sores on the udder and body of diseased cows.

The attempt to run the Daft electric motor upon the Now York elevated road is to be tried once more. The inventor said it failed before because the motor built was not powerful enough. A larger one has been constructed.

A company has been organized in New York city to fores letters and small parcels under the streets from point to point through pneumatic tubes. This plan, if successful, wiH largely do away with letter carriers and messenger boys in cities.

WHAT SHALL WE WEAR?

Some New Hats.

About this time of year our ladies will be looking for the new hats and bonnets. We present to them this week the first instalment, a batch of hats. They show the back of the head and neck abundantly. Some artists say this is more beautiful than a woman's face. An croct, dignified, graceful carriage of the head certainly goes far to make a lady beautiful. With the hats in tho illustrations, have the back hair gracefully and coquettishly arranged.

Fro. 1.

Hat. No. 1, on the left, is of beige or dark gray felt, the brim faced with brown velvet, large, full loops of brown velvet placed at the left of tho crown and secured by an old silver ornament and a long, beige plume curled over the back.

Hat No. 2, on the right, is of cream-colored felt, the brim faced with moss-green velvet, and the medium high crown almost covered with cream-colored ostrich plumes and a bow placed at the left side of cream-colored faille ribbon lined with green velvet

Fro.

On the left a hat of Mack English straw, with a band of jet galloon encircling the crown, and black ostrich plumes set against a full bow of dusky red faille ribbon which ornaments the left side.

On the right a hat of dark bine velvet, the frame covered very smoothly, and the trimming consisting of a large bow of dusky red faille ribbon lined with blue velvet and a cluster of blue ostrich tips.

More About Millinery.

Velvet and plush bonnets and bats are to be the rule for all fine wear. Brims aro, as a rule, plainly faced with pieces cut to fit exactly, and but very few shirred brims are «een. There are turbans made entirely of feather* aho hate and bonnet* made to part or altc^ether of feather trimming. Bands of this trimming are seen on large hats, and brims are bound with it Hushes with small polka dot spots are among the new materials for making and trimming bonnets and hats, although fancy materials will be more used for trimming than tat the body fabrics.

New hats made of bonds woolen goods laid onoothly over the frame are light and very Ayibti, and need but little trimming. Other new hats have crowns of felt or velvet, and Astrakhan brims, and thar* an bindings aad

fiwtngm of Persian lambskin. Hats that look like corduroy come in gray and brown and are made up ready for trimming.

Bead bonnets are prefsrahly in je*, although a few are shown in irise and copper color. They are trimmed with tulle and velvet flowers or leaves, also with velvet bows, loops and pointed aigrettes of velvet ribbon. A charming bonnet in this style is trimmed with aigrettes of picot-edged velvet ribbon in black and straw color. Evening bonnets made of beads are in pals blue, pink, gold and crystaL Ostrich tips with pearl bead drops are used for trimming with picot-edged watered ribbon.

Straw hats will be worn until the very coldest weather. Brown, navy blue, deep o*-b and black are the favorite colors. Straw hats for late autumn are faced with velvet or plush, and the same material enters largely into the trimming. Loose bunches of dark flowers are used on hats that turn up at the side, and many bunches of fruit in dark "bloomy" colors are used. Peaches, plums, blackberries, bunches of currants, boughs full of dark cherries, and even tiny peppers and an occasional carrot are seen.

Ribbons are used in profusion for millinery of all grades, and are shown in solid colors »nH in many fancy styles.—Demoresfs Monthly.

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Children's Clothing.

There are now trimmings of all kinds that come ready-made for children's clothing. They are produced by machinery, are handsome and seem almost indestructible. There have been for some time these ready-made trimmings for white goods, dresses, aprons and underwear. This season the same ready-made trimmings come in new and different fabrics adapted to winter in bands of applique work, silk and mohair, three to five inches wide: The patterns are very attractivo, and come in the new shades.

Flannel, with one edge embroidered, Is seen in patterns from the simplest designs to those very elaborate. These embroidered flannels come not only in white, but red, pink, pale blue and gray and a lady embroidering a flannel skirt nowadays would be thought slightly demented.

Children's clothing, so far as seen, is very warm and sensible looking. The sailor blouse suit is again the favorite for small children who are always wriggling out of their clothes, and for school dresses.

Any dark flannel or serge is chosen the skirt is finished above the hem with a band of braid, or silk, or velveteen, about one half finger wide, and then laid in two-inch side plaits. Care should always be taken to well lap the plaits and fasten firmly, that one end may not give way, letting the plait slide, giving the whole skirt a very askew condition. We always advise attaching this skirt to a good strong silesia waist the blouse, of course, has the elastic in the bottom the sailor collar meets to a point low in front, and often the trimming forms the sailor's knotted kerchief.

We know of no prettier traveling suit for a child than the sailor blouse. More elaborate frocks are made quite like the elder sisters'. The skirt has two rows of velvet and is box plaited. The bodice is tightfitting, has pointed plastrons of velvet both back and front, with folds of the material bordering them, A sash in soft folds around the waist has wide loops and short ends in the back. The sleeves aro very full, gathered bolow the elbow and again at the bottom into velvet cuffs. One of the prettiest dresses imaginable for girls from 6 to 9 years.

Another pretty little dress is made of wool goods and velveteen. The latter forms tho front of skirt and basque, with wool sleeves. The Wool goods is laid in fine tucks in panel effect on each side, while the back is in very full plaits, with sash loops and ends of velveteen.—New York Fashion Bazar.

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For Panels and Dress Trimming*. Fine glass beads, usually black, are flrmlj woven in stripes in wool g6ods between braid, velvet or pomponetto stripes. Tho bends are very small and are not set close together, yet their sparkle brightens up the dull surface most effectively. There are also oord stripes woven in that look like rows of passementerie, and others are like bourette cords with rough threads knotted at intervals. More than all else, however, are the velvet stripes, which como in various widths, but are handsomest when an inch and a half or two Inches wide. These may be of the color of the wool stripes with which they alternate, or they may bo mado up of narrow stripes of various colors forming broad stripes. Frise velvet stripos are again seen, also tapestry stripes, and there are some brocaded velvet stripes arranged as sido bands. Cashmere colors, as rich as those seen in India shawls, are woven in stripes alternating with velvet or plush stripes of chaudron (copper red) shades, or of rosewood, mahogany, navy blue or tho reddish heliotrope tints that are now so fashionable in Paris. Sometimes plush, of very long pile, is cut like tassels and arranged in rows for bands and borders that trim fine woolens. 'l »t

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Ear Rings.

Ear rings aro certainly coming on apace not a boom, but a steady growth, the result of which will be favorably felt during the coming autumn and winter trade by manufacturers and dealers. Balls continue to sell well, so do the little knots and flower patterns, while hoops, it is believed, have a future. Both balls and hoops are worn much abroad, and these styles will be found in stock here this falL Some of the most attractive ear rings seen of late have been gold hoops made of twisted wire and delicate openwork patterns.—Jewelers' Circular.

Jersey Basques.

The Jersey basque of the present is a work of art as compared with the article from which it sprung. Jerseys are now cut in precisely the same style as ordinary drem Waists, and are very handsomely finished, with whalebones in all the seams, and an inside belt They are sometimes made with pointed fronts, but more generally are rounded in front with a plaited postilion bock.

FASHIONLETS.

Blade plush is becoming Toy fashionable for cloaks. Imitation vests are a feature of tha fall styles in jackets.

Many fashionable stockings have Mack feet and gay colored uppers. The Russian bang and basket coil are the new features in coiffures.

Fine woolen frocks have now quits superseded silks and satins for the street Quilted satin comes in the piece already prepared for petticoats and linings.

Violet and gray are much combined and make a becoming costume to persons of almost any age.

Jerseys are being made of striped and spotted stockinet, handsome in color. The effect on a handsome figure charming.

The Russian bang fx lighter than the Langtry, and falls in light flat rings in a point on the forehead, leaving the temples bam

Old gold phr* is fashionable. Many of the Imported cloaks are matte in this color. A oronae feather trimming adds to tha beauty jf the garment.

THE FARM AND GARDEN.

INTERESTING SKETCH OF A COOPERATIVE CREAMERY.

A Crop of Widows aad School Harms. Pictures of Building, Ground Flan and Second Floor of a Successful

CreameryFa* mors Polling Together.

The tendency of the new butter and cheese dairying is now to collect the cream or milk all into one central factory, and there work it up. The substitution of the old-fashioned dasher churn in the single farmhouse for the large central factory to which the cream is sent to be worked up is only a question of timA- The hand churn will follow the hand loom.

The large butter factories are carried on in two ways. First there is the proprietary plan. In this the owner of the factory simply buys the cream of the farmers at so much per quart, hauls it to his factory and makes it into butter, which he sells at the highest price he can get Next is the cooperative plan. In this system the farmers organise a co-operative stock company and elect their officers. The officers construct the factory and equip it out of the capital stock, hire abutter maker and superintendent, and manufacture the cream or milk furnished by the patrons. After paying expenses the balance left is each month divided among the patrons according to the amount of cream furnished. In this way the farmers get all the money that can possibly be made out of the business. The expenses are kept down to the lowest limit, no fancy profit is paid to a manufacturer or middleman.

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WINDSOR CREAMERY BUILDING.

A description of one of the best paying of these co-operative creameries will interest our readers. One thing is certain: If farmers will hang together, will use their wits, work like brothers into each other's hands, and will keep their pluc^ and courage up, they are bound to come out on top.

The Windsor creamery is in Connecticut. It paid from the start It was begun with a capital of $3,000, divided into $25 shares. This paid for buildings and outfit It took a good many farmers to raise $8,000 among them, but that made all the more stockholders, and gave more people a ohance. Start the creamery as near a market as possible to make the least expense for transportation.

The Windsor creamery building was set into a hillside. The site is in a dry sand bank, but only a few feet beyond the buttermilk cistern, and several feet below the basement floor of the creamery, runs a never-failing brook which has a steep fall, thus affording absolutely perfect drainage, an all-important matter. The buttermilk cistern is so arranged that it can be flushed out into the brook in the most thorough manner thus it can never become a source of contamination by foul odors getting back into the creamery through tho buttermilk waste pipe. This pipe is fourinch'iron, so that its joints cannot be dislocated by frost A never-failing spring about twenty rods distant runs into a 4,000 gallon cistern, the water being pumped by the engine from the cistern into the tank on the second floor, from which it is drawn into the tempering vats, churn, sinks, etc., as required. The building is 60x24 feet in size. "1 1"

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GROUND PLAN.

Inside there is no plastering to absorb steam, odors, etc., but the brick work is tdmply thoroughly whitewashed. The floor of the basement or first-story consists of bricks on edge firmly pressed into the dry sand, then thoroughly cemented, and finished off with a generous coating of Portland cement. The floor has a decided slant forward and to the various gutters for conveying the waste to the sewer, which enters directly into the running brook. As the floor is impervious to water all contamination from this source is reduced to the minimum. The ceilings are tightly sheathed with pine, shellacked so as to be impervious to moisture also. The sink and steam Jet for washing cans is in the boiler room, so that the steam and odor from this work cannot get into the manufacturing room. Every possible safeguard is thus taken against contamination from any source whatever, a most important matter, and one that is often overlooked.

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UPPER FLOOR.

Part of the upper story can be finished off for tenement rooms if desired. As the milk is received at the door, seen to the left in Fig. 1, it is sent upstairs on the elevator and is poured through the cream receiver into the cream tempering vats below. Here the cream is kept at 88 degrees, and frequently stirred to let in the air and get it thoroughly ripened. The cream is drawn through troughs into the Davis swing churns. The outfit costs |675, and is as follows: One 0-horss power engine and boiler, two200-gallon cream tempering vats, two No.« swing churns, eight 90-gallon cream gathering cans, one butter salting scale, two dairy pails, two thermometers, a one gallon dipper, two butter ladles, one self-ganging foot lever printer, six No. 3 butter carriers, one No. 4 improved Eureka butter worker, shafting and pulleys. Each patron is also supplied with a creamer, so that the cream is all raised under like conditions. A good idea of the building is given in Fig. 1, which shows the front elevation. The double door opens into the office the further door is where the cream is received and butter taken out The pomp is to the buttermilk cistern. Teams can back to it •rwi have the milk pumped into barrel* The smaller building is the icehouse.

Only three persons connected with the creamery receive regular pay: The batter maker, $65 per month cream gatherer, who furnishes hi# own team, $2.50 per day and the secretary and treasurer, who for the nominal sum of #8.25 per month keeps all tbet books, and is an interested and efficient general assistant

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Tbe factory takes the milk from 150 cows sow and is gradually increasing tbe number. The cream is raised in creamers at the farm bffBf. The milk Is strained into cans as gooo as drawn from the odder, the cover is pot on and tbe can sutonergui atoocvintha

water within the creamer. The gatherer skims it off, pqts it in a spaced can and sets it down in his accounts. Then all the skim milk is left at home to be fed to the pigs and ..V CD1CKBD&

By the use of the creamer system and sending away the cream to be churned, a fourth of the farm wife's labor is saved. More is got from the cows all around than under the old way. Much more indeed. The buttermilk is barreled and sold from the creamery at about %at a cent a gallon, or it can be better kept at home and hogs fattened on it

When the butter comes into ito granular form, the buttermilk is run off into tho drain to the cistern. Through a hose attached to an elevated tank, brine is let into tho churns and the butter is thoroughly washed. There is thus but little lifting from beginning to end. It is all done by gravity so far as possible. When well rinsed the butter is transferred to the worker. This is a roller instead of the lever worker so commonly used. It does not tear the grain, and makes the butter firm. After being thoroughly worked, the butter stands in trays for several hours and is again reworked, getting out all the buttermilk and water that can possibly be extracted. This twice working is considered imperative if the superior firmness and "staying" or keeping qualities of the butter are to be maintained.

Butter color is used, though surely it would not be needed if the cream was from Jersey cows properly fed. Avoid all humbug, and if you cant avoid it, avoid it as much as you can.

The butter is put into one-pound prints stamped with the name of the creamery. This work is done very rapidly by means of the foot-power print, which gauges the exact weight and does the work in an instant

For a dairy of fifty cows, a creamery outfit can be bought for $150 that will answer the purpose.

Cement Floors.

"In regard to cement floors for stables, we have one that has been in use seven or eight years, and it is in good shape yet and with but little wear, and about three years ago we put in another in anew barn and that remains good. I have reference to their use for cows. I have never used them for horses. The way we made ours is as follows: We first build a wall of common mortar and stone lengthwise of the stable and even with the front side of the manger, and within two inches as high as we want the floor when completed. Then we measure back from the front side of the manger the width of the manger and platform for the cows to stand on. Then we stretch a line through and set a row of flagging stone by this line to form the drop or manure gutter. These stones should be from one and a half to two or three inches thick and from ten inches upward in width. Set them up edgewise and as high as the floor is wanted, then pave in between the flagging and the wall first built with common field stones and sand or loom, using a straight edge from the wall to the flags, and notch out two inches from the end that is used on the flags to prevent the paving stones from coming within two inches of the top of the flags so as to have that thickness for the cement Then pave the strip through behind the cows, making the drop of the desired depth. We do not make a gutter, but leave a strip about four feet wide behind the cows for the manure and a walk back of that "Care should be taken in paving to have the stones all set down level—not to have points projecting up, to make thin places in the cement. After paving, make a thin grouting, using four parts of sharp sand and one of good water lime cement. Mix it wel] in a box and turn it all over the floor, letting it run and fill all crevices. Then make your mortar by using three parts sand to one of cement, and spread it on about two inches thick even with the top of the flagging where the cows stand. "This should be done in warm weather, so that the cement will harden quickly. The floor should not be used until it is thoroughly dry and hard. The benefits of a cement floor are: It does not rot out, and it retains all tbe liquid manure which can be saved by using some absorbents, and there is no harbor underneath for rats and mice. It is very durable, and not very expensive when farmers do the work themselves. There is nothing about it that cannot bedone by any ordinary farmer. "—Husbandman.

Forman's Compost.

The Southern Cultivator gives the following formula for a famous fertiliser in the cotton states:

Tho materials of Furman's compost are barnyard manure, cotton seed, acid phosphate andkainit. The proportions are thirty bushels each of the first two, 400 pounds of phosphate and 200 pounds of kainit These may cither be intimately mixed at first, or put in alternate layers of cotton seed, phosphate and lndntt, and manure, and so on. Tho whole to be well moistened and the mixing, in the latter case, effected by cutting down the mass clear through from top to bottom. You could add to a heap from time to time, using always the same proportions, but it is usual to make up all of a given heap at one time. If the heap is made in pens, as it should be, with perpendicular sides and at least four feet high, and the compost covered on top with a layer of rich earth six inches thick, there is no necessity for a roof rain, unless very excessive, will not more than keep tbe mass as moist as it should be. Tbe compost should be put up at least three weeks before it is to be applied it is usually done six to eight weeks in advance. ^1?#®

Planting Walnut and Wild Cherry Trees. Professor J. L. Budd tells us, in Tho Iowa Register, bow to start the seeds of these shy growers. It is safer to plant in early spring. With the shucks on, spread walnuts or butternuts on the ground in thin layers at gathering time, and cover with six or eight inches of forest leaves. If where the leaves are liablo to blow off, fasten them by spacing rails or sticks over them. Plant where wanted as soon as ground is fit to work in spring. Wash the pulp from pits of black cherry when gathered and dry on boards in the shade for two or three days, with frequent stirring. Tha mix with four times tbe bulk of sand and pack In shallow covered box or boxss. Bury the boxes just below the surface on dry ground, and It the surface is covered with snow before severe frearfng of the strfl rake away tha snow until tbe frost has extended deep enough to freese all solid.

A Crop of Widows and Sehoolmarms. A Cleveland grain bouse sent out a circular to one of its customers inquiring the amount of old crops on hand in that neighborhood. The answer they got was as follows: "AH we've got in this neighborhood is three widders, two sehoolmarms, a patch of wheat, the bog cholera, too much rain, about fifty acres of 'taters, and «darn fool who married a cross-eyed gal befinse she owns eighty sheep and a mule, which the same is me, aid. no more at present."

Different kinds of peas wiB not mix. Fall plowing invariably makes better corn crops.

The Crescent is the most popular strawberry hi the sooth. Always gather your own tomato seeds, selecting tbe earliest and snootiest sped from the variety which you may prater.

YOUNG FOLKS COLUMN.

HOW COREAN BLACKSMITHS SHOE A KICKING HORSE. I -'"vi

Good Letter From a little Girl Wba Passed Through the Charleston Earth*, quake Knigxna The Corean Brlda

Bides Alone Behind the Procession.

Corea is a perinsula running out from tit* eastern coast of Asia. It is a very strong® country indeed. Nobody in Europe or Ame» ica knew much about the ways of its pcopI» until lately. That was because the Coroons didn't want company and they out off tha heads of foreigners who came spying into tha land. It wasn't much fun to travel in Corea*

Quite lately, however, oomo Americana have penetrated into this queer region. Ensign Beraadou, of tho United States navy,, has brought homo and presented to tho National museum at Washington a collection of the works of tho Corean artists. There ore artists even in that country, it seems, and they can scratch upon brass a stork standing upon one leg with the most ccsthotic young lady in America.

Their drawings aro very quaint They represent life in Corea and show how the peopto do things there. Here are somo copies of them:

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SHOEING A KICKER.

When they shoe a kicking horse they get him down squarely upon his backbone, draw his legs together like the four corners of a handkerchief, tie them thus and then hammer tho shoes on. Their bellows is a squaro box. They fit into it a frame of wood packed with paper and shove this up and down to drivo the air out

WEDDING PROCESSION. Vi*

The wedding procession is almost as strange as shoeing tho horse. Two men carrying lighted lanterns in broad daylight go first. Next comes one carrying a wild duck or goose for luck. Then we have the happy bridegroom riding all by himself upon a horse that is led by one man and attended by another. Last, as if she was nobody and of no consequence at all, comes the poor bride, riding alone, except for a small boy who runs beside her. She has a sort of big cloak ready to throw over her and hide her face II a man should come along that way and meet

PEDDLERS.

They say Corea is full of peddlers, who go about all over the roads selling everything one could think of. Certainly thero didnt any of them get away from our country to go to Corea, for .we havo not missed any out of America.

The pictfittS showB how babies, peddlenf packs and all.loadi are carried upon peopled backs over tbo rough roads of Corea. Ensign Bernodou's collection of drawings will bo a great help to our learned men in studying about Corea. It is said to be a country thai has not changed any in 1,000 years#

.n,

in

Children in the Earthqnalio. A little girl who has plenty of brains and writes a most excellent letter, tells Harper's Young People how it feels to bo caught in an earthquake. This clover miss lived in Charleston. She says:

I want to tell you something about tha earthquake. Grandmother has lived 80 years* and she says it was tbe most terriblo thing she ever passed through. It was a groat dea& worse than tbe cyclone.

Light sand bubbled up hi our yard and alt about It is different from all tho earth, around

We havo been sleeping out of doors at night, and we could bear the colored people singing and praying all night. It was strange* to lie down in the open air, just under tha sky. Tbe father of one of our little friends, who was with us, is a clergyman, and he prayed for us in the middle of tbe night

We do not undress now to go to bed. Wet keep on our clothes, shoes, and all, day and night We have no chimneys, either, on tbo bouse or the kitchen, and we are trying t» have the holes stopped up sr the rain cant pour down on us.

We have shocks all the tim». «nd we dent know when it will be over. We were frightened at first, but now we are so osed to it im dont make a fuss.

We are going to try to sleep in the house, on tbe first floor now, and if tbe ceiling begin* to fall we will creep under tho dining table. Our pretty room, where Nonio and I slept, fa. all torn to pieces, but we aro thankful omr lives were spared. It was awful to have to run oat into tbe street, full of bricks, thai, night, and tho fires burning. We were mocai comfortable in tbe tent than in tin stable,? and I took a bad cold. Caxkzk.

IKnlgma.

I am compoeed of 8 letter*. My 1,7, Ms a plaything. Ify 8,7,1 is an adverb. My 6,7,3 is a male child. My 8,2, lis useful to" My 4,7 is a negation.

r/'r

The answer to the above enigma is same of a poet who wrote then lines: *Tte better to have loved end lost

Hum never tq have loved at all.

wm