South Bend News-Times, Volume 36, Number 118, South Bend, St. Joseph County, 28 April 1919 — Page 5

THE SOUTH BEND NEWS-TIMES

.xoxDAY i:vi:ning, Arilin 2s, 1019.

THE GREAT COMPROMISE

NATIONS MUST MAKU

MUTUAL CONCUSSIONS ir THKV WOULD AVOII WAIL

Ily c;il?ert M. Hitchcock. U. S. Senator from Nebraska, Chair man Foroign Relations Committee United States Senate

Tor the first time in tho history of the world the minds of all Intelligent people In all the nations of the world are flxe upon one Kre.'it iisue a device to put an end to war. This matter his been brought before the world in a very formal and definite way. While the war was still rasinp. In January of last year, the president of the United States frummoned congress together and in

a Joint session of the two housrs

desperately In almost every state. 1. '-cause It didn't represent the views of any particular state, but It was ratified and it went Into effect, and it has proved the greatest grovernmental structure of the world, although we began to amend it almost as soon as we adopted it and we are still amending it. And so this great document, this great proposition, is before the world and represents a compromise of the leading nations of the world that are willing

promulgated 14 points upon which t unite for the purpose of putting

peace should bo made. One of thos" 1 1 points was the proposition that the nations of the world responsible for the future of the world sould form a league of nation. That proposition of the president's

was received by the two houses with) not even

tremendous applause. It was received by the whole country with evident approval. Great newspapers' of both parties promptly gave it their assent, although I can name some that are notable since r':.at time for pome tendency to backslide. The legislature of the state of New York, itself republican, on the very day following the recommendation of the president, overwhelmingly gave it their approval In a joint resolution passed by both houses, livery nation engaged in the war upon cur side gave it approval, and It vas months before any note of dissent waa heard In the United Stated. When Germany asked for terms and they were presented In the Proper way, tho proposition for a league of nations was included In one of them, and as a part of the armistice Germany has assented to the formation of the league of nations, and again, when they granted the armistice to Germany all the nations engaged in this great war put the stamp of their approval upon the idea of tho leaguo of nations. Must Jio port of Pcaoo Treaty. When the council gathered in Paria, ono of its first acts was formally to decide that the league of nations should be made, an integral part of the peace settlement. A Commission was appointed representing 14 nations of something like

an end to war.

A Covenant, Not n Government. This proposed league is not what it was predicted it would be a super-nation It is not even a nation. It has no sovereign powers. It Is

a government. It Is a

great covenant or treaty between the nations of the world and its chief and most important feature consists of .agreements that they make with each other as to what they will do and what they will not do as sovereign powers in the world. Its most important features consist of the promises which the nations make when they enter into it. I't me review some of those promises: Kach member promises that if a dispute arises between It and another member It will not go to war with the other member but will either

submit the dispute to arbitration or to an Inquiry by the executive council. Now, both of these methods are acknowledged and accepted methods of adjusting difficulties. Many nations dislike to arbitrate. There are some questions which all nations refuse to arbitrate. If they can agree upon arbitration through the machinery' that they agree upon or through the league's machinery, the question will be arbitrated and they agree that while it is being arbitrated for six months, they will have no war, and they agree that no war shall be fought until three, months after the arbitration has been concluded, and they agree to abide by the result of the arbitration. But if the question is not considered by them or by one of them as

.in nrhitrnhl mi r;t lrn thnn thev

a thousand million people and that J apree that they wi 8U,'Jmit lt to an

the executive council,

commission in February unanimous

ly reported a drafC of the constitution for a league of nations back to tho council. For nearly two months that greai constitution has been before tho world, object to the criticism. KUfcTfrestioi:, and recommendation of intelligent people everywhere. We have, therefore, tho case of the first treaty In h.'story formally and publicly presented to the world for criticism and comment, so that it is not a matter being done in an irregular way or In the dark, but it j Is a matter being done systematically with the full assent of all tho nations Involved. Two-Fold Opposition. Now tho opposition that has developed to this is of a two-fold character. First, there is tho opposition of those who do not believe in any league of nations. It is unnecessary to spend ;"nuch time with those who tako euch an extreme view, who hold to tho view that this should be a hermit nation, taking no part in the world. The tlmo has gone by when tho United States can be a hermit nation. It occupies too largo a place in the world. It occupies tho greatest place, the largest space of any nation In the w orld, and when any war shakes the earth it is bound to Involve tho U.ited States no matter how long we may struggle to fctay out of if. The other opposition is the opposition of those who nay, "Yes, we desiro a league of nations, but we don't like this league. We desire a league of nations tut this goes too far, or this doesr-'t go far enough, or it is this or it is that." Now. those who take that critical position should be classed at once with thos who oppose any league of nations, because the solemn fact is, after all the preliminaries which I have described, that it Is this league or nothing, this leaguo or a return to tho old method of war and preparation for war. It Is this league or nothing, and I therefore make no distinction between those who oppose the matter on principle and those who raise objections to the r&tincation of this league. Pacts. Not Theories. The time for theories has gone. I may have had my theories of what a league of nations should be. The former great president of the United States, Theodore lioosevelt, earnestly and In a number of speeches, adocated a league of nations, a league i f righteousness, enforced with force i ehind it. Former Pres't Taft is at

the head of a great

inquiry by

which I shall discuss late . This inquiry occupies six months and all parties agree that during that time there shall Ik no war. They aiso agTee mat for three months after the conclusion of the inquiry there shall be no war. Tlio Value of Delays. We therefore have by these two devices, of the arbitration and the Inquiry, an absolute guaranty that the nation forming this great compact that for nine months, a.er diplomacy has failed, there shall be no war, and 9 0 per cent of the wars of the world could have been prevented if any such period of cooling off purposes had been provided. Why, the last great war from which we are just emerging undoubtedly would have been prevented if Germany could have been restrained for three days from plunging the world into war, and the rulers of the. the world and the diplomats of Europe struggled desperately even to secure a delay of a few hours knowing that the delay might save the day. Now, a delay of nine months Is almost certain to prevent war. because it affords an opportunity for the peace sentiment of the countries to develop. It affords an opportunity for peaceful settlement, even if the dispute is not settled, and it will prevent a war nine, times out of ten. So there we have the very practical device of arbitration and of inquiry, and even if both of them shall fail, then the cooling off period, which will save 90 per cent of the wars of the world.

These nations also agree that they will, when the arbitration occurs, i submit to It, and, so far as I know, i nations which in the past have agreed to arbitration have bowed to ' the decision of arbitrators. In the case of the inquiry the agreement is that if the executive council decides u nanimously and ,

makes a recommendation unanimously for the settlement of the dis

pute, the nation losing it will not go! to war with any nation accepting it. , That is the agreement which the ! nations all make, and that agree-' ment for arbitration and for inquiry ' and for the nine months' delay constltute a device which, in my opin-j

ion. will prevent practically all or the wars of the world, although

there are other devices in this docu-i ment. j An Act of War. ; Now, suppose a nation violates!

organization that agreement. I don't believe .any'

nation in this league or any nation anywhere else in the world there-1 after is going to treat an agreement; as a "scrap of paper." I believe that the age of scraps of paper has

are contrary to this league are to be abrogated. The secret treaty has been a fruitful source of wars, as we all know, and If all treaties can be opened before the world one of the greatest causes of wars and disagreements In the future will be thereby removed. What is another promise made In this league by each nation adhering

to it? It is a promise in Article X to respect and preserve the political Independence and the territorial integrity of every member of the ! league. That promise is the very ! cornerstone of the league. That i guarantee of political independence j to every member and guarantee ofi territorial integrity against outside.

aggression is the thing that makes,

the league desirable to the members that go into it. It means security and safety for the members. It is a guarantee which is of tremendous advantage to every member of the league and with the united strength of all of them It Is of tremendous potency. IUtlucLlon of Armaments. Another promise made by each member Joining this league is that it will reduce armaments. Now this promise should be distinguished

from a promise to reduce the mm- j

tary force, to reduce the number or trained men. It has nothing to dr with universal training, it has nothing to do with the size of the army necessarily, but it does reduce these features of military strength which takQ time t create. Sudden wars have been the bane of the world. They have only been possible when nations have accumulated great supplies of munitions cf war, when they have constructed great works like Krupps at Essen in Germany, where through years and years of time, great quantities of artillery have been built and enormous armaments created ready for the sudden mobilization of the army or the sudden starting of war. Each nation joining this league promises to cooperate in reducing military armaments and in doing so it agrees that the executive council shall advise and propose to the various nations the size of the armament which they ought to have or the reduction which they ought to make. Council Cannot Dictate. I want to draw particular attention to this because some of the most bitter antagonism to this league has been upon the theory that the executive council or the league itself proposes to dictate to the United States ho. r much of an army it should have or how much armament it should have. All that the executive council does is to propose to the various nations, members of the league, what amount of armament they should have, and that proposal does not go into effect until it is formally adopted by tho various nations. That means that before it becomes binding upon the United States, congress must give its approval to the change or to tho limitation. We have been told that this was a surrender of our sovereignty, that the constitution vest

ed in congres the decision of these i

taking it away from congress. Put j executive council. We hav.? been the league takes nothing away. Itj told that this was a surrender of our only acts when the nations give sovereign rights. Why. If this is a their approval and give their formal ; surrender of our sovereign rights. It adoption to the proposal of the, it is a limitation of our armaments, league. Thereafter no change can J we lost that over a hundred years be made without the consent of the I ago.

ipssr : :mm Mm

MM

ERMETfiCALLV sealed in its waxwrapped package airtiäht impurity proof,

is hygienic and wholesome1. The goody that's good for young and old.

The Flavor Lasts

Be sure to et WRICLEVS Look for the Dane

matters and that the league, was

A

passed and passed forever, and that t

favoring a league to enforce peace. Hut none of these leagues, none of these theories, are before the country, are before the world. What is before the world is a great compromise which has been reached by the

representatives or 14 nations gain- nereaiier solemn agreements are i red there in Paris, and if it is rati- going to be enforced by the public! i.f.l it goes into effect. If it is not opinion of the world. But suppose!

latltied despair spreads over the a member does violate the agree

...,-11 T raf urn t n tho A r-nn.l mrnt s'lTrvnJ it tr w:r Krilnsf I

vji ill . v 4vtkA. w . v . -. - . . - i ........ - i , - - - - - - v . . m - V

ditions We cannot amend it when another member cf the league with

t . ....... in thn nin tts nnthir xi- V i Virxnwo

It may not be exactly the league That act is treated as an act ofi that we would like. It is not exactly war against every member of the i

the lNigu- that France would like, i Kagvie and then automatically one

because France wants a league with I of the drastic provisions of the a military and naval force, or at i league poos into effect. Every I-ast with a military staff. It is not member of the league dissolves all the .vert of league that Japan wants, j commercial, financial and personal because Japan wants one w hich will relations with the recancilrant naguarantee race equality and helpjtion. and institutes what is a jaople in that way. I: is not exactly blockade and practically a boycott the league that Australia wants. It of that nation; and there is not a i a compromise of 14 nations of nation in the world with the posthe world that participated In its . sible exception of the United States, creation. i that can withstand that tremendous It Is like our federal constitution 1 pressure, that tremendous economic adopted v many years ago in the pressure. eunstitutir.al conuntion. That was Now, another promise which the?e a compromise. It suited almost no league members make is that they f-iate. and when it came before the' will enter into no secret treaty and ;-Uilt4 for ratilicat ion it was fought 1 all treaties th-t are in tutonce that

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