Rising Sun Times, Volume 4, Number 175, Rising Sun, Ohio County, 25 March 1837 — Page 1

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BY ALEX.. E. GLEAX. KISIXC SYS. ItfBIAA'A, SATUK1K1Y, 3EAHCII 2., 1 837. V 175.

FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEN. ANDREW JACKSON, To the People of the I nited States. Fellow -citizexs: Being about to retire finally from public life, I beg leave to offer you my prate id thanks for the many proof? of kindness and confidence which I have received at your hands. It has been my fortune, in the discharge of public duties, civil and military, frequently to have found myself in difficult and trying situations, where prompt decision and energetic action were necessary, and where the interest of the country required that high responsibilities should be fearlessly encountered; and it is with the deepest emotions of gratitude that I acknowledge the continued and unbroken confidence with which vou have sustained me in everv trial. Mv public life lias been a long one, and I cannot hope that it has, at all times, been free from errors. B it I have the consolation of knowing that, if mistakes have been committed, they have not seriously injured the country I so anxiously endeavored to serve; and, at the moment when I surrender my last public trust, I leave this great

people prosperous and happy; m the lull enjoyment of liberty and. peace; and honored and respected by cery nation of the world. If my humble efforts have, in anv decree, contributed to preserve to you these blessings, I have been more than rewarded by the honors you have heaped upon me; and, above all, by the generous confidence with which you have supported me in every peril, and with which you hive continued to animate and cheer my path to ihe closing hour of my political life. The time has now come, when advanced age nnd a broken frame warm me to retire from public concerns ; but the recollection of the many favors you have bestowed upon me is engraved upon my heart, and 1 have felt that I could not part from your service without making this public acknowledgment of the gratitude I owe vou. And if I use the occasion to offer to yon the counsels of age and experience, you will, I trust, receive them with the same indulgent kindness which you have so often extended to me; and will, at least, see in them an earnest desire to perpetuate, in this favored land, the blessings of liberty nnd equal laws. Wo have now lived almost fifty years under the Constitution framed by the sages and patriots of the revolution. The conflicts in which the nations of Europe were engaged during a great part of this period; the spirit in which they waged war against each other; and our intimate commercial connections with every part of the civilized world, rendered it a time of much difficulty for the Government of the United States. We have had our seasons of peace and of war, with all the evils which precede or follow a state of hostility with pow erful nations. We encountered these trials with our Constitution yet in its infancy, and under the disadvantages which a new and untried Government must always feel w hen it is called upon to put forth its whole strength, without the lights of experience to guioO it, or the weight of precedents to justify its measures. But we have passed triumphantly through all these ditheulties Our Constitution is no ,'onger a doubtful experiment; and. at the end of nearly half a century, we find that it has preserved unimpaired the liberties of the people, secured the rights uf property, and that our country has improved and is flourishing be-' yond any former example in the history of nations. In our domestic concerns there is every thing to encourage us; and if you are true to yourselves, nothing can impede your march to the highest point of national -prosperity. The States which had so long been retarded in their improvement, by the Indian tribes residing in the midst of them, are at length relieved from the evil; and this unhappy race the original dwellers in our land arc now placed in a situation where w e may well hone that thev will share m the blessings of civilization, and be saved from 'hat degradation andde--struction to which thev were rapidly hastening while they remained in the States; nd while the safety and comfort of our own citizens have been greatly promoted hy their removal, the philanthropist will rejoice that the remnant of that ill-fated race has leen at length placed bevond the reach of injury or oppression, and that the paternal care of the General Government will hereafter watch over them and protect thorn. If we (urn to our relations with foreign Powers, we find our condition equally pratifying. Actuated by the sincere desire to do justice to every nation, and to reserve the blessings of peace, our intercourse with them has been conducted on the part of this Government in the spirit of frankness, nnd 1 t;kc pleasure in saying, that it has generally been met in a corresponding temper, bhheulties of old standing have been surmounted by friendly discussion, and the mutual desire to be just; and the claims of our citizens, which had been long withhold, have at length Ween acknowledged and adjusted, and satisfactory arrangements made for their final payment; and wiih a limited, and, I I rust," a temporary exception, our relations with every foreign I ,wcr are now of the most friendly character our commerce continually expanding, and our (lag respected in -every quarter of the world. These t heoring and grateful prospects, ud these multiplied favors, we owe, un

der Providence, to the adoption of the Federal constitution. It is no longer a question w hether this great country can remain happily united, and llourish underour present form of government. Experience, the unerring test of nil human undertakings, has shown the wisdom and foresight of those who formed it; nnd has proved, that in the Union of these States there is a sure foundation for the brightest hopes of freed" un. and for the happiness of the pecpie. At every hazard, and bv everv sacrifice, this Union must be preserved. The necessity of watching with jealous anxiety for the preservation of the Union, was earnestly pressed upon his feliow-eiti-zensby the Father of his counti v, in his farewell address. lie has there 'told us that 'while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability, there wiiS always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who, in any quarter, may endeavor to wet. ken it:; bonds ;" and he has euuti ned u. in the strongest terms, against the formal ion of parties, on geographic;;' discriminations, as one of the means which in:ghi t'isturb our union. an-', to which de-

! signing men would be iikciv to resort. i'iie lessons contained in this invaluable legacy of Washington to his countrymen should be cherished in the heart ef every citizen to the latest generation; and, perhaps, at no period cf time could thev be more usefully remembered than at the present moment. For when we look upon the scenes that are passing around us, and dwell upon the pages of his parting address, his paternal counsels would seem to be not merely the offspring ef wisdom and foresight, but the voice of prophecy foretelling events and warning us of the evil to come. Forty years have passed since this imperishable document was given to his countrymen. The Federal Constitution was then regarded by him as cn experiment and he so speak of it in his ?eJdrcss. but ti": experiment upon ihc success of which, mo best hopes of the country ilepcnde,?. arA we all know that he was prewired to iav down his life, if necessary, to secure it to a full and a fair trial. The trial has. been made. It h is succeeded l.cyon 1 the proudest hopes of those who framed it. II-. erv quarter of this idol -.-cxk-nde.l nation liar felt its blessings, anil shared in the general prosperity produce-.! by its adoption. 15 it amid ibis general prosperity and splendid success, the dangers cf winch he warned us are becoming every day more evident, and the signs of evil are sufficiently apparent to awaken the deepest anxiety in the bosom of the patriot. We behold systematic efforts publicly made to sow the seeds of discord between different parts of the U. States, and to place party divisions directly upon geographical distinctions; to excite the soiik against the north, and the north against the south, and to force into the controversy the most delicate and ex citing topics; topics upon which it is impossible that a large portion of the Union can ever speak without strong emotion. Appeals, too, arc constantly made to sectional interests, m order to influence the election of ihe Chief Magistrate, as if it were desired that ho should favor a particular quarter of the country, instead of ful filling the unties ol his station witn impartial justice to all; and the possible dissolution of the Union has at length become an ordinary and familiar subject olYrieussio.n. Has the warning voice of Washington been forgotten? or have designs already been for. nod to sever the Union? Let it not be supposed that I impute to all of those who have taken an active part in these unwise and unprofitable discussions, a want of pa triotism or ot public virtue. 1 he honorable feeling of State pride, and local attachments, find a place in the bosoms of the most enlightened and pure. Put while such men arc conscious of their own integrity and honesty of purpose, they ought never to forget that the citizens ef other States are their political brcthern; and that, however mistaken they may be in their views, the great body of them p.reoqually honest and upright with tlien.se'ves. Mutual suspicion- and reproaches max" in time create mutual hostility, end artful and designing men will always be found, who are ready to foment these fatal div isions, and to inflame the natural jealousies ot ditlerent sections ol the country. 1 tie history of the world is full cf such exam pies, and especially the history of the re publics. What have you to gain I v division an 1 dissension? Delude not vo'nrselv es with the belief that a breach onoe made may b afterwards repaired. If the Union isenco severed, the line of reparation will grow wider ana wider, ant me controversies which arc now debated and settled in the halls of legislation, v, ill then he tried in fields of battle, and determined by the sword. Neither should you deceive yourselves with the hope, that the frst line of separation would he the permanent one, and that nothing but harmony and concord would l;e found in the new associations formed upon the dissolution of" this Union. Local interests would still be found there, and ntu-hastcned ambition. And if the recollection of colum n danger, in which the people of ihese United States st hHlsido bv side r.goinst the common foe; the memory of victories won bv their uni ted valor; the prosperity and haop ;ios tboyhave enjoyed under the p' i sent Constitution ; the proud name they bear a.seitizens of (his great republic: if all there, recollections and proofs of common intercut are rot strong enough to bind us together as one people, what tie will hold unite 1 the

new division of empire, when these bonds hav e been broken and this Union dissevered? The first line of separation would not iast for a single generation; new fragments would be torn oil", new leaders would spring up; and this great and glorious rcpuphe would soon bo broken into a multitude of petty States, without commerce, without credit; jealous ofonc a nether; aimed for mutual aggression; loaded with taxes t )pey armies and leaders; seeking aid against each other from foreign powers; insulted and trampled upon by the nations of Europe, until harassed with conflicts, and humbled and debased in spirit, they would he ready to submit to the absolute dominion of any military adventurer, and to surrender their liberty for the sake of repose. It is impossible to look cn the consequences dial would inevitably follow- the destruction of this Government, and not foci indignant vhrn we hear cold calculations about the value of the- Union, and have so constantly before us a line of conduct so well calculu-

! led to weaken ils ties. There is too much at stake to allow pride or passion to influence your decision. NevIbr a moment believe that the great bodv of the citizens of any gjatc or States can deliberately intend to do wrong. Thev may, under the influence of temporary excitement or misguided opinions, commit mistakes ; they may be misled for a time by the suggestion of self-interest ; but in a community so cn'ighencd and patriotic as the people of the United States, argument will soon make them sensible of their errors; and, when convinced, they will be ready to repair them. If they have no higher or better motives to govern them, they will at least perceive that their own interest requires them to be just toothers as they hone to re-eivo justice at their hands. ! But hi c-der to maintain the union un- : unpaired!, it is absolutely necessary that ; :!.c laws passed by the constituted authorities should be faithfully executed in every oar; of tl to country, and that every good eu-zen s.i.Kii:!, at all tunes, stand ready to out down, with the combined force of the tuition, every attempt at unlawful resistance, under whatever pretext it mav be made, or whatever snipe it may assume. I neonstitutional or oppressive laws may no doubt be par sed by Congress, oilier from erroneous v iew:-, or the vvnl of due consu.eration ; it thev are within the reach of judicial authority, the remedy is easy ana peaceful; and ii, from the character of the law, it is an abuse of power not within the control of the judiciary, then free discussion and calm appeals to reason and to the justice of the people will not fail to redress the wrong, lint until the law shall be declared void by the courts, or repealed by Congress, no individual, or combination of individuals, can lie justified in forcibly resisting its execution. It is impossible that anv Government can con tinue to exist upon any other principles. It would cease to be a Government, and be unworthy of the name , if it had not the power to enforce the execution of its own laws within its own sphere of action. It is true that cases may be imagined disclosing such a settled purpose of usurpation and oppression, on the part of the Government, as would justify an appeal to arms. These however, are extreme cases, vvcuch we have no reason to apprehen I in a Government where the power is in the hands of a patriotic people; nnd no citizen who loves his country would, m anv case whatever, resort to forcible resistance, unless he clear! v saw that the lime had come hen a freeman should prefer death to sub mission: lor it such a strugg.c is once be gun, and the citizens of one section of the country arrayed in aims against those of another in doubtful conflict, let the battle re sult as it may. there will be an end of the Union, and, with it, an end to the hopes of freedom. The victory of the injured would not secure to them the blessings of liberty; it would avenge their wrongs, but they would themselv es share in the comm n ruin. IVit the Constitution cannot be maintained, nor the Union preserved, in opposition to public feeling, by the mere exertion of the coercive powers confided to the General Government. The foundations must be laid, in the affections of the people; in the security it gives to life, liberty, char acter, and property, in every onarter of th 3 country ; and in the fraternal attachment which the citizens of the several Stales bear to one another as members of one political family, mutually contributing t.i promote the happiness of each other. Hence the citir.cn ' of every State should studiously nvei-I every thing calculated to wound the sensibility or oirend the just pride of the people of other States; and thev fh-mhl frown upon any proceedings within their own borders likely to disturb 'ho tranquility cf their political brethren in other portions of the Union. In a country so extensive as the United Stales, nnd with pursuits so varied, the internal regulati onsof the several States must frequently differ from one another in important particulars ; an I this difference, is unavoidably increased bv the varying, principles upon which the American colonies were originally planted ; principles; which had taken deep root in their social relations before the Revolution, and, therefore, of necessity influencing their policy since they became free and independent States. But each State has the unquestionable riyht to regulate its own internal concerns according to its own pleasure; and while it does not interfere with lha righto of Ihc people

v.. uui.--,vi uiu iigms oi uie union, I

m ifip .Njun. i. 1. 1 - .1', . . ii... i every btale must be the sole judge of the iiH-aauit-!- proper n secure uie satcty ol its citizens and promote their happiness; and an ci.oris on the part o the people ol other States to east odium upon tlicir institutions, and all measures calculated to disturb their rignts ot property, or to put in jeopardy uieii peace ana internal tranquility, are

in uircet opposition to the spirit in which range of the towers conferred upon Ci lithe Union w as formed, and must endanger gross ; and, in order to fasten upon the people

its safety. Moth es of philanthropy may

be assigned fortius unwarrantable inter- extravagant schemes of internal improvtference; and weak men may persuade nient w ere got up, in various quarters, to themselves for a moment that thev are la- squander the money, and to purcha.se sup-

tiormg in Uie cause ot humanity, and assertmg the rights of the human race; but every one, upon sober reflection, will see that nothing but. mischief can come from these improper assaults upc n the feeling;; an..! ngnts of einers. Ko,-;t assured, tint the moil ioimd busy in this work of discord are not worthy of your confidence, and deserve your strongest reprobation. in toe h-gi.-iation o! Congress, also, r.nd i in every measure cf the General Govern men:, nisuee i' everv portion ot i.ie Liuted Stsies should be fnithfuiiv observed. No tree Government cttn stand without vi;tue in the peoph;, and a lottv spirit of pat riotism; and if the sordid feelings of mere selfishness shall usurp the place which ought to be filled by public spirit, the legliation of Congress will soon be converted into a scramble for personal and sectional

advantages. Under our free institutions-, in the rapid extinguishment i f the public the citizens of every quarter of our conn- dell, and the large accumulation of a sultry are capable of attaining a high degree phis in the treasury, notwithstanding the ef prosperity an! happiness, without seek- i rill' :i ro,!ooro I,;l,i : ,,,,-. e:-v fir I o-

i'l' nig to profit tiiemsclves at the expense of others; and every such attempt must m the end fail to succeed, for the people in ('ve ry part ot the L nitcd States arc too enlightened not to understand their own rights and interests, and to detect and de feat, every effort to gam undue advantages over them: and when such designs are mscovered, it naturally provokes resentments which cannot lie easily aitayeu. Justice full and ample lusticc. lo every portion t the United State?, should be the ruiiiu; principle of every freeman, and shoui.l guide the deliberations of every public bo dy "whether it.be state or national It is well known that there hive always been those amongst us who wish to enlarge the power of the General Government, rail experience would seem to indicate that there is a tendency on the part of I his Govern nento overstep the boundaries mirk cd out for it by the Constitution. Its leg itimate authority is abundantly sufficient for all the purposes for w hich it was created : and its powers being expressly enuinerated, there can be no justification for claiming anv thing bevond them. Kvcry attempt to exercise power beyond these limits should be promptly and firmly

opposed. For one evil example will lead which ought to characterize every republito other measures still more mischievous; can Government, and should indulge in lavand if the principle of constructive powers, ish expenditures exceeding their rcsour-

or supposed advantages, or temporary orcumstanccs, shall ever be permitted to jus-

tify the assumption of a power not given by to pay, and the temptation will become irthc Constitution, the General Government resistible to support a high tariff, in order w ill before long absorb all the powers of to obtain a surplus for distribution Do

legislation, and you will have, m etiect, but one consolidated Government. From tbe extent of our country, its diversified in-1 tercsls, different pursuits, and different habiis, it is too obvious for argument that a single consolidated Government would be wholly inadequate to watch over and pro-

tect its interests; and every friend of our persisted in,wid mevitabiv lead t icorruofVee institutions should be always prepared lion, and must end in ruin. The surplus

to maintain unimpaired and in full vigor the rights and sov ereignty of the States, and to confine ihc action of the General Government strictly to the sphere ot its! appropriate duties. There is. nerhans. no one of the novvcrs conferred on the Federal Government so liable to nbnsons fbo f ivi.,rr tv.ivm- The m.it orod.icti'vf. nnd nvond....! ,.,mr. .f revenue were necessarily o-iven to it. that it might be able to perform the important duties imposed upon it: and the taxes t.-iiwCii ,"t i,-o ,w ...... vs upon commerce coaled from the real payer in the price oi the article, thev do not so readily attract the attention of the people as smaller sums demanded from them directly by the taxgatherer. But the tax imposed on goods enhances by so much the price ol the commodity to the consumer; and, as many of these duties are imposed on articles of noccssity, which arc daily used by the great body of the people, the money raised bv these imposts is drawn from their pockets.) Congress has no right, undei the Constituturn, to take money from the peoph;, unless it is required to execute some one ol the specific powers entrusted to the Governmen! : and if they raise more than is noeossarv for such purposes, it is an abuse of the, power of taxation, and unjust and bppressiv e. It may. indeed, happen that the revenue will sometimes exceed the amount anticipated when the taxes were laid . When, however, this is ascertained, it is easy to reduce them, and, in such a case, it is unquestionably the duty of the Gov ernment, to reduce them, tor no circum stances can juslify it in assuming a pow er not given to it bv the Constitution, nor in taking away the money of the people when it is not needed for the legitimate wantsof ihc Government. riiiin as the e pimrlp'es appear to 1 e, you will yet find that there is a constant, olforts to induce the General Gov eminent to go beyond the limits of its taxing power, ami to impose unnecessary burdens upon the people. Many povvorlul interests are connnuctl'y at work t procure heavy d i-

ues on commerce, ana to swell tnc revenue beyond the real necessities of (he publie service; ana the country has already foil the injurious effects of their combined influence. i hey succeeded in obtaining a tarifl'of duties beariii"- most oppressively en the agrictiltur.il and laboring ola. es of society, and producing a revenue that could not ne usctuiiy employed within loe this unj. island unequal system of taxation. port. tins, one tmeonstuut lon.-it measure was intended to Lc upheld bv another, ruid the abuse of the power of taxation was to i)e maintained by usurping the power of e: pen ling the m-'iiov ut nrernal tmurovcinonts. Vou cannot hov e f eg eo n the m -vere and doubtful s:ruvg!e threceh which we passed, when the E.vecuiv e I.), par:ni:; nl cf the Government, bv us v- '. . uleavored to arrest this prodigal s- h.-.ia: : i injustice, an ! to Lru:g nacK toe k-g;. uiU 'ii t Congress to the b-vin.'a-ies prt scribed ty tho Constitution. The good sen; c and pr;:c!ieul judgment ef the people, v-. lu.oi the subject was brought before them, sustained the course ef the Executive; and this plan of luieonslitntion il expenditure for the purposes of corrupt influence is, I trust, fi hahy overthrown. The result of this decision has been felt low the amount originally contemplated by its advocates. But. rely upon it, the de sign to collect an ext ravjgant revenue, and to burden you with taxes beyond the eco nomical wants of the Government, is not yet abandoned. The various interests which have combined together to impose a heavy tantl, and to produce an ovcrfonvincr treasury, are too strong, and have loo much at stake, to surrender the contest. The corporations and wealth" individuals who are engaged in large manufacturing estab lishments, !ei:ire a high tariff to increase their gains. Designing poH;ici;ins vriil support it, to conciliate tneir lover, and to obtain the means of profuse expenditure, for the purpose of purchasing influence ui otuer quarters: and since the i-e ;p!o have JeciJed lint the Federal Government can not lie permitted lo employ its income m internal improvements, efforts will be made to seduce and mislead the citizens of ' several Btates, by Holding out to m cm the deceit tul prospect ol benefits to be do "veil from a surplus revenue collected by the General Government, and annually dih 'ded among the States. And ii, encour af,ril by these fallacious hopes, the States should disregard the principles of economy cos, they vvnl, before long, find themselves oppressed with debts which thev are unable not allow yourselves, my fellow-citi.ens, to be misled on this subject. The Fedcral Government cannot collect a surplus for such purposes, without violating the printuples ol the Constitution, and assuming powers which have not been grmted. Il is, moreov er, a system of injustice, and, ii revenue will be draw n from the, pockets ot the people, from the farmer, the mechanic, and the laboring classes of society; but who will receive it when distributed a I in ng the States, where it is to be disposed ot" l' loading State politicians who have friends to favor, and political partisans to gratify ? It w ill certainly not be returned to those who paid it, and who have most "oed of it, and arc honestly entitled to it There is but one safe rule, and that is, to confine the General Government rigid.y vvillim the sphere o! its appropriate duties. It lias no power to raise a revenue, or im pose taxes, except tor the purpose.-- enumerated in the Constitution; and if its in come is touuu to exceed these wants, u should be forthwith reduced, and the burdens of the people so fa i lightened. In reviewing the conflicts which have taken place between dilfercnt interests in the United States, and the policy pursued since the adoption of our present form oi Government, we find nothing that has produced such deep-sealed evil as the course of legislation m relation lo the currency I ue Constitution ol the luuted States tin questionably intended to secure to tin people a circulating medium of gold am I silver. But the establishment of a nation al hank by Congress, with the priv iiege of issuing paper money receivable m the pavmont wt the public dues, and the unfor lunate course of legislation in the several Slates upon the same subject, drove from general circulation the constitutional em reney, ami substituted one ol paper in r.s place. It was not easy for men engaged in flu ordinary pursuits of business, whose attention had not. been particularly drawn to the subject, to foresee all the consequen ces of a currency exclusively of paper; and w e ought n it, on thai account, to be surmised at the tlicilitv wi.h which laws were obtained to carry into ellc t the pa I per system. II me.vl, and even enlighten ed men, are sometimes misled by viic specious and plausible statements ol the lie signing But experience has how proved

: .. t . ii .i

the mischief and dangers of a paper currency; and ,t n .-ts wi.h von t-Mletermino wilder the proper remedy shall be applied. " 1 The paper s stem being founded on public contidence. :u i l having of itself no intrinsic value, it is liable to great and snj. uen fiuctea'i .ns; thereby rendering property insecure. and the wages of labor unsteady and uncertain. The corporations winch create the paper m ,noy cannot bo rehed upon lo keep the circulating medium uniform in amount. J,, tunes of prospemy, v. !;.n confidence is high, they arc OLonpt, d. by (he prospecf ef gain, or bv the iidiucih-e of those v, h ) h-.pe to pr,.fu i,v it, ;o extend fo,. ;r i,,-,,.. of-iocr bevond' the' ;:'!!; '''.-" of discretion, and the reasonable do-

;u Is oi o.iv; y, r.nil! i.usmesr. And w ' c; pu. hrd (,;. p'ib ic c. hf; lc ii, 'o ! :cn tln'sc ist o in i.- at a y to 1. engui a ! .:; . : i;;h tO: Wi. Il '('.; -V- d idai t , and reui'.s tiiey ' miiuedi ' e : : n : ' cariu; ' i ., .r i-sues ; : o ;;uo ric i ;u;i ruinous i 'c,-.. loeui'im, t v 'is v- h de community, i v 'i i ic. : ! . sav e ihem- !!' i,v-. ( iitevoos C'hco,!cnees CO Co IC'i! w i.i- Si !. The bsnd solve-', an i i ol nie;r imp-.K.enee or oupidi'.v are visited upon the public. Nor does the evil slop here. These ebbs and; flows in the currency, taul those indiscreet extensions of credit, naturally engender a spirit of speculation in jurious to the habits r.nd character of the people. We have ;.!readv seen its effects ri the wild spirit of speculation in tnc palmc lends, ami vvrious kinds of stock. w hich, within the iast vear or two, seized upon such a multitude of our citizens, and threatened to pervade ail classes of society and to with haw their attention from tho sober pursuits of h aiest industry. It is not by encouraging this spirit that we shall best preserve public virtue nnd promote the true interests ef our country. But if your currency continue as exclusively paper as it now is, it will foster this eager desire to a mass wealth without labor; it will multiply the number of dependants on bank acoinuiodrtioiis and bank favors; (ho templafion to obtain m nicy at any sacrifice will 1 ecoioe s! conger and stronger, nnd inevitably lead to corruption, which will fitici its way into vour public councils, and destroy, at no distant day, the purity of your Government. Some of tho evils which arise from this system of paper, press with pecuiiar hardship upon the class of society least able to bear it. A portion of this currency freuucHt.lv becomes dep reciated or worthless, and all of it is easicounterfeited, in such a manner as to require peculiar skill and much experience to distinguish the counterfeit from the genuine note. These frauds are most generally perpetrated in the smaller notes, which are used in tho daily transactions of ordinary business; and the losses occasioned by them are commonly thrown upon the laboring classes of society, whose situation and pursuits put it out of their pow er to guard themselves from these impositions, and whose daily wages are ncecusary for their subsistence. St is the duly oi every Govorumeii' so to regulate its currency as to protect, this numerous class as far as practicable from the imposition,- of avarice and fraud. It is more especially the duty of the United States, w her 3 the Gov eminent is emphatically the Government of the people, and u "lie re this respectable portion of our people are s proudly distinguished from the iiboiiiig classes of all other nations, by their independent spirit, their lov e of liber ty, their intelligence, and their high tone of in ual character. Their industry, in peace; is the source of our wealth ;and their bra in war, has covered us with glory; and the viovernnient ol the United fctates will but ill discharge its dut ies if it leaves them a prey to such dishonest impositions. let it is evident that their interests cannot lie effectually protected, unless silver and gold are restored to circulation. These views alone, of the paper curren cy, are sufficient 1 1 call for immediate reform; but there b' s. not he r consideration which shou'd sbd nr .e s'.rongly press it upon our attention. Recent even's have proved that the p fl oor uionev system oi tins country, may lie ised as an engine to undermine our freo msiituii..ii.-; and iii.it those v no uesire to engross all power in the bands of the few, an Mo govern t y corruption or lorcc, are aware of i.s power, and prepared to em ploy it. our banks now furnish vour only circulating medium, and money is plenty or scarce, according to the quantity of no'es issued by thorn. hile thev have capitals not greatly disproportioned to each other, thev are competitors in business, and no one of them can exercise dominion over the rest; and although, in the present state of the currcnev, these banks may and du operate injuriously upon the habit of business, the pecuniary concerns, and the moral tone of society; vet. from their number and di. persed situation, thev canno! combine for the purposes of political inlluence; and w hatever inav be the disposition of some of them, their power o mischief must necossarilv be confined to a narrow space, and felt on!v in their immediate neighborhood. But w hen the i -barter .f the Bank of the United States was obtained from ( -ongrcss, it perfected the schemes el the paper sv sIciii, and g ive t es ;. docr.lc. the position they have struggled to obtain, from the coiumeitccmc.il of the. JYdoral Government dow ii lo the present hour. The immense capital and peculiar privileges be-