Richmond Palladium (Weekly), Volume 30, Number 15, 22 March 1860 — Page 1

f . -J T Bi Jaf, aaal rear aval! Let mil (we eats .ba alaast at be thy , tar Caaatry- aaa Trata'.' EOLLOWAY DAVIS, Publih?Tw TERMS TWO DOLLARS IW ADVAWCB.

t a m a rv v. i a i i rx 1 11 iirvii iiiri ri-

awe- t a i a i j- jra. - ( i --ai .

a ma -mm -ma mm ar . w at bt jaw mm a araw'wmai a - ' . ar at as- niigi

Vol XXX.

Cincinnati and Chicago Rail Boad OFEJy TO LOGAJTSFOaT. MJ,Tt lor l-.oria, ufUj.wa Bad U p.ante weal HnjTVt. TTlxrxo Table, No. To take effect on Monday, Jan. 9ih, 1860. . --. a . ... . . ( BTASaVAO. T T Tr..Tr. K -Im p. u r. 7.3. 38 RIcfamoBd. S.t&i V4 10 I W.hn.to, f 45 iu M lS4 W.lnal Ltnli i l' l Ilrtwn, 30 I". 3 1 KM MlllTiU. 10.14 19 II. SO '. 10 4 It. ie II 4; uar 8prla(, 11 IS II M 110 MiiMlittowa, 14 14 IS :. I 4 ABth-ron. I I) li S? j I 3-i rrsi.kloD, 1.43 I 04 I V Wihb--3t, .M I 44 .VS V.r.d.. 3 44 9 11 3 4" Kukomo. 4 '..3)1, 4.11 (ilTt.o, m. m. r. m. a. m.i 4 uu .i 303 9 3v 4 s ; i 4 1 .40 2 37 14ZIIV t H P 19 90 M S3 I 1 j.s 1 ie W US II 34 II. 10 ill 4' 11.se W.4 ill 10.41 .3 I IB .97 I'M!: .4'i jlO Ov, D.M t.l9 1 9.1MI 9 Ctt 6 34 A-rlT.mt LuBiort. Ign.porl Vr-ihta uu thlf rnmi, nJ to point, on th. Bnll.luiu.in. Toloto. W.hih and Mmtcrn. and I.onport. Peia and BarliagtaB Bajlruada, tkca at a. ivm rat-as by any ataar VM(a. JOHN BBAMr, Ja.,upt- . Cincinnati, Eaton and Richmond RAILWAY LINE. O-WINTER AHUASCJE.nEJrrt-O Commencing Monday, November 14, 1859. ranancet Train will rnn an 1M Road, Ialn( the aeroral atalioiii aa fullowa. raw art! Traiaia. lw waward Traiaia. Will lxavb Cincinnati, Hamilton, Saran Mil. ColliaTlll. otncrTilla, Oasdaa, Bar art's, ton. Maw II. p, eioronca, Haal'a Axr.at Rien'., !A.M. I'M. 3.40 4 S A 0 S.1K 3.21 ft 43 111 .! A.99 6 M fl 44 tl SS I). WILL LKAVK aielimonit, Nral'a, : Vlvratica. New Uoe, Katon, ; BarnK'a, : I'amdan, gomerTllla, i oHuatlle, : 9ren Mile. ! Hamilton, i Arr. at Cin'natl A.M.i If M. 3J 3 43 .! 7. 7 93 7 3 7 40 7 ..'-3 S.IHI a IS .i7 0 34 46 8. Z. 4 10 0 I0.O7 HI 90 10 3M: 10 41 11 Bill 11.10: ll.!' II 40 I9.MI 3 37 4.10 4.17 4 : 4 47 4 33 s 10 5 IK n.9s 3.45 S i M MOUROW, Supt. CLOVER & TIMOTHY At No. 37 Main Street. REED fc, UIBBERD. SALE. TIMOTHY AND CLOVER. ALSO And other Seeds. At No. 37 Main Street. ' REED & I1IBBERD. WE ARE ABOUT RECEIVING A good assortment of HORTICULTURAL IMPLEWEMTS: Such as GARDEN HOES. RAKES, SPADES. SHOVEL. FORKS. &c, Ac, Which will be sold cheap. REED Ji HIBBERD, No. 37 Main Street. .JX.JuJl arsa,Ja3,; A full assortment just received from ; PHILADELPHIA, " At REED St HIBBERD'S. A GENERAL ASSORTMENT OF H -A- ID -A- E ; On hand and for sale At No. 37 Miin Street.- 1 REED k HIBBERD. 14 If Sevastopol Nurseries. ? RICH.no IX IXD. , f HSrUSEK aolwiu th attaauoa af 'araro. Gat. aar. and Uortiealtartata to hi aplaadld alack of Fruit and Oraanealal Tree, osaiatiag af ail tha Vaat wietiaa of taw Apsl. Cfcarrv. Ptvar anJ Apricot, ia a thrifty cwajuioa; ajaa, tirapea aoj M-ahrria, of tha aaoat popular kia4 Hoafhtwn !adlinc Uoaamwa, Lawtwa aad Ro.hai.a bUda-ewrriaa, XiaaaaM Kaaaarfc, UaagaUraagw Plaala.ao. Paraoaa ariahiag anything af tha kiad wwaU 4a wall io aail at th a bur. Naraartaa awfova paichaMaw a'aa whara, a I aa aVtrraiinad to kaav anna feat tha vary Want artial a4 will U aa ehaap a th rhaapaat HI BUM SCLSKB. atataalS. 14

acawrwlaf t tiaM Ma awtww. I Tm aa Wee we. - "j J wTrae. lnuUTC' a. -. alae a Loaaaepart Ui W TX wSrr.aa Railroaa for aliVint. In the Tela BO 7 i ..i P.OTla ! BurHuetoe !

iiiivniniiii nnifc

fHE HOMES FOR FREE HEN.

SPEECH OF HON. G. A. GRO .T, Or PXSS8TLVASIA, Im ike Home of lfpreentatine, February 90,1 iij.fi 20tA. I860.

I The House being io the Commiitee of the l-,iWlloe on lne 6tate of tbe Union j Gaow saidvr- rv,.: v.. r

.lution, the Colonies claimed dominion, based ! ... - ... upon their respective colonial grants irom tlie Crown of Great Britain, over an uninhabited f wilderness of two hundred and twenty mil-

9.31 ton si'i.lioD acres 01 iami, eiTenainr 10 ine missis

ainni fn the west, arid the Oanadas on the - rr . .. : . . : . . . ; norm, ine aisposnion 01 inese tanas oecame a subject el controversy between the Colonies even before the Confederation, and was an early obstacle to the organization of any government for the protection of their common interests. Tbe Colonies, whose charter from the Crown extended over none of the unoccupied lands claimed, in the language of the instructions of Maryland in 1779, to her delegates in congress : "That a country unsettled at the commencement of this war, claimed by the British Crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, if wrested from the common enemy by the blood and treasure of the thirteen States, should be considered as a common property, subject to be parceled out by Congress, into free, convenient, and independent governments, in such manner and at such times as tbe wisdom of thaf assembly shall hereafter direct." The propriety and the justice of ceding Bse lands to the Confederation, to be thus these parceled out into free and independent States having become the topic ol discussion everywhere in the Colonies, Congress, in order to allay the controversy and remove the only remaining obstacle to a final ratification ot the articles of Confederation, declared by resolution, on the tenth of October, 17S0: "That the unappropriated lands which may be ceded or relinquished to the United States by any particular State" "shall be disposed of for the common benefit of the United States ; and be settled and formed into distinct republican States, which shall become members of tbe Federal Union, and have tho same rights of sovereignty, freedom and independence as the other States, Ac. That the said lands shall be granted or settled at such times and under such regulation as shall hereafter be agreed on by tbe United States in Congress assembled, or nine or more of them." In pursuance of the provisions of this resolution. New York, Virginia, Massachusetts, Connecticut, South Carolina, North Carolina and Georgia ceded their claims, including: ti tle and jurisdiction, to the waste lands, as they were called, outside of their respect iva State limits; all of them, except Georgia and North Carolina, without any conditions annexed to their respective grants, save those contained in the resolution ol Congress just referred to. The reservations in the grants of Georgia and North Carolina were not, however, a to the future disposition of the lands, but a condition that si tvery should not b prohibited thert-iu bv Comrrees. Tha terjritory thus conditionally granted is contained within the States of Tennessee, Mississippi j and Alabama. With the exception of the grants of North Carolina and Georgia, (and I the reservations even in those related only ! to the torm of their future government ) the public lands claimed vj trie colonies at ine clone of the Revolution, were ceded to the General Government to be settled and disposed of "under anch regulations as shall heieafter be agreed on by the United States in Congress assembled." Since that time, the Government has acquired by treaty, of France, the Louisiana purchase; of Spain, the Floridas; of Mexico, Utah, New Mexico, and California; containing, altogether, over twelve hundred million acres ot land. To the General Government, by cecessions from the original States aud purchases of other nations, has acquired, exclusive of water, as computed by the Commissioner of the Land Otfice, fourteen hundred and fifty million acres of public lands; of which there have been sold, to September 30, 1859, one hundred and forty seven million, eighty-eight thousand, two hundred and geventy-four acres; and otherwise disposed of in grants and donations to individuals, corporations. Companies and States, including grants since 30lh June, 1857, two hundred and forty-one million, seven hundred and seventy thousand and fifty-two acres; leaving ol public lands belonging to the Gov eminent and undisposed of on the 30th September, 1859, one thousand and sixty-one million nnd K 11 nA rA an.! f,rl w.rkn J t !inu - ganJ six hundred and seventy five acres. hat disposition shall be made of this vast inheritance is a question of no small raignitude. Three times within seven years, a homestead bill has passed this House, and i . l u .l.-i-i oeen ueieaiea eacn time oy vue Aseiaocrauc majority in the Senate. On the vote on the homestead bill in the House, last Congress, oat of one huudred and thirty Democrats, but thirty-one voted for it; and in the Senate, on the test vote between taking up the homestead bill, atter it had passed the House and only required the vote of the Senate to ! make it a law, so far as Congress was con cerned, or to take up the bill for the purchase of Cuba, but one Democrat voted for the homestead bill, and only six at any time: while every Republican in the Senate, and every one in the House, with a single excep lion, was for the homestead. Of all the Rep. resentatives of the slave States, but three in Ihe House voted for it; and but two at any j time in the Senate. So the Democratic party. as a party, arrayed itself in opposition to this beneficent policy. The Republican party on the other band, is committed to this mea I. n . . sure by it. votes in Congress, by its resolve i in State conventions, and by its devotion to

the great central idea ol iu existence the ; which haTing iu origia in feudal times, un-' Qf its advancing columns. No monument rights and interest of free labor. , d?r m ,yrtwn tDAt man but as an ap- m.rks the .cene of deadly strife ; no stone Early in this session. I introduced a bill. ! pendage of tbe soil that be tilled, and whose their resting place; the winds sighing thro which now awaits the action of the House. l,fe. liberty and happiness were bat means of the branches of the forest alone sigh their reproviding th-t any person who is twenty-one increasing the pleasures, pamperiog the pas fjuim. Yet they are the meritorious men of or more, ol I, or who is the head of a family, j ions and appeM ol his liege lord and. j th- Renublm. The achiev-mAnt. rf -

may enter one hundred and sixty acres of land subject to pre empuou. or upon which he may have a pr emptioa claim ; and by cultivating the same for five years, shall be entitled to a patent from th Government, on payment of th asaal fee of the land office.

hSLl. Rictoond, Wayne Connty, , Indiana,

a tn dollar to cover the cost of surveying and managing. The laad policy, as now conducted, per !mit the President, in his discretion, to eapose ' to Dublic sale, bv nroclaaiation. anv or all of j the public lands, after the same are surveyed, Every person settled on the lands so ad ver-

'tised for salo, most, before the day fixed in installed as rulers and lawgivers of the race. I the proclamation of the President, par for his Most of the evils that affect society have had lands, or they are liable to be sold to any their origin in violence and wrong enacted ini bidder who offers one dollar and twenty-five to law by the experience of the past, and re;eent4 or more per acre. During the days of tained by the prejudices of the present. : sale fixed bj the President, any one can par- j Is it not time that you swept from jour stachase at one dollar and twenty -five cents per tute book its still lingering relics of feudalacre, as many acres of land not before pre- : ism? blotted out the principles engrafted upempted. as he desires, selecting his own loca-' on it by the narrow-minded policy of other

lion. ine tana mat remain unsoia a. ma expiration of the days fixed by the Presiriant nhiit M nnol. ontnr- thai ia inv . . j---...... , j ; persuu can emrr n. lll5 ihdu tiiucts nnj vr nil 1 the lands that are at that time unsold, at one j dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, if the ' same have not been offered for sale more than ten years: if for a longer period, then ! ,ata less price, according to the length of j time they may Lave been in market. Thus, , 1 : under the existing policy there is no restraint : : on land monoDolv. The Horhschilds. the 'Barings, or any otherol the world's million- j

: aires may become ;nc owners 01 utuoia acres : sun 01 nappmess. Ana 11 is tor a u jrn- ! of our publie domain, to be resold to the set-' raent that claims to dispense equal and exact i ller; or to be held as an investment for future justice to all classes of men, and that has laid ! speculation. - j down correct principles in its great chart of Congress, as the trustees of the whole peo- j human rights, to violate those principles, and

. . r , 1

'pie, is vested, by the condition of tbe grants j the solemn declarations in its legislative en- ! from the States and by the Constitution itself, actments?

ith the sole discretionary power of dispos ing of these lands. But in the exercise of a sound discretion, it becomes its duty to dispose of them ia the way that will bast promote the ereatness and arlorv of the Reouolio. : nd how can that be accomplished so well !a9 by the policy that will secure them in limited quantities to the actual cultivator, at the least possible cost, and thus prevent the evils ol a system of land monopoly one of the direst, deadliest curses that ever paralyzed the energies of a nation, or palsied the arm of industry? It noeds no lengthy dessertation to portray its evils. Its history in the Old World is written in sighs and tears. Under its influence you behold there the proudest and most splendid aristocracies side by side with the most abject and debased people, vast manors hemmed in by hedges as a spor ting ground for the oobility, while men are j dvincr beside the lucl isures for the want of land to till. Under its blighting influence, you behold industry ia rags, and patience in despair. Such are soma of the fruits of laud . - 1 I IIT..1I. ..U..11 monopoly in tne uu woru; anu sunn wo permit iu seeds to vegetate ia of the New? Oar present sysi ine virgin sou present system is subject to like evils, not so great in magnitude, perhaps, but similar in kind. Of the three hundred and eighty-eight million, eight hundred and fifty-eight thousand, three hundred and twenty five acres of land disposed of by the Government to September 30, 1859, one hundred and forty seven million, eighty-eight thousand, two hundred aud seventy-three acres were sold for cash, and two hundred aud forty-one mil lion, seven hundred and seventy thousand, and fifty two acres were donated in grants to individuals, corporations, and States. The Government hal received from the sale of publio lands, a appears from the report of the Commissi ner of the Land Odvje. to June 3 J. 1853. 9 142.283.478, to which add a38.336.l60 9U. received since that time, would make the gross amount received from the Undo to September 30, 1859. 8180,M0.63S 93; while the entire cost, including purchase money, extinguishing of Indian titlas, surveying, and minaging, has been for the same period.-891.994,0 13, leaving a net revenue to the Givernment. ov-r and above all cost, of 89,625.625 90; with one hundred and thirty-mx million, n'ne hundred and seventy thousand, nine nunurea ana loriy one acres surveyed but unsold. of which eighty million acres are subject to private eutry. Of the ono hundred and forty-seven million, eighty -eight thousand, two hundred an' seventy-three acres sold by the Government, not more than half of it, probably, was bo't at Government rates by the actual cultivator; the other half I assume, ost the cultivator, on an average of at least four dollars par acre over the Government price. ' The Government by its existing land policy has caused to be abstracted from the earnings i of iu hardv pioneers almost seventeen huni dred million dollars for the mere privilege of i enjoying one of God's bounties to man. Ibis I lare anuount has been abstracted from the ; sons of toil without rendering any equivalent save a. nurmu irom iuc 01410 w uwuiri a wilderness, to which not a day nor an hour ! of man's labor has been applied to change it f tno coaatioa in which the God ot nature maiJj it. Why should Government seize . .. , 1 . .r P. . I t . . .1 1. . lki. . C.1T,. f revenue? While tha earth wftS created for the whole human family and WM ma(le iu abiding place through the pilS ima 0f this life, and since the hour of j fk. -mi ; the sweat of thv f-tce i urn . - -j --- ! sbalt thou eat bread, man nw oeen lorcea .... ,t r 1

to the cultivation of the sou to obtain sub-J by, as I do not wish to be diverted from my sistence for himself and the means of promot- argument. ing the welfare of the race, why should Gov- j Mr. Maynard. The gentleman is mistaernment wrest from him the right to apply ken about the object of my qnesiion. his labor to such unoccupied portion of the j Mr. Grow. I would provide in our land earth's surface as may be necessary for his i policy for securing homesteads to actual set-

support nntil he has contributed to the rev- j ilers. and whatever bounties the Government enues f ihe State, any more than to permit , would grant to the old soldiers. I would have j him to breathe the air, eojoy the sunlight, or ! in money, not land warrants, which are bo't j quaff from tbe rills and rivers of the earth? ia most cases by the speculalor, as an easier It would be just as rightful, were it possible j aud cheaper mode of acquiring the public ( to be done, to survey the atmosphere off into j lands. So they only facilitate land monopoj quarter sections, and transfer it by parch- ly. The men who go forth at the call of their ; ment titles, divide ihe sun into quactum of j country to uphold its standard and vindicate j rays, and dole it oat to grouping mortals at ( iu honor, are deserving, it is true, of a more ( a price; or arch over the waters of the earth j substantial reward than tears to the dead and j into vast reservoirs, and sell it to dying men. j thanks to the living, but there are soldiers of j Ia the language of remarks heretofore made i peace as well as of war; and though no wavon this subject, why has this claim of mao,iDg plume beckons them on t- glorv or to . . - nnAnAl;A nr . .4 ,Ka rritfa vf fl.v.l .i man I J .1. . U . 1- A - . -

i iu inuuvvuii,e j ,UvB.. v. .-. j coorirwd, by legal codes, to the soil? Is , olher .. thti lbllt it u . . having once found a place in the books, it j bas been retained by th reverence which man is wont to pay to the past and to Ume honor - ed precedents? The hnmsn mind is so conmated that it is prone to regard as right what ha eome down to o approved by long

usage, and hallowed by gra y age. It is

claim that had its origin with the kindred idea that royal blood flow only hi the rein of aa exclude few. whose eonU are more ethereal, because born amid tbe ulitter ef courts, and cradled amid the pomp of lords and courtiers; and, therefore, they are to be nmes, inu naipiu mi-g siuunui incoantry to the spirit of the age, and to the true deas or man a rights and relations to nis govrruiiicui; For if a man has a right on earth, he has a right to land enough to rear a habitation on. It he has a r'ght to live, he has a right to the free use of w hatever nature has provided for his sustenance air to breathe, water to drink, and land enough to cultivate for his subsisterce; for these are the necessary and inaisDensable means for the enioyment of his inalienable rights of "life, liberty, and the pure A - . ,-. t The struggle between capital and labor is an unequal one at bast. It is a struggle be tween tbe bones and sinews of men and dollirs and cents. And in that struggle, is it for the Govern aunt to stretch forth its arm to aid the strong against the weak? Shall it continue, by its legislation, to elevate and enrich idleness on the wail and woe of industry? For if the role be correct as applied to Governments as well as individuals, that whatever a person permits another to do, having the right and means to prevent it, he does himself, then indeed is the Government responsible for all the evils that may result from speculation and land monopoly ia your public domain. For it is not denied that Congress has the power to make any regulations for the disposal of these lands, not injurious to the general welfare. Now, when new iraci is surveyed, and you open your land office and expose it to sale, the man with the most money is the largest purchaser The most desirable and available locutions are seized upon by the capitalists of the country, who seek that kind of investment Your settler who chances not to have a preemption right, or to be there at the time of sale, when he eomes to seek a home for himself and family, must pay the speculator three or four hundred per cent, on his investment, or encoun'er the trials and hardships of a still more rem. te border life. Aud thus, under the operation of laws that you cali equal and just, you take from the settler three or lour dollars per acre, and put it into the pocket of the speculator thus, by tho operation of your law, abstracting so much of his hard earnings for the benefit of ctpital; for not an hour's labor has been applied to the land since it was sold by the Gtvernraent, nor is it more valuable to the settler. Has not the laborer a right to complain of legislation that compels him to endure greater Hardships, or contribute a portion of hii earnings for the benefit of the capitalist? But not upon the capitalist or the speculator is it proper that blame should tall. Man must seek a livelihood, and do business un der the laws of the country; and whatever rights he may acquire under the laws, though they may be wrong, yet the well-being of society requires that they be respected anil faithfully observed. If a person engages m a business legalized and regulated by the laws, and uses no fraud or deception in its pursuit, and evils result to the community, let them apply the remedy to the proper source; that is, to the law-making power. The laws and the law-makers are responsible for whatever evils necessarily grow out of their enactment. Io order to secure to labor its earnings, so far as is possible, by legislative action, and to strengthen the elements of national greatness and power, why should not the legislation of the country be so changed as to prevent for the future the evils of land monopoly by setting apart tbe vast and unoccupied territories of the Union, and conse rating them forever in free homes for free men? Mr. Maynard. May I be allowed to ask my friend from Pennsylvania, a question. Mr. Grow. Certainly. Mr. Maynard. It is this: Whether he is in favor or otherwise, of allowing the old sol dier or his assignee, to locate his land warrant on the public domain? Mr. Gtow. I always answer questions that are pertinent to the point under discussion, not otherwise. I am not arguing any question about land warrants, but about the proper disposition to be made of the public lands. I do not see the applicability of the crentle. . ' mau s qjestion; and must therefore pass it , mau, mrii t lug Kwie ia on a crimson one. J They fall leading the van ef civilization aW - .r n ,. nA k..- i,. j oneer army, from the day they first drvve back the Indian tribe from the Atlantic sea board to the present hour, have been tho achievements of science and civilization over the elements, the wilderness and th savage, if rewards or bonaUM ar to be granted

,Marc6 22nd, 1860.

for true heroism in the progress of the race, ! none U more deserving than the pioneer who expels the savarge and the wild beast, and opens the wiLiern-8 a home tot science and ath way for civilization. 1 'Paaea bath bar victor to

1 So lo roaowa-i than war. . tares; so that the settlement of the wudernesa 1 Tbe paths of glory no longer lead over ( by a thriving population, is as much the insmoking towns and etimsoned fields, but j tereat of the old States as the new. The along the lanes and by-ways of human mis-j amount now received by the Government of ery and woe. where the bones an 1 sinews of i the settler for the land. - would enable him men are struggling with the elements, with jto furnish hi rust If with the necessary stock the unrelenting obstacles of nature, and notrand implements to commence its cultivation. less unmerciful obstacles of a false civiliia-j For the purposes of education, building tion. The noblest achievement in this world's, railroads, opening all ihe avenues of trade. pilgrimaije is to raise the fallen from their . and of subduing the wilderness, the best dis-

degradation ; soothe the neari-oroKcn. ary the ears ot woe, and alleviate tne snn-.-rings . .. . . . . if . of the aniortunate in their pathway to the their tomb. If vou would lead the errinr back from the paths of vice and crime, to virtue and to honor, give him a home give him a henrthstone, and he will surround it with household gods. If you would make men wiser and better, relieve your almshouses, close the doors of your penitentiaries, and bieak in pieces your gallows, purify the influences of its first impres?, and man his first lesson, and , they go with him for weal or for woe through life. For purifying the sentiments, elevating the thoughts, and developing the noblest im -'

tne domestic nreside, lor mat is tne scnoot in ausiry 01 tne wnoie country, wnuo sirengm- ,10 elevate and ennoble lne possessor. It ia which human character is formed, and there ening all the elements of national greatness, j the life-spring of a manly national character, its destiny is shaped: there the soul receives) The first step in the decline of empires is 'and of a gwnerous patriotism; a patriotism

pulses ol man's nature, the influences of a ru-J world's unwritten history shall be correctly ral fireside and an agricultural life, arc the deciphered, the record of the rise, progress noblest and best. In the obscurity of the and fall of empires will be but the history of cottage, far removed from the seductive in- the rise, development, an J decline of agricultluence of rank and afflaence, are nourished ture. Hooke, in describing the condition of tha.virtues that counteract the decay ot hu- agriculture among the Romans more than two man institutions, the courage that defends ihe thousand years ago. the process of absorp national independence, and the industry that tion of the lands by the rich, and their consupports all classes of the State. sequent cultivation by slaves, furnishes the It was said by Lird Chatham, in his ap- ! student of history wiih the secret causes that peal to the House of Commons, in 1775, to 'undermined the empire and destroyed its libwithdraw the British troops from Boston, that erties. I read from book six. chapter seven, "trade indeed increases the glory and wealth of his Histoiy of Rjme, volume two, pge of a country; but its true strength and siam-, 22: ina are to be looked for in the cultivators of j "From the earliest time of Rome, it had the land. In the simplicity of their lives is been the custom of the Rom ins. when they found the simpleness of virtue, the integrity subdued any of the nations in Italy, to deand courage of free lorn These true, gena-, prive tin m of a part of their territory. A ine sons of the soil are iuvincible." portion of these lands was sold, and the rest Tho history of American prowess has re- given to the poorer citizens; on conditions, corded these words as prophetic. Man,indi3- says Appian, of their paying annually a fence of his hearthstone and fireside is inrin-, tjnth of the corn an 1 a filth of the frnits of cible against a world of mercenaries. i trees, besides a certain nnrnber of great and i Let us a lopt the policy cherished by Jack-i small cattl.. In process of lime, the rich, 'son, and in Heated in his annual message to by various means, got possession of the lands i Congress ia 1832, in which he says: j destined for the subsistence of the poor." j 4 It cannot be denied that the speedy settle-j ment of these lands constitutes the true in-j ' The rich and the mighty contrived to terest of the Republic. The wealth and possess themselves of the lands of their poor strength of a country are its population, and neighbors. At first they held these acquisithe best part of the population are the cultiva-. tions under borrowed names; afterwards opentors of the soil. Independent farmers are t ly in their own. To cultivate the farms they everywhere the basos of society and true : employed foreign slaves; so that Italy was friends of liberty." To put an ' in danger of losing its inhabitants of free end forever to all partial and interested legis-j condition, (who had no encouragement to lation on this subject, aud to afford to every i marry, no means to educate children,) and American citizen o( enterprise the opportunity j of being overrun with slaves and barbarians, of securing an iodepenent freehold, it seems , that had neither affection for tho Republic to me, therefore, best to abandon the idea of nor interest in her preservation, raising a future revenue out of tie public! "'iiberius Gracchus, now a Tribune of lands." ! t-kc people, undertook to remedy these disorThis advice, by one of the country's noblest j ders." patriots, though unheeded at the time, is ! "Never, says Plutarch, was proposed a law among the richest legacies he has bequeathed 1 more mild and gentle against iniquity and opto his country. ) pression; yet the rich made a mighty clamor Whv should th Government hold the about the hardship of bein? stript of their

1 public domain longer as a source of revenue, when it has aires ly more than paid all costs and expenses incurred in its acquisition and management? Even if the Governmen had a right, based in the nature of things thus to hold those Unds, it would be adverse to a sound national policy to do so; for the real wealth of a country consists not in the sums of money paid into its treasury, but its flocks, herds, and cutivated fields. Nor does its real strength consist iu fleets and armies. but in the bones and sinews of an independent yeomanry and the comfort of its Ubiring classes. lis real glory consists not in the splendid palace, lofty epire or towering dome; bat in the iu telligence, comfort aad happiness of the fireside of its citizens. ( What conitittit a a Stale? i Not high raicd bttlm?at or labored moaol. Thick wall or nvwteit i$aie; j Sit citift prooi. witn ,pire, and tarreti crowned. 2f -t bay. aud broad armsl porta, j Where, la'itiinif at intst-trm, rich nartj rid; , Jtot .tdrrei ul .Buigled court,, Where lour brovrel I. idnM wrt. purfume to pride; Na: mea. hia winded bjo. Men, who their In tie' know. Hat know thJir rigats. as I knowing, dart maintain, ! Prereot the 1 ,1115 ai.nel blew. And crtt,h the tyra kt w iti t'uey rjn-l the chain, f Ttieee eon,titutc a State! j The prosperity of States depends not on the mass of wealth, but its distribution. That country is greatest and most glorious in which there is the greatest number of happy firesides. And if you would make the fireside happy, raise the fallen from their degredation, elevate the servile from their groveling pursuits to the rights and dignity of men, yon ; must first place within their reach the means , for supplying their physical wants, so that J religion can exert iu influence on the soul I and soothe the wary pilgrim in his pathway . to the tomb. ! What justice can there be in the legislation I of a country by which the earnings of its la- ! bor are abstracted for any purpose without j returning aa equivalent? But as a question of revenue, merely, it would be to the advan - ! ta-e of the Government to grant these lands i in homesteads to actual cultivator, if thereby - . . - , it was to injure toe wtueuit-ui oi ine wnaer- ' ness, instead of selling tbem to the epecula- ! tor without settlement. The revenue to the r ... 111-,. - . , .1 ..1 . r -1 -i, Government trom me lands, u considered annual. is tte interest on the purchase monej; which would be a qu-trter section, at one AnUr and twentr-five cents rer acre, the interest oo two hundred dollars, equal, at six per cent., to twelve dol ari per year. But as the revenue of the General Go overn- : I with the exeention of the sales of the I V . . . 1 . . . . . lands! is derived almost wnouy from duty on 'imported article consumed in the country the amount collected depends upon the quaoam averara each inHiinrl - nal consumes of imported articles about elev - !b dollars worth per year, (see statement of r-

Register of the Treasury, appended.) and ' 5 and less citizens of the nation, been adopted, j Uon some ume. lb baggage master peremp- ; calfm seven the average number of a family, tbe Roman fields woald have been cultivated , torily refused to take the dag without pay.

!then each family consumes annually seven-ty-five dollars" worth of imported articles, i upon which a duty of not less than twenty dollars was paid. J sl K r,ntinmpnt moai He tKa walr,..eight br in iht dollars per year on each quarter section. t,. wina- it awav td a aettUr n, nrTrw.. t 3 - 1 Mlling it without seulement ... . i . , ..- In addition,!

'oqhy

: as you cheapen the necessaries and comforts of life, or increase men's nv.aas to pay for them, you increase their consumption; and t in the tame proportion as yoa increase the i means to pay for imports, yoa inorease the : consumption of home products and manufaepotion ia oa maae 01 mesa ianu4 m w gram . I i: 1 . . . , . , , mem in iimucu qusnuiies ao ids seuirr, ana luus secure Inra in Ins earnings, by which lie ! would nave tne means to eurronna nireeii with comfort and make his fireside happy; to erect the school house, the church, and all the other ornam-nts of a higher civilization, and reir his children educated and respected members of society. This policy will uot only add to the revenues of the General Go - eminent and the taxable property of the new tv.ates, but will increase the productive inthe neglect of their agricultural interest, and with its decay crumbles national power. It is the great fact stamped on all the ruins that strew the pathway of civilization. When the houses, iheir lands, their inheritances, the burial pl.ices of their ancestors." "The poor, on the other hand, complaioed of the extreme indigence to which they were reduced, and of ibeir inability to bring up children. They enumerated the many battles where they had fought in defense of the Republic; notwithstanding which uhey were allowed no share in the public lands; nay, the usurpers, to cultivate them, chose rather to employ foreigners and slaves than citizens of Ilimc.' Gracchus' view was not to make po r men rich, but to strengthen the Republic, by an increase of useful members, upon which he thought the safety and welfare of Italy depended. The insurrection and war of the slaves in Sicily, who wera not yet quelled. furnished him with sufficient argument lor . : . . : . . 1 - j -r en: r. . 1 . cipausuDg uwn uaager 01 uinu imty with slaves." 'lle asked the rich whether they preferred a slave to a ci iien; a man unqualified in war to a soldier; an alien to a member of the Republic; and which they thought would be more zealous for its interest? Then, as to the misery of the poor: "The wild beasts of Italy have caves and decs to shelter them; but the people who expose their lives for the defeosi of Italy, are allowed nothing but the light andnir; they wander up and down with their wives and children, without house and without habitation. Ojr generals mock the soldiers; when, in battle, they exhort them to fight for their sepulohres ani their household gods; for, amongst all that great number of JZonait there is not one who has not either a domestic altar, or a sepulcher of his ancestors. They fight and die, solely to maintain the riches and luxury of others; and are styled the lord of the universe, while they have not a single foot of land in their possession.' " Smith, in his second volume, page Wl, of 1 bis Greek and Roman Biographical Dictionary. speaking of Tiberias Gracchus, and the t reasons tor the proposed legi-lation, says: . 1 ., r - 1 a - II is brother Caius related, io some of his works, that Tiberius, on his march to Spain, in (B. C.) 137, as he was paing through Etrnria, observed with grief and in 1 digna ion the deserted state ot that fertile country; tnousanas 01 loreign siave in . Ian J and tending tbe flocks apon the immense Clldl It a w s -a inw a aa vmiu w wave aa.C aSarajS AL .a aa WSV Atnaft aa.- ralkV ah "1 IA a 1 ft MT a 1 V B K.wa 1. estates ot ine weauny, wnue me poorer ci Ol jrwuiaa cijkui, wuu wcis iuiea larovn f n '. : .1 .1 ' out of employment, had scarcely their daily !. 2 i,J .1. . 11.1. - oreaa, or a ewu u unu n uu meir owa. He is said to have been roused by this cirj cnmslaoce to exert himself in endeavoring to , remedy this evil." ' . ,. , . , . 1 the policy advocawea oy uraccDas, or distributing the public lands among the j by free men instead of slaves, and there would have been a race of mea to stay the . ravages of the barbarian. The eternal oty I would not then have fallen an easy prey to the Goth and Vandal; bat the tc of ker I empire would have waved in triumph, long .. .. - . a : J a. h. after the iV twined ber broaea coJansaa. I nv:.L Um mni CmaLioa ' to dWeod, the

No 15:

arms and hearts of aa independent yeomanry? 1 are a surer- and inorw impcagnable defense thaa battlemeet. wall, or toverv While the i population of conalry are the proprietor ' of the land which they toll, they have an inl latest to sarroun I their fireside frith comforl taad make their homes happy the great ini eeative to industry... frugality., aa d. sobriety, i it i such habits alone thai give aecuritr to govern meat, aad form the reel elements of na tional greatness and power, f 1 National disas'ers are not the growth of a ; day, but the fruit of loag years of injustice and wrong. The seeds planted by false, per- ; nicious legislation. often reoaire age to ger- ( minate and ripen into their harvests of ruin , ana death. 1 ha most pernicious of all the KaLf..l ..4. -.: 1 - . tI i uwiuiai vim-am, ua policy i that degrades its labor. Whenever ajriculmat uegraaes us larxkr. w neaever agricultural labor becomes dishonorable, it will, of f 1 1 rOd Ka A.-infinA.l .-. tit.,. U V j terest m the soil they till; and whenever the i laborer ceases to have any interest in the land j he cultivates, he ceases to have m stake in the a Ivancement and good order of society, for he has nothing to lose, nothing to defend, ; nothing to hope f.r. The associations of an independent freehold are emicently qualified that rushes to the defnese of ita country and , the vindication of its honor with the same zeal and alacrity that it guards tho hearthstone and the fireside. Wherever Freedom has unfurled her banner, the men who have rallied around to sustain and uphold it have eome from the workshop and the field, where, inured to heat aud to cold, and to all. the inclemencies of the season, they have acquired the hardihood necessary to endure the tria's nd privations of the camp. An in deprn . ent yeomanry, tcat'ered over our vast domain, is the best and surest guarantee for the perpetuity of our liberties; for their arms aro the citadel of a nation's power, their hnrta the bulwarks of liberty. Let the publio domain, then, be set apart as the patrimony of labor, by preventing ita absorption inio itrg estates by capital, and its consequent caltiv .- tion by "tenants and shives," instead ot independent freeholders. The proposition to change our land policy, so as to accomplish so desirable a result, by securing to the pioneer a home on the publio domain at the bare cost of survey and transfer, is often rejected by those who have givm but little thought to the subject as leveling and agrarian. When wa there ever an effort made, since the world began, to wrest from power its ill gotten gains, or to restoro to man his iualienable rights, but it has met with the shout of leveling and agrarian? That is the alarm cry of the devotee of tho past, with which he ever strives to prevent all reforms or innovations upon established usages. Behind such a bulwark old abuses intrench themselves, and attempt to maintain their position by hurling at every assailant terms of odium aud reproach, made so by the coloring of the adherents of prerogative and power. Until within a very recent period the chroniclers of the race have been. for the most part, sycophants of power; and, being the allies of the State, have glossed over its cotemporaueoua despotism and wrongs, while they have written down the true defenders of the rights of the people and ' champions of honorable labor as the outlaws ; of history. Because the Roman Gracchi proposed to elevate the Roman citizen, by dignifying his I labor and restoring him to the rights of which he had been unjustly deprived by the oligarchy who controlled the State, their name was made synonymous with infamy; ' as arch disturbers of all that was good in society, till Niebuhr tore off the veil of two thousand years of oblo ,uy, and vindicated j to future times their memories as true de- ) fenders of the rights of the people, and ad- ; vocates of the best interest and glory of their country. Snch has been the fate of the ' world's reformers. It it not time that we i learned wisdom from the chronicles of the ' past, and cease a blind reverence for custom j or institutions, because of their gray age? ' Why should not the American statesman dapt tbe legislation of the country to the dovelopcnent of its material resources, the pro . . . . ; motion or us inausiriai interests, ana mere i by dignify its labor, and make strong the I prime elements of national power? 1 Let this vast domain, then, be set apart j and consecrated forever mt a patrimony to j the sons of close your land office forevj er against the speculator, and thereby pre- , vent the capitil of the country from teeking I that kind of investment, of absorbing the j hard earnings of labor, without rendering aa j equivalent. While the laborer is thus crushed ! by this system established by the G jvern1 ment. which abstract o large an amount j from his earnings for tbe benefit of the spec J ulator. in addition to all the other diivaj tage that ever beet the unequal struggle be , tween tbe bone and sinews of mon and dollars and cents, what wonder is it that misery and want so o:ten sit at hi fireside, and peaary and sorrow surround hi death bed. While the pioneer spirit goes forth into the wilderness, snatching new areas from the wild beasts and bequeathing them a legacy - to civilized man, let not the Governmslfit dampen his ardor and palsy his arm by legij lation that places him in the power of sulless capital and grasping speculation; for npon bis wild battle field these are hi only t that his own stern heart and right arm can . not vanquiahe 1 I a Dog BaaoaG? We witnessed a ; debate in the Cleveland depot not long since ; wiin uu qncsuon was seuieu oy a ooupia j mmM V mAvq I i I a! A SS A . grkm J.f WV KWVl SB Be ; m a Uirj a- raa a a wsw vav v uvus w aa leading a uog. ana in own was n-jiuing in bis hand a large carpet bag, which appeared . 1-1. A J.J ,.e Ik- l - - : to ue empiy. tnei u.iuauuwi w un (raze master Lis price for taking lb dog to Sit ... i .,1 I .. . l.'t.. Tl. i j.oieao. aaa mm , " w demurred to the price, and offered fifty cents. but th baggage master was inexorable. I bey then inrUteJ that the dog should be taken a ; Daggage, iney ui toe empty carpet sack. After debating the quesi. , - - ., . ... t uuirinir iKem thai tha dna ar a e nsii .p t. rrm The Iriahmen seemed a liule puzzled, bat the one holding the dog rarned to hi come pan ion and amid, "Mjehael, an' taith, pat tbe dog ia the beg end woa't he then be beg . gag? The crowd roared with laughter, and th dog aa provided with a tree pevasag to Toledo. Elyria (Ohio) feawerat. .