Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 46, Number 144, 28 April 1921 — Page 1

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id VOL. XLVI., No. 144 palladium. Est- IStl. Consolidate with 6un-Tele-rm, HOT. RICHMOND, IND., THURSDAY EVENING, APRIL 28; 1921. SINGLE COPY 3 CENTS

COUNTY FAIR PLAN MEETS WITH FAVOR

Wayne County Breeders May Enlarge Hog Show to Complete Stock Show on Large Scale. TO INVESTIGATE SITES CENTERVILLE, Ind.. April 28. Preliminary arrangements for a mammoth Wayne county annual fair were completed at the regular meeting of the Wayne county breeders association, held in the city hall of Centerville Wednesday evening. A hog show for this fall already had been agreed upon by" the hog: breeding rssociations, and sentiment at the Wednesday night meeting was strongly in favor of enlarging the hog show io a complete stock show and if possible, eventually to an annual Wayne county fair, organized on a large enough scale to gfow into an immense rouny fair with a national reputation, f uch as already exist in some counties of Ohio, Massachusetts, and other Mates. Representatives of the different sorts of stork who were present at 'he meeting insisted that any county how should include other stock as v. ell as hogs, and from that the plans! new to include a complete county fair. Committees were appointed to investigate building plans and types of buildings for such a fair, to have incorporation papers prepared for the Wayne, county breeders associations in ord?r that it might incorporate for the purpose of selling stock, buying a fair site and erecting buildings; and a 6iie committee to investigate possible sites with transportation and other ndvant.ageous facilities, all committees to report at the next meeting on May 23. To Incorporate Body. It was decided that the fair promolion fhould be made by the breeders association, and th?t it should as a body be incorporated for that purpose, Fell stock to its members, and assume lull management of the fair if it should be established. Provisions should be made, according to the opinions of members, for exhibits of all sorts of stock and other farm products, school exhibits, township booths, and exhibits of machinery and automobiles, as well as legitimate and wholesome amusements. Successful examples of county fairs were cited in Preble and Darke counties. Ohio, and in Newcastle, as well a 6 in more distant territories, and the opinion was expressed that with Richmond's backing, if it. should be given, a Wayne county fair could be made one with a national reputation, such as the one 8t Springfield, Mass.. where a million dollars is being expended this year for additional buildings. That fair started, according to information furnished by Mr. Fulghum, as an ordinary county fair, gradually gr?w to include entries from the whole state, and finally, from all eastern states. J. L. Dolan also told of ihe Wood county fair in Ohio, which has a state reputation and has entrants from a wide district, and an attendance last year of 38.000. Hope for Growth, The hope was expressed freely by members of the association, that although no such results could be expected in the first year, plans and sites should allow for plenty of growth, and it was hoped that the complete show of this fall could be increased to a county fair soon. It was the consensus of opinion that at least 20 acres should be secured when fbe site is selected. It was stated that all buildings should be erected with a view to being easily included in the final group. "We want to start out so we can grow," said Bent Wilson of Cambridge City, speaking for that, city a.' the site. "We ought to take in several counties in a few years, and with a location at Cambridge City, we will have (wo railroads, two interurbans, a site reached by good auto roads, and full of enthusiastic co-operation of the business men. Cambridge City has good hotels and it has better food than Richmond, because I have eaten at both places." W. B. Fulghum of Richmond, secretary of the breeders' association, countered Wilson's speech with enumeration of the advantages of Richmond, mentioning among other things the protection- that the Richmond fire department could give. Investigate Sites. The sit committee was instructed to investigate and price sites, and report at the nrxt meeting, as action in lh near future will be necessary. "Two parages in Centerville could not hnuse our hog show last year." said Wood Kliason. president of the association, "and there is not a building in Wayne county now that will hold the hogs that are already entered for the hog show alone, to say nothing of oher stock that will be included in a complete show." ' During transaction of other business at the meeting, a committee on membership was decided upon, with at least two committeemen in each township to solicit the pure bred stock men of those townships, the commitlee to be announced later. The directorate of the association, which is to include representatives of all lines of stock, had not been announced because of a small membership which made a wise choice difficult, and was allowed to go " over until the next meeting again. Representatives of all lines of stock breeding are also called for. cn the building committee.

p House Committee Refuses to Report Out Daylight Savings (T5y Associated Press) WASHINGTON. April 28. The house Interstate commerce committee voted today against reporting out any daylight saving bill at this time.

VIVIAN! IN FRANCE IS OPTIMISTIC OVER 0. S, RELATIONS (By Associated Press) PARIS. April 28. Rene Viviani. France's - special envoy to the United States, spoke most optimistically of the future of Franco-American relations in Interviews with Paris newspaper men, printed In this morning's newspapers following his return yesterday from America. "I bring back more than the hope, the certainty, of the very early close

collaboration of France and America, j both on diplomatic and financial ground," the ex-premier is quoted as saying. "The sympathies of the immense majority of the Americans were whole heartedly with the French," he said, "but this sympathy made itself apparent in different ways in various parts of America." The United States, he explained, could not be judged as a whole, as ifnn.r ?t-Be!f?5.ln5f.?If,e2! notably in the various cities states Of the American union. Sees Peace Ahead "There is no reason for fearing that the dispute between the United States and Japan over the island of Yap will be settled otherwise than by peaceful means," the Paris edition of the London Times quotes M. Viviani as declaring. "I am confident," he added, "that I am bringing a plan for the re-organization of Franco-American co-operation. "' The ex-premier faid he had found the various elements in the United States united, for the greater part, for the development of the American ideals of independence and industry, and that, therefore, be considered a wonderfully prosperous future in store for the American nation. FARMERS AND BOARD OF TRADE ARGUE IN ILLINOIS CAPITAL SPRINGFIELD, 111., April 2S. -Illinois farmers -owded the legislative balls here Wednesday, in an organized f'ght on the Chicago Board of Trade. The floor of the senate and galleries were jammed with farmers wearing badges representing the various county farm bureaus nd, for the first time Fince the farmers bill was introduced, the Board of Trade was represented by speakers on tne floor. As an Illinois corporation the board is "trend . able to the state laws and are now making a' fight to retain all their present rights, notably so as , to "future" trading, which is the crux of the whole mailer. Argued For Five Hours. Representatives of the Board argued their fide of tne controversy for five hours Wednesday afternoon. The farmers listened intently but made no demonstration. The contention of the Chicago board is that the present is no time to desi roy the recognized system or method of marketing, and that "to abolish the prevailing system, without any substitute whatever, would produce disorder that would wreck the entire system of supply and demand." The answer to the delegation of farmers by the agricultural committee is still in doubt. The Lantz bill has been before the house for several weeks, but Is still in committee. BURY PAUL STEVENS WITH MANY HONORS CENTERVILLE, Ind., April 2S. The funeral of Paul Stevens, a former service man, was conducted here today by the Centerville post of the American legion. The firing squad consisted of Horace Bowman, Wayne Duff, Ivan King, Jesse Matthews, Fred Boval, Peter Dothery, Orville Richardson, Julian Dunbar, with Paul Matthews as sergeant. Full military honors were shown. A color guard, representing the navy. j army and marines, composed of Cenj f Tville members consisted of John I Moulton for the army and Earl Duff for ! the marines. j The pallbearers were Edward Neff, I Robert Lamb, and Wiliiam Fisher, of ihe navy, and U. C. Conner, Frank Ryan, and William Conkle of the army. Rev. McCormick, of Milton, who Is also the pastor of the Centerville Christian church, officiated. Burial was in the Crown Hill cemetery, to which the funeral cortege marched in military formation. The Masonic order also attended the funeral. Harry Ray post of Richmond, including all officers, was represented. Weather Forecast MOORE'S LOCAL FORECAST Partly cloudy and unsettled. Partly cloudy and unsettled weather Is in prospect for tonight and Fri day, with conditions favorable for j showers, but no general or protracted rain. For Indiana, by the United States Weather Bureau Generally fair tonight and Friday ; not much change In temperature. Temperatures Yesterday Maximum 63 Minimum 41 Today Noon 65 General Forecast The rainstorm of Tuesday has moved to New Foundland and adjacent territory. Generally fair weather is over the central states. Snow last night at Duluth. Minn. Temperatures below freezing at many places in southern Canada. The weather is becoming somewhat unsettled, with showers over the plain states.

RAIL WAGES FIXED ON LOW PRICES. CLAIM Jewell Declares Present Pay Not Based on Peak Says Reduction Will Impair Standard of American Living. says cutnot just

(By Associated Press) CHICAGO, April 28. Reduction of railroad wages would impair the standard of American living and would have no justification in othics, economic reason, or the cold, concrete facts of Dresent-dav industrial life, it was declared by B. M. Jewel, head of the railway unions, who opened the em ployes' fight to retain present wage scales before the railroad labor board today. Contentions of the railroads that the cost of living had declined since the wage award of Judy, 1"20, were met with the reply that that award was based on the prices of December 1919, and not on those of July 1920, the peak of high prices. Mr. Jewell declared that it would require three years for railway employes, at their present wages, to recoop the losses sustained during the war period "by the failure of their eatrnings to keep pace with the increased cost of living." "The railroads rush in and say 'give us our pound of flesh;" Mi. Jewell taid, "even before it can be determined whether the cost of living has actually declined rince the award of this board or whether it will be higher or lower in the future. The insistence of the irailroads upon a wage reduction in our opinion has been most unexpected and unseemly. There are no data which can be presented to this board which would justify the board in authorizing at this time a reduction in the rates of pay of railroad employes." Makes Comparison. Mr. Jewell named prevailing wage rates in similar industries and the changes in the cost of living as the two main considerations which should direct the board's decision in the wage controversy. He said there had been no reduction in wages paid in the basic industries comparable to the railroads. "In addition to the two main principles set up as a guide for the board in wage determinations,- there are also other and more fundamental conditions which must ' receive' judicial notice. These are: First, economy and efficiency. The transportation act requires that the railroads operate with due economy and efficiency. We shall show that this has not ben done; that because of the financial control and policy of the railroads, resources have been dissipated or improperly distributed, improvements and maintenance deferred and operating costs greatly advanced despite the increased work and productive efficiency of railroad employes. Our conclusion Bhall be therefore, that the board cannot entertain a plea for reduction in wages under any circumstances until the inadequacies of man agement and the high operating costs resulting therefrom have be e n eliminated. Genera! Policy "2. The general policy of the industry: The main items of operating expenses are, of course, fuel, supplies of all kinds, and labor. We shall show that the same financial interests which control the railroads also control the production of fuel, timber, equipment, oil and other supplies, and tbat they have determined upon a policy of decreasing railroad expenses by reducing wages and at the same time charging unwarranted and unreasonable prices for supplies which the railroads must purchase. We shall contend that 1 his board should not consider any complaints relative to the rates of pay of railway employes until it is satisfied that the railroads are not being forced o purchase their supplies at exorbitant prices. "We submit, therefore, that no action looking toward a reduction in wage's can now be taken by this board which can be predicated upon any sound basis. We are in the period of readjustment and reconstruction. No one can predict with certainty what the immediate tendencies will be. Only one thing is certain, and that is that there has not been a sufficient change in the conditions affecting wage principles to warrant any change in the decision of last July. No justification can be found in ethics, in economic reason or in the cold, concrete facts of the present-day industrial life and activity to support the board in making changes in existing rates of pay to railroad employes." FARM RELIEF BILL REPORTED FAVORABLY (Tiy Associated Press) WASHINGTON, April 28 The emergency tariff bill, designed for the relief of the farmers atfd to check dumping of foreign goods was ordered favorably reported today by the senate finance committee. The measure, approved by the senate committee, differs radically, from that passed by the house, anti-dumping and currency valuation provisions having been sharply revised, although tariff provisions were not changed. Gov. Harding to Survey Farm Credit Situation (By Associated Press WASHINGTON, April 28. Governor Harding of the federal reserve board announced today that he would begin next week a personal survey of the farm credit situation in the middle west and southwest

Prominent Citizen

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Mass Meeting of Women Voters Results in League Section Here

The mass meeting of Richmond women In the Hotel Westcott Wednes-1 day afternon at jrhich two TepreseniI tives of JheNationaiNLeasjie. of yioxcen voters were speakers, resulted in the formation of a section of the Indiana league here with Mrs. W. W. Gaar, president; Miss Annette Edmunds, vice-president; Miss Marguerite Hill, secretary; and Mrs. Homer J. Vail, treasurer. Several members of the organization are expected to attend the state convention at the Claypool hotel in Indianapolis next week, but work and meetings of the organization will not be held until next fall. Purposes, accomplishments, and aims of the league were dircussed by Miss Watkins, while Miss Peshakova explained the five bills upon which the league is concentrating its forces to effect their passage in congress. The league has two great purposes, Miss Watkins stated: First, to foster education in citizenship; second, to suppore improved legislation. Membership is open to any woman desiring to prepare herself to vote intelligently, fo inform herself on civic and legislative topics and to make her vote count for the public good is eligible to membership. Non-Partisan Body. While the league is a political organization, Miss Watkins explained that it is non-partisan and affiliated with no political party. It is only to furnish a means of spreading information and education to the mass of voters, and to accomplish certain purposes and ileals which individual groups cannot secure. "Women are urged by the league to affiliate themselves with some politi cal party," she said "We want to ' encourage women to go into politics and work from the inside. We want them to stand back of approved legislation." Six committees have been formed under the league to workfor needed legislation, for child welfare, women i in industry, legal status of women. ATTACK IRISH STORES, CARRY OFF PORTABLES BELFAST. Ireland. April 28. Spirit and- grocery stores on Newtonards road were attacked last night by a mob, which carried off everything portable. The street which was the scene of the disorder was the center of the exciting events of last July and August. The section of the city where riots occurred yesterday was Invested by military forces this morning. ' After scantily clad occupants of the houses in that neighborhood, which were, for the most part boarding cstablishment3 had bad breakfast, they were ordered to the streets while a search was made of the buildings. CORK. April .28. Four men convictled of making war against British crown forces were executed by a firing squad at the military barracks here this morning. They were Patrick O'Sullivan, Maurice Moore,, Patrick Ronayne, and Thomas Mulcahy. CREW LAW REPEAL PASSES. HARRISBURG, Pa.. April 28. The Pennsylvania house of representatives passed the senate bill repealing the foil crew, law of 1911. It gives the. state public service commission authority to fix the number of members of train crews. ' .

Called by Death

Gormon public health and morals', " food :spply and demand, and American citizenship. -' : ' , "-.'- Describe Wrk. --. Miss- Peshakova. -who 'discussed "the bills and the purposes of each committee, described the work of the child welfare committee as being to provide adequate appropriation for the government children's bureau, of which Miss Julia Lathrop is head, and to secure passage of the Sheppard-Town-er bill, and to oppose the exploiting of children in labor in this country. "Last year," Miss Pashakova stated. "$47,000,000 was spent by the government on hogs and cattle while nothing was spent on the children." That legislation for children is needed was shown by a comparison of figures .which showed that while one out of every 20 children in New Zealand died annually of preventible causes, one out of every seven died in the United States from preventable causes. Need for legislation for women in industry was emphasized by the speaker because of the great number of women who are now employed outside their home. Approximately J2,000.000 women of this country, she said, are in industry now. s U. S. IS HONEYCOMBED WITH PRICE FIXING COMBINATIONS, CLAIM fBv Associated NEW YORK, April showing the country combed with so-called Press 28. Evidence to be honeyprice associations, or combinations to maintain prices at certain levels in violation of the anti-trust laws is in the hands of the legislative committee investigating an alleged building trust, Samuel Untermyer, the committee's spe cial counsel, declared today when the committee entered the third day of its resumed inquiry. Mr. Untermyer, who yesterday began investigation of a group of thirteen manufacturers' exchanges operating in all parts of the country, said that so far he had only skirted the fringe of an exposure of conditions which, he declared, would make John T. Hettrick, author of the "code of practice" look "like a piker" in comparison. Hettrick is now serving sentence on Blackwell's Island. Albert A. Ainswortu, secretary and director of the 15 exchanges under the committee's investigation appeared before the committee yesterday. He refused to waive immunity irom prosecution and was; not examined. A number of other witnesses were called to testify today. REPUBLICAN ATTACKS KNOX PEACE MEASURE (By Associated Press) WASHINGTON. April 2S. The first attack in the senate on the Knox peace resolution came today from the Republican side, Senator Nelson, of 'Minnesota, chairman of the senate judiciary committee characterizing the resolution as "unusualbaiting, equivocating, and only a partial or piece-meal work". His opposition shattered hopes of leaders for a solid Republican line-up for adoption of the resolution.

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tA-ruLiuc unitr, uiu; FUNERAL SATURDAY Funeral services for Isaac A. Gormon, 73 years old, who was found dead at hiB home, 130 Ft. Wayne ave nue at 5:30 o'clock Wednesday even ing after he had suffered a stroke of apoplexy, will be held at the home at 2 o ciock Saturday. Rev. a. h. us will officiate. Mr. Gorraon was found dead in his Ivard at the side of the house. He bad been putting screens on the windows of the house. Police officers of the city will march in a body in the funeral cortege. The pallbearers will be composed of mem-, bers of the Odd Fellow and Knights 1 of Pythias lodges. The deceased was one of the best known men in Richmond, having se.rved three terms as superintendent : of police, 16 years as detective for the j Pennsylvania railroid, two terms as police commissioner of Indiana under Governors Mount and Durbin, two' terms as sheriff and two terms a3 ; aeputy snerni. ne resigned as super-: intendent of police, the first of Febru j ary. 1920, giving advanced age as tne reason tor nis resignation. Civil War Veteran Mr. Gor mon was born in Highland county, O., Dec. 25, 1847. His parents moved to Centerville while he was still very young. Although' a mere boy when the Civil war was in progress he offered his services to his country and served three months as a member of the Seventh Indiana Cavalry during the closing days of the great conflict. In 1866 he came to Richmond to ply his trade as blacksmith and worked at this until 1877. In 1878 he was appointed deputy sheriff and served four years in this office. He then was elected to the office of sheriff in 1882! and served there until 1886. During his incumbency of the office of sheriff it became his duty to officiate at the hanging of a wife murderer named Bates. This was the last man hanged in the county jails of the state. Mr. Gormon took an active part in having a law passed by the state legislature providing that all hangings take place at the state penitentiaries. This was sponsored by Henry U. Johnson, then a state legislator. Railroad Detective. Following retirement from the office of sheriff, he was engaged by the Pennsylvania railroad as a detective, working in this capacity for 16 years. He then became a member of the state police board. He was the superintendent of the Richmond police board. He was the superintendent of the Richmond police force first in 1903. In 1905 be resigned this position' and became a special detective for private corporations and other parties. In 1910 he again became chief of police, serving until 1914, and from' 1918, until Fe. 1, 1920. He was a member of the Republican party, a member of the Independ(Continued on Page Four) SHIPS, MEN ALERT AS ATLANTIC FLEET MOVES PAST HARDING (By Associated Press) OLD POINT COMFORT. Va., April 23 The Atlantic fleet, bringing back a new record of accomplishment from its southern drill grounds, passed in ceremonial review before President Harding today as it entered home waters in Hampton Roads. More than 60 ships of war, led by the flagship, Pennsylvania, were in the long column that filed by to pay a commander in chiefs honor to the president as he stood with Secretary Denby and a party of officials on the bridge of his yacht, the Mayflower. A low cloud curtain screened the sunlight from the pageant, Boftening the grim lines of the decks and tur rets, but adding a hint of near duck to the sombre picture. For the fleet wore the serious gray now used in cleared almost as for action, a precaution always taken at sea. It was a few minutes past 9 o'clock when the Pennsylvania, passing the reviewing ship, opened up the thunder of her presidential salute and before the 21 guns had been spent the

Kit 7h aV Vf . v "ring M Uoyd George made this declarawhile the Mayflowers batteries spoke tion when presed as to whether in acknowledgement. The cannonade i Great Britain would be committed to continued in an almost unbroken roar course of action D?fore tne h until the review was over. , f commons could debate on the It was Mr. Harding s first review of i tion .

any pan 01 ine nation b sea power since he assumed office and was the navy's first opportunity to salute him. j From the proud flagship Pennsylvania1 down to the humble "beef boats" and from admiral 4own to bluejacket, ships and men were alert for the occasion. Before the fleet entered the Virginia cape, the Mayflower, which came down from Washington last night with President and Mrs. Harding and their party, was at anchor off Thimble Light. ENDORSES REGULATION GRAIN FUTURE DEALS fBv Associated Press) WASHINGTON. April 28 Principals underlying the Tinchor bill to regulate rialings on future in grain exchanges were endorsed before the house agricultural committee today by Joseph P. Griffin, president of the Chicago Board of Trade. He said the measure contained many constructive ideas, but needed amendments in certain details. "We are trying to drive speculation from our exchanges," Mr, Griffin said, reading to the committee recommendations made by the directors of the Chicago board of. trade, which he said, anticioated many; of the proposals in the Tincher bill. The witness described that measure as recognizing the need of retaining "hedging" facilities, which he declared were essential to the preservation of a broad market.

HUGHES ' TALKS

TO ENVOYS OM REPARATIONS

DrJfIcU R-lenan and French Back-.British, Belgian ana rrencn

Representatives Confer at State Department Proposals Unsatisfactory. BERLIN DEBATES POLICY fFtv Associated Press) WASHINGTON, April 28 Sir Auckland Geddes. ambassador from Great Brltaln conferred with Secretary ..... Hugnes today, arriving at the state department shortly after noon. The Belgian ambassador, Baron de Marchiarrived at the deoartment be fore Sir Auckland left. They were the first of the allied envoys to see Mr. Hughes since he laid the new German reparations proposals before them informally last Tuesday. It was understood that Prince de Chalais. counselor of the French embassy, had an engagement to see Mr. Hughes during the day. He was to act for Ambassador Jusserand, who is absent from Washington, and was expected to communicate the decision of his government that the German offer' was unacceptable. Sir Auckland Geddes was with Mr. Hughes for half an hour and when he left, the Belgian ambassador was received by the secretary of state. At the conclusion of the visit, it was expected that Mr. Hughes would have an accurate knowledge of the stand of the allied governments. There was no indication, however, whether a reply to the German memorandum would go forward tonight. BERLIN, April 28. Today's session of the Reichstag had before it a program calling for the continuation of the debate on the government's reparation policy with a probable vote before adjournment on the joint resolution of the coalition parties declarinj confindence in the cabinet. The day began without any announcement having been made by the government of news from Washington regarding the reparations negotiations, following a day of marking time in government circles so far as appeared on the surface, neither the cabinet nor the committee on foreign relations having held any Bession yesterday. Probability that the German reparations proposals may be rejected, was reflected in press comment on the situation here yesterday, the Vorwaerts saying that in all probability the German government would be called upon to alter its terms, "if it hopes to achieve success with them." " The government," the newspaper added, "has taken a stony path, and has not yet arrived at its end." Approves Address Meolor Wolff writing in the Tageblatt, approved of the address of Dr. Walter Simons, foreign minister, before the Reichstag saying the tenor of the minister's speech was "adapted to American acoustics." "America will render the cause of humanity an immeasurable service if she lends a practicable hand in an endeavor to stave off imminent economic collapse," declai-t-d the Deutsche Allgenine Zeuitng, the propeprty of Hugo Stinnes, the German industrial magnate. "If American efforts fail because of French obstinacy then the latter must bear the responsibility for the disaster which is bound to follow." The industrial organ, Der Tag, did not share the optimism expressed by Dr. Simons in bis address before the Reichstag, during which the minister said Germany would "enter the promised land of freedom when the last annuity was paid." LONDON, April 28 Prime Minister Lloyd George declared in the house ol commons today that the British government was committed to action so far as the Westphalian coal fields were concerned If the German reparations proposals were unsatisfactory. He added: "It is not for me to say whether another opportunity will ba j ven Germany or not." Uoyd George added: "I very much . tvot ,.vi unsatisfactory and I wish it had been possible for me to say that they alter the situation." Germany's attempt to clarify certain of her reparation proposals, in comj pliance with the request of the Brit- : ish foreign office yesterday, was said ! in official circles today to have re sulted In even greater confusion. Great Britain has asked for further explanations and the Interchanges are continuing, although they are said to be entirely informal. Present Position. The present position of Great Britain is understood to be that the proposals are still "sketchy" and very unsatisfactory- - As the outgrowth of the British query of yesterday. Germany, it I stated, now suggests that the annuities extend over a period of from 50 to 75 years or even longer, instead of the 42 years originally mentioned. This is declared in official circles to be a sample of the "evasive methods' (Continued on Page Fourteen)

Greece Calls to Colors . Four A dditional Classes ; fBv Associated Prel ATHENS. April 28. Four addl.' tional classes of men have been caU-'t , ed to the colors to re-enforce je ' Greek army fighting against the Turk', in Asia Minor. The . metf mobilized i' compromise the classes of J9i;:1913, -1903 1904. . .., . .. :t, -. Jv-.