Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 45, Number 184, 11 June 1920 — Page 10

11

l PAGE TEN TRADITIONAL G. 0. P.

PRINCIPLES PUT IN PLATF0RM0F PARTY (Continued From Page One.) five legislatures "which have ratified it to date. "Legislation for the relief of the consumers of print paper, for the extension of the powers of the govern

ment under the food control act, for broadening the scope of the war risk insurance act, better provision for the dwindling number of aged veterans ot ie Civil War and for the better support of the maimed and injured of the Great War, and for making practical the vocational rehabilitation act, has been enacted by the republican congress. "We passed an oil leasing and water power bill to unlock for the public good the great pentmp resources of the country; we have Bought to check the profligacy of the administration, to realize upon the assets of the government and to husband the revenues derived from taxation. The republicans In congress have been responsible for cuts In the estimates for government expenditure of nearly three billion dollars, since the signing of the armistice. "We enacted a national executive budget law; we strengthened the federal reserve act to permit banks to tend needed assistance to farmers; we

r.uthorized financial incorporations to develop export trade; and finally emended the rules of the senate and

house, which will reform evils in pro

cedure and guarantee more efficient

end responsible government, Agriculture.

"The farmer is the backbone of the

nation. National greatness and eco

nomic Independence demand a popula

Hon distributed between industry and the farm, and sharing on equal terms

the prosperity which is wholly depend

f-nt on the efforts of both. Neither

cr.n prosper at the expense of the

other without inviting Joint disaster. "The crux of the present agrieul

lural condition lies in prices, labor

and "credit.

"The republican party believes that 1his condition can be improved by 1. radical and adequate farm reprerentation in the appointment of gov. crnmental officials and commissions; the right to form cooperative associations for marketing their products, rnd protection against discrimination: the scientific study of agricultural prices and farm production costs at home and abroad, with a view to reducing the frequency of abnormal fluctuations: the uncensored publication of such reports ; the authorization of associations for the extension of personal credit; a national inquiry on the coordination of rail, water and motor transportation with adequate facilities for receiving, handling and marketing feed: the encouragement of cur export trade; an end to unnecessary price fixing and ill-considered efforts arbitarily to reduce prices of farm products which invariably result to the disadvantage both of producer and consumer: and the encouragement of the production and imperative need of fertilizing material and of its extensive use. "The federal farm loan act should be so administered as to facilitate the acquisition of farm land by those de-i-iring to become owners and proprietors and thus minimize the evils of farm tenantry and to furnish such long time credits as farmers may need to finance adequately their larger and

long time production operations. Industrial Relations. There are two different conceptions of the relation? of capital and labor. The one is contractual and emphasizes the diversity of interests of employer find emnlov'ee. The other is that of

rartnership in a common task. We recognize the justice of collective bargaining as a means of promoting good will, establishing closer find more harmonious relations between employer and employee and rei.lizing the true end of industrial justice. The strike or the lockout, as a means of settling industrial disputes inflicts such loss, and suffering upon

tie community as to justify government initiative to reduce its frequency and limit its consequences. We denv the right to strike against the government but the right of all government employes must be safeguarded by impartial laws and tribunals. Tn public utilities, we favor the establishment of an impartial tribunal

THE RICHMOND PALLADIUM AND SUN-TELEGRAM, RICHMOND, IND, FRIDAY, JUNE 11, 1920.

executive reflects war time extravagance rather than rigid peace time economy. "As an example of the failrue to retrench which has characterized the post war policy of the administration, we cite the fact that, not including the war find navy department, the executive departments and other estab

lishments at Washington actually record an increase subsequent to the armistice of 2,184 employes. The net decrease in costs contained in the 1921 demands submitted by the administration is only one per cent under that of 1920. The annual expense of federal

operation can be reduced hundreds of millions of dollars without impairing the efficiency of the public service.

We pledge ourselves to a carefully

planned readjustment to a peace time

basis and to a policy of rigid emonomy,

tc the better co-ordination of depart

mental activities, to the elimination of unnecessary officials and employes and to the raising of the standard of

individual efficiency, The Executive Budget. "We congratulate the republican congress on the enactment of a law providing for the establishment of an executive budget as a necessary instrument for a sound and business like administration of the national finances; ad we condemn the veto of the president which defeated this great financial reform. Reorganization of Federal Departments and Bureaus. We advocate a thorough investigation of the present organization of the federal departments and bureaus with

a view to securing consolidation, a j more business like distribution of functions, the elimination of duplication, delays and overlapping of work and the establishment of an up-to-date and efficient administrative organization. War Powers of the President. "The president clings tenaciously to his autocratic war time powers. His veto of the resolution declaring peace and his refusal to sign the bill repealing war time legislation, no longer necessary, evidence his determination not to restore to the nation and to the states the form of government provided for by the constitution. This usurpation is intolerable and deserves the severest condemnation.

Taxation. "The burden of taxation Imposed on the American people is staggering; but in presenting a true statement of the situation we must face the fact

that, while the character of the taxes can and should be changed, an early reduction of the amount of revenue to be raised is not to be expected. Expenses. "The next republican administration will inherit from its democratic predecessor, a floating indebtedness of over $3,000,000,000, the prompt liquidation of which is demanded by sound financial considerations. Moreover, the whole fiscal policy of the government must be deeply influenced by the necessity of meeting obligations in excess of $5,000,000,000 which mature in 1923. But sound policy equally demands the early accomplishment of that real reduction of the tax burden which may be achieved by substituting simple for complex tax laws nd procedure, prompt and certain

determination of the tax liability for

delay and uncertainty, tax laws which

do not for tax laws which do excessively mulct the consumer or needlessly repress enterprise and thrift. "We advocate the issuance of a simplified form of income return; au

thorizing the treasury department to make changes in regulations effectively only from the date of their ap

proval; empowering the commissioner of internal revenue, with the consent of the tax payer, to make final and conclusive settlements of tax claims and assessments barring fraud, and the creation of a tax board consisting of at least three representatives of the tax paying public and the heads of the principal divisions of the bureau of internal revenue to act as a standing committee on the simplification of forms, procedure and law, and to make recommendations to the congress. Banking and Currency. The fact is that the war to a great extent was financed by a policy of

inflation through certificate borrowing

lrom the banks, and bonds issued at a

srtificial rate sustained by the low discount rates established by the reserve bank. The continuance of this policy since the armistice lays the administration open to severe criticism. Almost up to the present time, the practices of the federal reserve board as to credit control have been frankly dominated by the convenience of the treasury.

'The results have been a greatly in

operation of the railroads. In view of the conditions prevailing in the country the expenditures of the last two years, and the conclusions which may be fairly drawn from an observation cf the transportation systems of other countries, it Is clear that adequate transportation service both for the present and future can be furnished more certainly, economically and efficiently through private ownership and operation under proper regulation and control. "There should be no speculative

profit in rendering the service of transportation but in order to do Justice to the capital already invested in railway enterprises to restore railway credit to induce future investments at a reasonable rate and to furnish enlarged facilities to meet the requirements of the constantly increasing development and distribution a fair re

turn on actual value of the railway property used in transportation should be made reasonably sure, and at the same time, to provide constant employment to those engaged in transportation service with hours and federal working conditions at wages or compensation at least equal to those prevailing In similar lines of Industry. "We endorse the transportation act of 1920 enacted by the Republican congress as a most conservative legislative achievement. Water Ways. "We declare it to be our policy to

encourage and develop water transportation service and facilities in con

nection with the commerce of the United States. Regulation of Industry and Commerce. "We approve in general the existing federal legislation against monopoly and combinations in restraint of trade, but since the known certainty of a law is the safest of all, we advocate such amendments as will provide American business men better means, of determining in advance whether a proposed combination is or is not unlawful. The federal trade commission, under a Democratic administration, has not accomplished the purpose for which it was created. This commission, properly organized,

and its duties effectively administered, should afford protection to the public and legitimate business alike. There should be no persecution of honest business, but to the extent circum

stances warrant, we pledge ourselves to strengthen the law against unfair practices. "We pledge the party to an immediate resumption of trade relations with every nation with which we are at peace. International Trade and Tariff.

"The uncertain and unsettled conditions of international balances and the abnormal economic and trade situation of the world, and the impossibility of forecasting accurately even the near future, preclude the formation of a definite program to meet conditions a year hence. But the Republican party reaffirms its belief in the protective principle and pledges a revision of the tariff as soon as conditions shall make it necessary for the preservation of the home market for American labor, agriculture and industry. Merchant Marine. "The national defense and our for

eign commerce require a merchant marine of the best type of modern ships flying the American flag, manned by American seamen, owned by private capital and operated by private energy.

"We endorse the sound legislation recently enacted by the Republican congress that will insure the promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine. "We favor the application of the workmen's compensation acts to the merchant marine. "We recommend that all ships engaged in coast wise trade and all vessels of the American merchant marine shall pass through the Panama canal without premium or tolls. Immigration. "The standard of living and the

standard of citizenship are its most precious possessions and the preservation and elevation of these standards is the first duty of our government. "The immigration policy of the

United States should be such as to insure that the number of foreigners in the country at any time shall not exceed those which can be assimilated with reasonable rapidity, and to favor immigrants whose standards are similar to ours. "The selective tests that are at present applied could be improved by requesting a higher physical standard, a more complete exclusion of mental defectives and of criminals and a more

effective inspection applied as near

to make an investigation of the facts , creased war C0Rt a serious loPP to the j the gQurce Qf immlgration as possible

and to render a decision to the end

that there may be no organization interruption of service to the lives and health and welfare of the people. The decisions of the tribunals to be morally but not legally binding and an in

formed public sentiment be relied on

millions of people who in good faith

bought liberty bonds and victory notes at par. and extensive post war r peculation, followed to day by a restricted credit for legitimate industrial expansion. As a matter of public

policy, we urge all banks to give credit

to secure their acceptance. The tnb-1 preference inessential inrhistH

unal, however, should refuse to accept -The federal reserve system should

junsaiction except tor uit- pun i . io trPP from political influence, which

is quite as important as it independ-

investigation. as long as the public

service be interrupted. For public utilities we favor the type of tribunal provided for in the transportation act of 1020. In private industries we do not advocate the principle or compulsory arbitration but we favor impartial commission and better facilities for voluntary mediation, conciliation and atbitration. supplemented by that full 1 ublicity which will enlist the In-

i'uence of an aroused public opinion.

encc of domination by financial com

binations. The Higfi Cost of Livinq.

"The prime cause of the high cost i

of living has been first and foremost a fifty per cent depreciation in the purchasing power of the dollar, due to a gross expansion of our currency and credit. Reduced production, burden

some taxation, swollen profits, and the j

increased demand for goods arising

as well as at tne port oi entry, justice to the foreigner and to ourselves demands provision for the guidance, protection and better economic distribution of our alien population. To facilitate government supervision, all aliens should be required to register annually until they become naturalized. "The existing policy of the United States for the practical exclusion of Asiatic immigration is sound, and rhould be maintained. Naturalization, "There is urgent need of improvement in our naturalization laws. No alien should become a citizen until he has become genuinely American, and tests for determining the alien's

i fitness for American citizensnip

should be provided by law. "We advocate in addition, the in-

Tlie covernmer.t should take the inl

dative in inviting the establishment of tn a greater or less degree

v e condemn the unsound

fvm o fl(itinii.. - . . .... ... .1

o;;,;', I dependent naturalization of married

iv'hunnls or commissions tor tne

purpose of v "untary arbitration and investigation of this issue. We demand the exclusion from interstate commence of the products of convict labor. National Economy. "A republican congress reduced the estimates submitted by the administration for the fiscal year 1920 almost three billion dollars and for the fiscal year 1921 over a billion and a quarter (iollars. Greater economy could have

fiscal

policies of the Democratic administration which have brought things to this pass, and the attempt to impute the consequences to minor and secondary causes. Much of the injury wrought is irreparable. There is no shortage of it. and we decline to deceive the people with vain promises or quack remedies. But as the political party that throughout its history nas stood for honest money and sound

finance, we pledge ourselves to earnest

been effected had it not been for the Pnd consistent attack unon the hich

stubborn refusal of the administration cost of living by vigorous avoidance

to cooperate with congress in an econ

rmy program. The universal demand for an executive budget is a recognition of the incontrovertible fact that leadership and sincere assistance on ilie part of the executive departments are essential to effective economy and constructive retrenchment. "The Overman Act invested the president of the United States with all the authority and power necessary to restore the federal government to a l ormal peace basis and to reorganize, retrench and demobilize. The dominant fact is that eighteen months after the armistice, the United States gov-'-nment is still on a war time basis rnl the expenditure program of the

of further inflation in our government

borrowing, by courageous and intelligent deflation of over expanded credit and currency, by encouragement of heightened production of goods and services by prevention of unreasonable profits, by exercise of public economy and stimulation of private thrift find by revision of war imposed taxes unsuited to peace time economy. Profiteering. "We condemn the Democratic administration for failure impartially to enforce the anti-proflteering laws enpcted by the Republican congress. Railroads. "We are opposed to government ownership and operation or employe

l women, and American women should

not lose their citizenship by marriage to an alien resident of the United States. Free Speech aid Alien Agitation. "We demand that every American citizen shall enjoy the ancient and constitutional right of free speech, free press and free assembly and that no less sacred right of the voter to be represented by his duly chosen representatives; but no man may advocate resistance to the law,, and no man may advocate violent overthrow

of the government. "Aliens within the jurisdiction of the United States are not entitled to right of liberty or agitation directed against American Institutions. "Every government has the power to exclude and deport these aliens who constitute a real menace to its peaceful existence. But in view of the large numbers of people affected by the immigration acts and in view of the vigorous malpractice of the departments of justice and labor, an adequate public hearing before the competent administrative tribunal should be assured to all. Lynching.

"We urge congress to consider the

most effective means to end lynching

fci this country which continues to be

a terrible blot on our American citizenship. Law and Order. "'The equality of all citizens under the law has always been a policy of the Republican party. "Without obedience to law and maintenance of order, our American Institutions must perish. Our laws must be impartially enforced and speedy justice should be secured. Public Roads and Highways. "We favor liberal appropriations in co-operation with the states for the

construction of highways, wnich win bring about a reduction in transportation costs, better marketing of farm products, improvement in rural postal deliveries, as well as meet the needs of military defense. "In determining the proportion of federal aid for road construction among states the sums to be raised by the respective states by the set

ting apart of large portions of their area as forest reservations, should be

considered as a controlling factor. "Conservation is a republican policy.

It began with the passage of the Re

clamation Act signed by President Roosevelt. The recent passage of the coal, oil and phosphate leasing bill by

a republican congress and the enactment of the water power bill fashioned in accordance with the same principle, are consistent land-marks in the development of conservation of our national resources. We denounced the refusal of the president to sign the water power bill passed after ten years of controversy. The republican party has taken an especially honorable part in saving our nation's forests and in the efforts to establish a na

tional forest policy. Our most pressing conservation question relates to our national forests and in the effort to establish a national forest policy. Our most pressing conservation question relates to our forests. We are using our forest resources faster than they are being renewed. The result is to raise unduly the price of forest products to consumer and especially farmers, who use more than half the timber produced in America, and in the end to create a timber famine. The federal government, the states

and private interests must unite in devising means to meet the menace. Reclamation. "We favor a fixed and comprehensive policy of reclamation to increase national wealth and production. "We recognize in the development of reclamation through federal action with its increase of production and taxable wealth to safeguard for the nation. "We recommend to congress a policy to reclaim lands and the establish

ment of a fixed national policy of de

velopment of natural resources in re

lation to reclamation through the new

designated government agencies. The Service Men.

"We hold in imperishable remem

brance the valor and the patriotism

of the soldiers and sailors of America

who fought in the Great War for hu

man liberty and we pledge ourselves

to discharge to the fullest obligation

which a grateful nation justly should fulfill, in appreciation of the services

rendered by its defenders on sea and on land. "Republicans are not ungrateful.

Throughout their history they have shown their gratitude toward the nation's defenders. Liberal legislation for the care of the disabled and infirm and their dependents has ever marked republican policy toward the soldier and sailor of all the war in which our country has participated. The present congress has appropriated generously for the disabled of the World War. The amounts already applied and authorized for the fiscal year 1920-21 for this purpose reached the studendous sum of $1,180,571,893. This legislation is significant of the party's

purpose in generously caring for the maimed and disabled men of the recent war. Civil Service. "We renew our declaration that the civil service law shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended

wherever practicable. The recent action of congress in taking a comprehensive civil service retirement law jnd in working out a comprehensive employment and wage policy that will guarantee equal and just treatment to the army of government workers, and in centralizing the administration of

the new and progressive employment policy in the hands of the civil service commission is worthy of all praise. Postal Service. "We condemn the present administration for its destruction of the efficiency of the postal service and the telegraph and telephone service when controlled by the government, and for its failure to properly compensate employes whose expert knowl

edge is essential to the proper conduct of the affairs of the postal system. We commend the Republican congress for the enactment of legislation increas

ing the pay of postal employes, who up to that time were the poorest paid in the government service. Woman Suffrage. "We welcome women into full participation in the affairs of government j:nd the activities of the Republican party. We earnestly hope that Republican legislatures in which states have not yet acted upon the suffrage amendment, will ratify the amendment, to the end that all of the women of the nation of voting age may participate in the election of 1920, which is so important to the welfare of our country. Social Progress. "The supreme duty of the nation is the conservation of human resources through an enlightened measure of social and industrial justice. Although the federal jurisdiction over social problems is limited, they affect the welfare and interests of the nation as ti whole. We pledge the Republican party to the solution of the problems through national and state legislation in accordance with the best progressive thought of the country. Education and Health. "We endorse the principle of federal aid to the states for the purpose of vocational and agricultural training.

"Whenever federal money is devoted

to education, such education must, be

fo directed as to awaken In the youth the spirit of America and a sense of

patriotic duty to the United States. "A thorough system of physical education for all children up to the age of 19, including adequate health

supervision, and Instruction would remedy conditions revealed by the draft and would add to the economic and industrial strength of the nation. National leadership and stimulation will be necessary to induce the states to adopt a wise system of physical training. "The public health activities of the federal government are scattered through numreous departments and bureaus, resulting in Inefficiency, duplication and extravagance. We ad

vocate a greater centralization of the federal functions and in addition urge the better co-ordination of the work of the federal, state and local health agencies.

Child Labor. "The republican party Btands for a federal child labor law and for its rigid enforcement. If the present law be found unconstitutional or ineffective, we shall seek other means to enable congress to prevent the evils of child labor. Women in Industry. "Women have special problems of

employment which make necessary

can bandits and carried insult upon our national honor and dignity. "We should not recognize any Mexican government unless It be responsible government, willing and able to give sufficient guarantees that the lives and property of American citizens are respected and protected, that wrongs will be promptly corrected and Just compensation will be made for injury sustained. The Republican party pledges itself to a consistent, firm, and effective policy toward Mexico that shall enforce respect for the American flag and that shall protect

the rights of American citizens law

s-pedal study. We comnend con- fully In Mexico to security of life and

gress for the permanent establishment of the women's bureau in the United

States Department of Labor to serve as a source of information to the states and to congress. "The principle of equal pay for equal service should be applied throughout all branches of the federal government in which women are employed. "Federal aid for vocational training should take into consideration the special attitudes and needs of women workers. "We demand federal legislation to limit the hours of employment of women engaged in intensive industry, the product of which enters interstate commerce. Housing. "The housing shortage has not only compelled careful study of ways of

stimulating building but has brought into relief the unsatisfactory character of the housing accommodations of large numbers of the inhabitants of our cities. A nation of home-owners

is the best guaranty of maintenance of those principles of liberty and law and order under which our government is founded.

"Both national and state govern

ments should encourage in all proper

ways the acquiring of homes by our

citizens. The United States government should make available the valu

able information of housing and town

planning collected during the war.

enjoyment of property, in connection with an established international and

our treaty rights. "The Republican party is a firm friend of the Mexican people on its insistence upon the maintenance of

order for the protection of American citizens within its borders, a great service will be rendered the Mexican people themselves for a continuation of present conditions means disaster to their interest and patriotic aspirations. Mandate of Armenia. "We condemn President Wilson for asking congress to empower him to accept mandate for Armenia. The acceptance of such a mandate would throw the United States into the very maelstrom of European quarrels. Ac

cording to the estimates of the Harboard commission, organized by authority of President Wilson, we would be called upon to send 59.000 American boys to police Armenia and to

expend $276,000,000 in the first year end $756,000,000 in five years. This estimate is made upon the basis that we would have only roving bands to fight, but in case of a serious trouble with the Turks or with Russia, a force exceeding 200,000 would be necessary. "No more striking illustration can be found of President Wilson's disregard of the lives of American boys or American interest. We. deeply sym-

faithfully. We approve their conduct and honor their courage and fidelity and we pledge the coming Republican administration to such agreement with the other nations of the world as Ehall meet the full duty of America to civilization and humanity in accordance with American ideals, without surrendering the right of the American people, to exercise its judgment and its power in favor of justice and peace Pointing to its history, and relying upon its fundamental principles, we declare that the republican party has the generous courage and constructive ability to end executive usurpation and restore constitutional government, to fulfill our world obligations without sacrificing our national independence; to raise the national standard of education, health and general welfare; to reestablish a peace time administra

tion and to substitute economy and efficiency for extravagance and chaos; to restore and maintain the national credit; to reform unequal and burdensome taxes; to free business from arbitrary anl unnecessary official control; to suppress dislowalty without denial of justice; to repeal the arrogant challenge of any class; and to maintain a government of all the people as contrasted with government for some of the people, and finally, to allay unrest, suspicion and strife, and to secure the co-operation and unity of all citizens in the solution of the complex problems of the day, to the end that our country, happy and prosperous and proud of its past, sure of itself and its institutions, may look forward with confidence to the future.

date and made currently available

Hawaii. "For Hawaii we recommend: Federal assistance in Americanizing and educating their greatly disproportionate population; home rule; and the rehabilitation of the Hawaiian race. Foreign Relations. "The foreign policy of the administration has been founded upon no

This information should be kept up to! lJ? 4" i u , a o,n,h, nd stand ready to help them in all

proper ways, but the republican party will oppose now and hereafter the acceptance of a mandate for any country iu Europe or Asia. League of Nations.

"The republican party stands for agreement, among the nations to preserve the peace of the world. We believe that such an international asso

ciation must be based on international

When

principle and I directed by no definite justiCe, and must provide methods conception of our nations heights ,vhl(.h shall maintain the,

and obligations. It has been humili-

11c right by development of law, and

atfng to America, and irritating to the declsion of impartial courts, and other nations, with the result that ' .t,,,, j

unci Or i ui uucAauii'icu 'international

our motives are suspectea, our moral

influence impaired, and our govern

ment stands discredited and friendless among the nations of the world. "We favor a liberal and generous policy founded upon definite moral 1 1 I 1 . ! : 1 i j.

yX, i ' j . Jjt j ; renaence, without depriving the people ized by a clear understanding of, and , tha TTntt Qf.to. ,H,,n. n(

firm adherence to, our own rights and

unfailing respect for the rights of

conference whenever

peace shall be threatened by political action, so that the nations pledged to do so, may exercise their influence and power for the prevention of war. We believe that all this can be done with

out the compromise of national inde-

others. We should afford full and

adequate protection to the life, liberty and property and all international rights of every American citizen and should require a proper respect for the American flag; but we should be equally careful to manifest a just regard for the rights of other nations. A scrupulous observance of our International engagements when lawfully asumed is essential to our own honor and self-respect, and the respect of other nations. Subject to a due regard for our international obligations, we should leave our country free to develop its civilization along the line most conducive to the happiness and welfare of the people and to cast its

influence on the side of justice and right should the occasion require. "(b.) Mexico: The ineffective policy of the present administration in Mexican matters has been largely responsible for the continued loss of American lives in that country and

upon our border; tor tne enormous loss of American foreign property; for the lowering of American standards of morality and social relations with Mexicans; and for the bringing of American ideals of justice and national honor and political integrity into contempt and ridicule in Mexico and throughout the world. "The policy of wordy futile written protests against the acts of Mexican officials explained the other day by the president as being meaningless and not intended to be decided seriously or be enforced, has but added in degree. "But added to that it has earned the sneers and jeering contempt of Mexi-

the success or failure of any day de

pends upon whether the bowels functionate

properly or not

You Need

of the United States in advance of the

right to determine for themselves

what is just and fair, when the occa

sion arises and without involving them

as participants and not as peace makers in a multitude of quarrels, the n-erits of which they are unable to

judge. "The covenant, signed by the pres ident at Paris failed signally to ac

complish this purpose, and contained

stipulations not only intolerable for an independent people but certain to produce the injustice, hostility and controversy' among nations which it proposed to prevent. "The covenant repudiated to a degree wholly unnecessary and unjustifiable the time-honored policy in favor of peace declared by Washington and Jefferson and Monroe, and pursued by all American administrators for more than a century, and it ignored the

universal sentiments of America for generations past in favor of internat

ional law, and it rested the hope or the future on mere expediency and negation. "The unfortunate insistence of the president upon having his own way without any change, and without any regard for the opinion of a majority of the senate, which shares with him in the treaty making power, and the president's demand that the treaty should be ratified without any modification, created a situation in which senators were required to vote upon their conscience and their oaths, according to their judgments really as it . was presented, or submit to the demands of a dictator in the matter where the authority under the constitution was theirs and not his. The senators performed their duty

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