Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 44, Number 155, 12 April 1919 — Page 8
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PAGE TEN
The Automobile Simplified By FEEDEBICK C. GUEKELTCH, 31 E. Make This Your Automobile Correspondence School AN Intimate tal on the working units or the automobile discussed In such a -way that the layman can easily understand them. If to reading these articles, as they appear In the Palladram each Saturday, there is anything not clear to you, u& Mr. Guerllch about it. An answer will be published on the completion of the articles on the section of the automobile under discussion. Copyrighted, HIT, By Frederick a Gaerrllch.
FOURTH T-ES30N. Ignition. We now -come to the study of the Irnttlon system, that is, of the device which are used to Ignite the cxjilcmirw compressed mixture of gas and sic 'which we lucre In the cylinders. la tho autcsnriblle this la acconv plishod try the utilization of some of the -wall known properties and action of the electric craxrexrt. To understand the Ignition syssem, therefore, we must know some cC the simple laws of loctrtctty, and I -will first explain these laws and what the -raolauB terms used so often mean. By oonrpartng the flow of toctzteal urgent through a wire, to the Daw ot iwrtor through a pipe, I belierre J -can more readily xnalte you understand tbese laws and terms. The Vtt and Ampere. First rf tCO. if yac had a line of SUpe with a water motor or . other wsTuwrs(caa oemm to. com end, ana you "wanted -water to Oerw through this pipe., you WKxfld hasn .to liara some pressure at the source to force it CTrmngh If you knew what the pressure "ware, you would say it were a certain somber of pounds. So. likewise, to ttave a current of electricity flow through a wire, sleotrle motor or other electrically operated device, you woeld have to hare a pressure at the source to force the current through. An electrician would say that the current had a certain number of "volte" pressure. The Volt, therefore. Is the unit of xaeasuure of electrical nressxtve. ULfy CcHAHjbcXicw This should explain to you the term3 High Voltage and Low Voltage, they mean high pressure and low pressure. It might be well to explain to yon here that, while Tension means pull, and, therefore, the opposite of pressure, that High Tension and High Voltage really mean the same thing when used in defining an electrical current. While the current under pressure above referred to must come from the source of current, that la, the battery, dynamo, eta. it must also, after having done the things required of It, return to this souroe. "We might therefore, instead of saying it is pressed out from the one side, say that it is drawn out or pulled, sort of sucked. Into the return side. Thus it win be under a pull nr (Miilnn. instead of Dressure. What does the Ampere, or Amperage mean? Referring again to our pipe, with the water flowing through It, if you wanted to know how much was passing through during a minute, pay, you would put a meter in the line nnd measure the number of gallons. Bo, likewise, you can measure the amount of current passing through a wire, but instead of saying gaUons the electrician says Amperes, or that the current has a certain Amperage. Thus the Ampere Is the Unit of measure of the Electrical Rate of Mow, or of the quantity flowing. There are certain materials, such as rubber, mica and porcelain, through which an electrical current cannot pass, likewise there are materials through which it can pass freely. The former we call non-conductors, or insulating materials; the latter conductors. The Spark Here, I believe, is the place to explain the electrical action, which more than any other is used to give the spark by which the gases are ignited. Coming back to water. If wo had a pipe with water under a low pressure in it, we could fasten a piece of cardboard to the end of this pipe and it would stop the flow of water; but if we raised the pressure of the water Fufflclently, it would burst through the cardboard, probably with a loud report. Of course, the thicker the cardboard, the greater would hare to be the pressure. Air will net much the same in stopping the flow of electricity as the cardboard does that of water. Thus a thin layer of air will resist the flow
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of electricity under a low pressure,
but ir the pressure, or v oixase, ix raised euffldratly, the electricity will tinnrt Oirnnc'h thin lurver of air. and in doing so wffl cause a spark to be proCTUoed. It la t"h bnv arrflem which Is treed to give the spttffcs required to ignite the gasoline mixture in the cylinder of the engine. TTraml-nA timr n tmai TltUE. TOU will notk that the portion of the prog wmxh Is screwed into me cylinder tin Kt3tr&A to it a small piece of wire, or a number of small points. Which are afbout 1-6 to l-sa oi an uku from another wire. This last wire mna fhnnnr ft ntar of DOrCelaln, mica, or ot2er non-conducting ma terial, so as to be Insulated man me rvwlnn nf tin nhr ncrowed into the cylinder, the other one having a screw by which the wire carrying uae current can be fastened to ft. TV Tw-tw mrmeft th wire to the cylinder and another to the screw above DentLoned. and them sena a current of electricity under a high pressure through this wire, the current will go through the porcelain insulated wire until It comes to the 1-64 or 1-32 inch air space and then burst or Jump across the spaoe, giving a spark as It does so. It will then go through the Iron of the cylinders to the wire which is connected to them. The presuro or voitago required to cause the current to break through, or Jump across the air gap, must be extremely great, far greater than it is practical to carry through batteries; or large enough generator or dynamo, to give. Fortunately, the induction coil, which win be explained later, can be used to convert a low voltage current Into one of high voltage. There are three methods used in the automobile to obtain the electrical current, namely, the dry cell, which is a device by which the current Is made duo to a chemical action; the storage battery, a device by which the current from some other source is stored up, to be used at will; the Magneto and Generator or Dynamo, by which some of the energy of the engine la converted into electricity. The Magneto we will take up separately, while the storage battery and generator will be taken up with tho starting and lighting systems. The Dry Cell. A dry cell usually has an outer shell made of zinc, next to which are placed a number of layers of blotting paper, saturated with a solution of sal-ammoniac and water. In the center la a piece of carbon, the space between this and the blotting paper being fUled up with either coke or sawdust The top of the battery is then sealed. If a wire is connected to the inner carbon, then run to the units where current is required, and then back to the zinc of the battery, a current having a pressure of about 1V$ volts will, due to tho chemical action between the zinc and the solution in the blotting paper, flow from the carbon, through the units and return to the zinc. Tho current coming from the carbon, we say it is the positive pole and the screw for fastening the wire SPANISH INFLUENZA Brazilian Bala Kills the germs in the blood in 3 days-prevents pneumonia, or cures it quickly if it has developed. Saves every case. Take 10 to 15 drops every 1-2 hour, (on tongue or in little water), and rub hot on chest. Get 50c or $1.00 bottle. Druggist or sent by B. F. Jackson & Co., Arcade, Wyoming Co., N. Y. J. C. Hntr.lt, R. P. DKUCOItT
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to It the positive terminal, while the sine, to which the current returns. Is the negative pole, and the screw the negative terminal.. I might say here that in all devices which give electric current, the terminal from which the current flows Is called the positive, usually marked fX), while the one to which the current returns is called the negative, and Is usually marked ( A dry cell win -yield a current having a preRffure erf 1 volts, this pressure not being affected by Its size, as a small vest pocket cell will have the same voltage as one of the size of a barrel would have. The quantity or amperage, of current, however, will vary with the size, the standard else cell when fresh, giving from 20 to 25 amperes. To Increase the -voltage, (the -usual voltage for automobile ignition systems Is about ) we connect In Series, that is, we connect the positive terminal of one oeU to the negative terminal of another, the positive of the second to the . negative of the third, and so on. The diagram shows such a connection. To increase the amperage, we connect in multiple that la, all of the negatives and an of the positives are connected together. This will increase the amperage but the voltage win be the same as that of one cell, or I. To Increase the voltage and the amperage, we first connect up two set sets of cells in series, each set to give the required voltage, and then connect these sets in multiple. The diagram shows these three connections. Clip these articles as they appear in the Palladium only, and save them as one forms the connecting link to the other they win make a complete intelligent discussion on all the important units of the automobile. Order the Palladium in advance of your newsdealer, so as not to miss any of the articles of the series. WAR CHANGES GIVE MITCHELL STRENGTH "One of the first models showing the effect of war work on the manufacture of passenger cars is the new Victory model announced hy the Mitchell Motors company," says Steve Worley. "Authorities are agreed that a marked Improvement In manufacturing methods and a consequent Improvement In the quality of the product is the chief result to be expected from war work experience. This new model bears that opinion out to a striking degree. "It was realized early in their investigations by the Mitchell engineers that the old standards of strength for cars in this class would have to be discontinued. The light six' was too light It called for too many sacri-; flees. The car of the future must be ' an all-'round performer, light enough to give good gasoline and tire mileage and heavy enough to stand up for years under hard treatment. "Accordingly. the frame was strengthened not only by adding depth to the side members but by reinforcing the cross members and by the method of assembling the frame with hot rivets which hold tight Instead of cold rivets which soon loosen up. 'The rear axle Is made of heavier, better material throughout. New kinks in the design, cutting and mounting of the spiral bevel gears tend to make the axle quieter as well as stronger. A new method of hanging the brakes which vastly increases their efficiency and ease of operation has been devised. "This policy of strengthening the car has been carried out in all details such as the steering gear, front axle, bodies and in many other places." USE SCRAP ENDS In building automobile tires the cotton fabric used is cut on the bias. Formerly the scrap ends of fabric remaining after building up the tire carcass, were sold as "scrap," at the big plant of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber company, Akron, O. Now, these ends are used in making up small rugs, which are sold to employes at a very reasonable figure. Look for Palladium Want Ads The Name
in ?
on an automobile starting and lighting battery means that it is made by the oldest and largest manufacturer of storage batteries in the country. That it is the battery with the unit-cell construction, patented cell cover, non-flooding filling plug and service proved "Exide" plates. That it is the improved type of the "Exide" battery which was the first successfully used battery for automobile starting and lighting. That it is the type of battery which has given satisfaction to hundreds of thousands of car owners throughout the country. That it is the battery which "Costs most to make, but least to use." Central Auto Station
O. DALE BOWERS, Mgr.
1115 Main St.
FRENCH, ENGLISH AND MAKERS TO BID
"Within the next few months we are going to see In this country a number of new cars especially designed by the manufacturers of France, England and Italy to capture a share of the American market Peugot Is a French company that is going to make a strong bid for American patronage. It Is possible that the Peugot passenger cars win carry front wheel brakes. Delage Is also known to be getting ready for a try at the American market and this car also may embody front wheel brakes. As to England, Rolls-Royce win simply pick up where it left off when it was called upon for airplane production. The RoUs has a definite position In the American field among the very wealthiest buyers, since one of these cars cost about $20,000. RoUsRoyce has not announced any change in design. The Sunbeam company has made a definite announcement of its Una. One of the items will be the sixteen horse power, four cylinder Job already produced before the war, but with various improvements. The really interesting announcement is a "sporting series." One of these win embody a four cylinder engine of roughly 8x6 inches bore and stroke and four valves a cylinder, operated by two overhead camshafts. The other sport model wiU have a six cylinder 110 horse power aluminum engine. To the old and conservative British firm of Enfleld-Allday we are Indebted for most startling novelties. One of these Is a car embodying a five cylinder radial engine with stationary No New Model for Some Time, Says Ford "Finding itself In the disconcerting position of having to face prospective competition from Itself, the Ford Motor company Is sending Its dealers this bulletin anent Henry Ford's announced intention of building a $250 or $300 car,' says F. O. Coleman. "A new car may be manufactured, but as to when we are not in a position to say, except that we do know a new car could not be possibly designed, tested out, manufactured, and marketed In quantities under two or three years' time. We inend to continue the production of the present Model T as aggressively as in the past. Our factory and assembly plant production Is being pushed to the limit, with the thought in mind of reaching our normal capacity of 3,000 cars per day as quickly as possible." ROAD BUILDERS LAY DOWN TRUCK RULES Motor truck owners and users will doubtless be interested in the resolution adopted at the recent conference of the American Road Builders' association, favoring the following regulations for motor trucks on the highways: The gross weight of vehicles and load shall not exceed 28,000 pounds on four wheels. The total height Bhall not exceed 12 feet 2 inches. The total width 6hall not exceed eight feet The total length shall not exceed 28 feet. The total weight per inch width of tire (measured at the base of rubber) shall not exceed 800 pounds. The speed of motor trucks and trailers equipped with 6olid rubber tires shall not exceed fifteen miles per hour. "A GOOD, OLD-FASHIONGD PHYSIC" Foley Cathartic Tablets, a wholesome physic, thoroughly cleanse the bowels, sweeten the stomach, tone up the liver. For indigestion, biliousness, bad breath, bloating, gas, or constipation, no remedy is more highly recommended. Wm. O. E. Blelke, - Hancock, Mich., writes: "I have given Foley Cathartic Tablets a thorough trial and I can honestly recommend them as a mild but sure laxative. They work without griping." Give stout persons a free, light feeling. For sale by A. Q. Luken & Co. Adv. Phone 2121
SATURDAY, APRIL 12, 1919.
ITALIAN AUTOMOBILE FOR AMERICAN TRADE cylinders and revolving crankshaft The other model is a six cylinder, separately cast vertical engine, with what is claimed to bs an entirely new adaptation of the sleeve valve principle. Aeroplane practice and experience are plainly observable In British lines. A newcomer in our market Is going to ba the Austin, long famous as one of the fine productions .of the British industry. The Austin company is confining its attention to a single model, which Is to sell at $2,000. While the duty will bring this price up considerably on this side, nevertheless the Austin will probably be the lowest priced foreign car to sell on this side. The Vulcan works, Humber, Clem-ent-Talbot Crossley, Arrol-Johnston, Siddeley-Deasy, and Lancaster are othar British concerns which are expected to enter the American field on a more or less extensive basis. And finally comes Italy. The Flat company was one of the first to an nounce a definite campaign in the American field. The Fiat organiza tion now has nearly 50,000 employes. In order to hold this great organiza tion together the Flat works are to produce practically everything that goes on its vehicles, even to Ignition apparatus, carburetors, starting and lighting equipment and speedometers. The principal Fiat offering in this country will be a six cylinder model, which will weigh 3,100 pounds, fully equipped for the road, in spite of the fact that its wheel base is 130 inches. A Fine Medication for Catarrh, Colds, Bronchitis, Inflammation and Congestion Big Demand For It Now In This District, Say Druggists Since the virtues of Ice-Mint in the treatment of catarrh, colda, and bronchitis became known in this Bectlon. druggists have been having an. extraordinary demand for it. Ice-Mint represents the new theory of medication, containing highly penetrating: yet soothing- oils which are compounded into a snow-white cream by a special process in such a manner that when a little is placed just Inside of the nostrils that the warmth of the skin liberates a soothing, medicated vapor that penetrates to every air-passage of the head, bringing instant relief to the sufferer. These medicated vapors that are gradually released by the warmth in the nostrils, are with each breath drawn back and forth through the airpassages, soothing and healing the inflamed membranes. In this manner raw, sore places way back in the nasal passages are healed that could not be reached by the old-time methods of medication. Also when Ice-Mint is applied to the chest or where there is lameness or congestion it penetrates right down deep under the skin, drives out the inflammation and brings quick, permanent relief. No waiting. Pain stops instantly. Its quick action in relieving cases of catarrh, bronchitis, colds, neuralgia, lumbago, lameness and neuritis has caused it to be highly appreciated by thousands of sufferers. At this season of the year no one should be without a jar of Ice-Mint handy. It costs little, is pleasant to use and acts without assistance. Try it. The restful, soothing, comfort of a 6ingle Jar will bring you many nights of refresh ing sleep and comfort. Adv. Let us show you how to your trucking efficiency 44
Hauling cost records are being smashed every day by Republic construction with the Republic-Torbensen Internal Gear Drive. There is a Republic truck exactly suited to your needs whether 1-ton, lV&-ton, 2-ton, 3-ton or 5-ton whether you require one truck or a whole fleet. We maintain flue largest trmclk repair sttop In town With Republic Service built into the truck and our own service to back it up, your hauling problem is solved
ie St siiBfiard Soppily and
EMPLOY RETURNED -SOLDIERS
Six hundred and fifty soldiers and sailors, released from military servPA 12-25 ONE . MAN
I IE
iiy a Parrel! because it
has been tested for 5 years There is many a careful buying farm owner that pre- ),
fers to buy a tractor that is time tested. He, like you, prefers a tractor that has passed the experimental stage, that has proved its worth, that he knows can do the work well and economically. For five years now the Parrett hss served with remarkable efficiency in nearly every part of the United States in all kinds of soils and climates, even to such extremes as breaking the tough soils of the Northwest and working in the rice swamps of the South. This five years experience has shown that you can depend on the steady service of the Parrett as a 3plow, one-man, all purposes, kerosene burning tractor. The Parrett is self-steering in the furrow, requires no special hitch and can handle belt work of all kinds demanding power equal to running a 20 to 26-inch separator. The Parrett is an efficient, dependable, all around farm power unit. Years of actual experience in soils and climates similar to ours, enables us to prove that the Parrett is a successful crop and profit producer for this neighborhood. Let us prove it further come in and see this machine for yourself. The WeMex Co.
Corner 12th and North L cut your hauling cost to lowest to the highest possible point by
Internal Gear Drive Trucks"
Ice, have returned to their places at;, f the bench, laths or desk In the pUntt ; of Willys-Overland, Inc. at Toledo. f
TT TRACTOR ALL PURPOSe Phone 1494 possible figure and increase installing
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