Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 44, Number 125, 5 April 1919 — Page 23

THE RICHMOND PALLADIUM AND SUN-TELUUKAM SATURDAY, APRIL 5, 1919.

PAGE NINE

The Automobile Simplified

By FREDERICK C. GUERRLICH, M. E. Make This Your Automobile Correspondence School AN Intimate talk on the working units of tho automobile discussed In such a way that the layman can easily understand them. I' to reading then articles, as they appear In the Palladium each Saturday, there la anything not clear to you, ask Mr. Ouerllch about it An answer will be published on the completion of the articles on the section of the automobile under discission. Copyrighted. 117, B7 Frederick C. Querrltch.

LESSON NO. 3 The Three Essentials For the successful running of an

automobile engine, we must have three j things, namely a perfect explosive! mixture, a good compression of the ; mixture, and perfect ignition. If any of these three falls or is not perfect.

the engine will either miss, lack power, or possibly not run at all. It Is extremely important for the reader to clearly understand the above paragraph, as this will give him a foundation for the successful diagnosing of engine troubles and for the solving of his engine problems. In later articles we will take up the question of mixture and of Ignition. Let us now take up the Question of compression. The Piston Rings If you will refer to the cut, you will see that at the top of the piston are cut a number of grooves, and that In these grooves are inserted cast iron rings, called Piston Rings. ,Theso rings. Fig. 2. are slightly larger In diameter than the cylinder, but have a piece cut out of them about onehalf inch long. Thus they can be pressed together this amount, and cin therefore, be put into a cylinder ' which is of smaljer diameter. They will, however, try to take their original diameter, and thus will act as springs pressing out against the cylinder walls. The cut shows, on tho "right, the position the rings take in the cylinder, while on the left, their position on the piston before being placed in the cylinder Is shown. The piston Itself cannot be made to fit into the cylinder so snugly as to be air-tight, as doe to the beat of the combustion of the gaseous mix-

inlet valve is opened at the moment the piston is at the top starting down

on the suction stroke and closes lm-J

mediately tne piston is aown, navmg finished this stroke. This Is not the case. The usual practice is to have the

inlet valve open slightly after the piston starts downward on the suction;

stroke, and remain open until tne piston and. therefore, the crank pin has completed this stroke and has traveled upward on the next, or compression stroke, about 1-6 of the upward travel of the crank pin. when it is closed. The reason for having this valve open so long is due to the great speed of the engine. Many engines make about 1.200 revolutions in a minute when the car is traveling thirty-live miles per hour. From this you will see that the piston makes each stroke in about 1-40 of a second. This is a very ehort space of time, and, you can readily understand, that as the incoming gases must pass through pipes and a valve, which tend to throttle or check their passage, they may not have time enough to get into the cylinder. It is to give the gases time enough to enter the cylinder that the inlet valve la held open for the extra 1-6 of the crank pin travel as mentioned above. Because of the great engine speed, the exhaust is also open for a comparatively long time, it being opened when the crank pin still has to travel 1-6 of the way down on the stroke before the exhaust, or power stroke. It is held open for the full upward stroke and slightly after completing this stroke. The reason is this. The gases, after explosion are under a Very high pres-

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" J Bottom Center ,

FORD BUILDS HALF OF AMERICA'S AUTOS

"There are more than 2,250,000 Ford cars now in service, one-half of all the cars on American roads are Ford cars, and while there are nearly two hundred different makers of motor cars in America, the Ford factory produces more than one-half of the entire aggregate output," says H. Q. Coleman of the Webb-Coleman Co. "Thus while all the other motor car factories combined are producing one motor car, the great Ford organization alone of Itself, in the same length of time, turns out one completed car. "The ratio of production is bettor than one to one comparing the Ford output with the aggregate production of the nearly two hundred other factories, one to one against nearly twohundred. The biggest shoe factory in the United States produces less than onefortieth of the entire shoe product of this country. The greatest American flour mill turns out less than onetwentieth of the flour used by the American people. The largest manufacturer of clothing in the United States does not make one-tenth of the clothing required by the people of America. "But the Ford factory builds more than one-half of all tho motor cars used on this continent. This is a business condition absolutely without precedent or parallel anywhere. This would not be so. could not be bo, if the Ford car had not proven, by all the tests that time and the greatest number and variety of uses and abuses can Impose, its superior worth. It has delivered to users what they demanded in a motor car."

ture above the piston, it will expand and if it were to fit snugly, It would, due to this expansion, bind in the cylinder, or, as mechanics say, it would "freeze up," though they really mean heat up. . As, due to the required clearance, the piston cannot be made air-tight, the piston rings are placed on them so as to spring out, and thus make the piston air-tight, so that we can get good compression, You can readily see that the failure of the Piston Rings to function properly will cause a loss of compression and thus a loss of power. These rings may fail, due to becoming broken or worn, or to carbon getting between them and their grooves, thus causing them to stick and not spring cut against the cylinder walls. These rings, being of cast iron, which is extremely brittle, must bo exceedingly well made. Fortunately there are a number of concerns today that devote all their time and thought - to the manufacture of these rings, turning out rings which are well nigh perfect. It would be wise when replacing rings for owners not to be "penny wise and pound foolish" when buying new rings. Where Compression is Lost While I have mentioned the ring3 first in talking of compression, this is by no means the place where compression leakage is most often found. The place where the leakage is most likely to occur Is at the Valve Caps, these being the plugs or covers which close the hole in the top of the cylin0 der. cut there to allow the valve to be , taken out. The writer has found that, if when screwing the valve caps back, a paste, made up of flake graphite and shellac. Is smeared on the threads, it will help much to make the caps tight. Ijss of compression is also often found where the Spark Plugs, or Compression Cocks, are screwed into the cylinder. A little graphite grease on the threads of these will help. The next place where loss of compression is liable to occur is at th3 valves themselves. This may bo due to the valve stems sticking in their guides, to the adjusting screws on thi valve lifters being up too high, so that the valves do not seat properly: to the valve head being warped due to the heat: or to the fact that the valves need to be ground In. . After a car has been run a little over 1.500 miles, the valves, especially the exhaust valves, will have small holes burned in them, or. as the sayin v Iwcfiran nitted. These Cits al

low the compression to escape so that they must be ground out. The way to find out if there is loss of compression is to feel for It by slowly cranking the engine. To And if there is lois of compression la a certain cylinder, open all but one of the compression cocks, and thus feel the compression in the clyinder having the closed compression cock. Then try the other cylinders in succession, v Loss of compression at the valre 7 caps can be found by pouring a little ' oil around them and running the engine.If there la a leakage the oil w will form in bubbles. 7 The Valve Timing From the first lesson the reader . may be under the impression that the

sure and while they lose most of this pressure in pushing the piston down, when the power stroke is completed, they will still be under considerable pressure. Now. if there were still to be pressure in the cylinder when the piston starts on its suction stroke,

there would be no suction due to the

downward travel of the piston, as the old gases would Eimply expand until

their pressure was gone.

So, you see, that there must also be considerable time allowed to let the exhausted gas lose its pressure,

or, in other words, come to atmos

pheric pressure. Thus the valve is opened about 1-6 of the way before

the beginning of the exhaust stroke.

From the above we see that the Inlet valve opens when the crank pin has traveled about 10 degrees past

top center on the suction stroke and

closes about SO degrees after tho crank pin has completed the suction 6troke, and is on the compression stroke. The exhaust valve opens about 35 .degrees before the beginning of the exhaust stroke, and closes about

5 degrees after the completion of

this stroke.

As some of my readers may not be familiar with degrees, I will take tha liberty of explaining what is meant

by a degree. Jf a circle be divided into 360 equal

parts, each one of these parts will be

one degree. Thus, in a circle 36 inches

in circumference, 36 divided by 360, or 1-10 of an inch, will be 1 degree.

while if the circle be 120 inches in circumference, 120-360, or 1-3 of an inch .will be 1 degree. Thus there are 360 degrees in a circle, no matter how large. As the crank pin is constantly traveling In a circle, when It has passed through 1-4 of a revolution, it will have traveled through 90 degrees, 1-6 of a revolution, 60 degrees, and so on. A stroko is but 1-2 of a revolution, 1-6 of a stroke will be 30 degrees. Figure 3 Is a diagram showing the points as the various strokes begin. In the next article we will take up the question of Ignition.

FOREIGN AGENTS ASK HAYNES FOR GARS

The past few weeks have seen representatives from all parts of the United States and from some foreign lands, visiting the Haynes factory at Kokomo, Indiana, pleading for cars to satisfy lmpatlont buyers, says LeoBowers, of the Central Auto Station. "This insistent cry from representatives is a natural result of the unprecedented demand for Haynes character cars on the part of the motor-buying public. "Realizing that the demand this year will far exceed the output, the public has virtually besieged representatives in every section of the country ascklng for cars. "We have orders right now, they say, from impatient customers who are asking us constantly for deliveries. We'll easily double our sales this year if we can get cars." .

STETHOSCOPE AIDS LEXINGTON EXPERTS

Automobile engineers in their nev-er-ceaeing efforts to attain the highest degree of perfection in motors have invaded the field of surgery and are using the stethoscope to aid them. This instrument is being utilized in the final test department of the Lexington "Motor Company's plant at Connersville, Indiana." says Leo Bowers, local Lexington distributor. "The motor of every Lexington car is subjected to the stethoscope test" before the car is permitted to leave the factory. In the same manner that the physician examines the heart the power plant of a patient, for "murmurs," the expert tester examines the power-plant of the Lexington car. "The stethoscope tests in the Lexington plant are conducted in what is known as the "silent room." This room is insulated in such a manneV as to be practically sound proof. There, with the aid of the stethoscope, the trained ear of the mechanic can detect the slightest unnatural sound in a motor."

London Club for U. S. Officers Closed Soon LONDON, April 6. The American Officer's club in London will be closed in April, marking the end of purely British collective hospitality extended to American forces in England. Many Americans who have been stationed in England say that the British people have gone much further In their efforts to make them contented and comfortable than they could have expected and are carrying home with them pleasant memories of their stay here.

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Lingerie To Be Feature Of Spring Style Show ' For the first time in Richmond, the finer lingerie will be displayed at the style show by the Lee. B. Nusbaum company. A clever scene has been arranged by Mr. and Mrs. Bert Kolp for this event, which can be put on in the most refined manner. The demand for the better kind of undergarments is unusual this year and it seems women all over the country are wearing silk underwear. Cotton prices are still high and although the silken garments are slightly more expensive, women prefer them because of the satisfaction they give. The dainty woman who has long ago given preference to silk underwear will take particular interest in seeing the dainty styles of twentieth century undergarments.

veloped exclusively by the Cole engineers. "Its acceleration is more rapid perhaps than in any other stock car. Prom the stop it will leap forward to a speed of 25 miles an hour with a grace and ease that is remarkable. It will go from 40 to 60 miles per hour almost imperceptibly. There is no marked difference in thg riding and driving qualities of the Aero Eight whether it travels at its lowest or highest speeds."

FARMERS APPROVE OF OAKLAND SIX

"It Is no accident, nor mere caprice of opinion, that has given the Oakland Sensible Six its high place in the regard of the American farmer." says R. J. Carroll, of Fountain City. "It 1r rnthpr that this far tvmrA

ably meets his wishes and his needs j

than any other, and better serves him at a lower upkeep cost. "Its sightly and comfortable body is swung on long springs over a generous wheelbase on the roughest roads the car travels with sureness and ease. "Tho high-speed overhead-valve engine of the Oakland Sensible Six is simple and efficient; at 2600 r. p. m. it delivers 44 horse-power, or one horsepower to every 52 pounds of car weight. "The body of the car is handsome in line and proportion; it is carefully mads,' very roomy and exceptionally comfortable.

Another American Ace !$ On His Way Home CULVER, Ind., April C.Capt. Elliott W. Springs, an American ace, who has twenty-four German aeroplanes to his credit, is expected to return from duty with the aviation service in France soon, according to word received by friends located at the Culr ver military academy, where Springs

was graduated in 1913. Upon being graduated from Princeton university in 1917, Capt. Springs went to England, where he received training in the aviation service . under Col. William A. Bishop, who recently has been lecturing in the United. States. Before being transferred to the American air service, Springs' record is said to include the bagging of fifteen German planes and nine more brought down while he was flying the American

A GOOD, OI.D-FASHIOXED PHYSIC Foley Cathartic Tablets, a wholesoma physic, thoroughly cleanse the bowels, sweeten the stomach, tone up the liver. For Indigestion, biliousness, bad breath, bloating, gas, or constipation, no remedy ia more highly recommended. Wm. O. E. Bielke. Hancock, Mich... writes: 'I have given Foley Cathartic Tablets a thorough trial and 1 can honestly recommend them as a mild but sure laxative. They work without griping." Give stout persons a free, light feeling. For sale by A. G. Luken & Co. Adv.

colors. -The Distinguished Flying Cross was awarded him by King George of England.

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COLE IS ONLY AEROTYPE CAR IN FIELD

I "The Cole Aero Eight is the onlyj complete aero-type car in the field. It ' is the one model which embodies j aero-type construction in motor, chassis and body," says F. I. Stafford. "Although other manufacturers i

nave adopted certain principles of aero-type construction, in no other car save the Cole Aero Eight are all of these features found In combination.

"Not only does the Aero Eight con-' tain every advancement in engineer-! ing developed during and by the war, ! but it boasts numerous features de-j

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