Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 44, Number 113, 22 March 1919 — Page 10

PAGE TWELVE

THE RICHMOND PALLADIUM AND SUN-TELEGRAM SATURDAY, MARCH 22, 1919.

The Automobile Simplified By FREDERICK C. GUERRLICH, M. E. Make This Your Automobile Correspondence School AN Intimate talk on the working units of the automobile discussed In such a way that the layman can easily understand them. If In reading these articles, as they appear In the Palladium each Saturday, there is anything not clear to you, ask Mr. Guerlich about It. An answer will be published on the completion of the articles on the section of the automobile under discussion. '. V Copyrighted, 1917, By Frederick C. Guerrllch. ,

From a long experience in instructing people from all walks of life, about the theory, design and care of the automobile, the writer learned that even some of the brightest and best educated people, do not understand the simple, fundamental theories and actions, which the majority of writers on the automobile consider so simple, that they do not explain them. It is the failure to clear up these simple matters, which makes the understanding or the more complicated so difficult to the student. In this work, therefore, the writer will assume that the reader knows absolutely nothing in a mechanical way. x L While the automobile, with its many tinlts, seems quhe a complicated machine, If we knew the action and purpose of each unit, t would not prove nearly so much so. We will therefore study each unit separately and then assemble them Into a whole. .

LESSON No 1. Th Engine and its Parts. AS the engine is by far the most important unit, we will study it Irst. In this lesson I will show you what the relation of the parts to one another is and how we use the fuel to give the power. The gas engine is a combination of two mechanism, one, the piston, connecting rod and crank mechanism, by which the power from the fuel is used and the valve mechanism, by which the fuel is let In and out. We will first take up the study of the former. By referring to that portion of the drawing shown between the zigzag lines ,and for the time being, ignoring the rest of it) you will note that the piston, lettered "C," which Is a cast iron cylinder, fits into the cylinder lettered "A," in such a way that it can move up and down, or reciprocate therein. This cylinder "A" is also of cast iron, and like the piston, is open at the bottom and closed at the top, with the exception of the two ports, or openings, "BS" and "BX," which

Ignite this mixture, an explosion would result, the force of which would pass out in all directions. The cylinder is strong enough to resist this force, but the piston can travel downward. This la exactly what would happend. Four Strokes, Four Cycle. We have now to see how the mixture is gotten into the cylinder. Let us, by revolving the crank shaft, draw the piston downward. You will note that this will make a vacuum in the cylinder. If the port, "BS." were opened to the gas and air. this mixture would then rush it to destroy the vacuum, or in other words, this mixture will be sucked in. As the piston is now down, it will do us no good to explode the mixture here, so let us close both the ports "BX" and "BS," and push the piston up. We would then squeeze or compress the gases into the space between the top of the piston and cylinder The piston, now being up, if we ignite the gasses, they downward. At the completion of this stroke, the piston will be down and

let the gasses in and out. You will also note that Connecting Rod "E," which is a steel arm, is connected to the piston by means of the Wrist Pin "D." which passes through two holes opposite each other in the piston and a hole in the top of the connecting rod In the toD of the connecting rod

In such a way that it can swing back j

and forth in this position. The other end of the connecting rod is fastened to the Crank Pin "G" in such a way that this crank pin can revolve in it. Like a Windlass.

This Crank Pin "G." is a part of the

the cvlinder will be filled with burned

up and useless gases, which we must get rid of. Let us, therefore, now open the port "BX," push the piston up and thus push these "exhausted" gasses out through this port. We are now ready to draw in a new supply of gasses. compress them, explode them

and again exhaust them.

You will note that there are four strokes, and that these four strokes, which are suction, compression, explosion or power, and exhaust, take place during two complete revolutions of the crank shaft. As these four

Crank Shaft "I." which will hequire a strokes or events are constantly reiwh n.nr. fiptniipri Mnlanation. You ! peating, we can say that the engine

nn rtnnht have drawn water from a

well by means of the old style windlass, which is a drum on which the rope is coiled, and which is fastened to it, an arm with a handle, the hanrle, the handle being able to turn in your hand. This arm and handle is called a crank. The crank shaft of an engine is a shaft having a number of arms and handles, or as we will now call them, crank pins. In the drawing "G" shows one of these crank pins "H." a crank arm, and "I," the shaft. Let us now see what action of the cylinder, piston, connecting rod and crank shaft is. as this makes up one fsectlon of the engine mechanism. You will not that if we were to press down

on the top of the piston it would slide ( downward in the cylinder and at the same time push down on the connect-1 in rod. The connecting rod in turn; would press down on the crank pin, with its arm, turn about "I," as a center In thi3 way the crank shaft is: made to revolve. I Later you will see that the action of the gases makes the piston work up and down, or reciprocate as above, while we want the wheels to revolve. From this, you will see that the purpose of the above parts-Is to convert the reciprocating motion of the piston to the rotary motion of the crank shaft, which rotary motion can be transmitted to the wheels. The Cycle of an Engine. Let us now see how the gasoline is used to make the piston reciprocate and thus turn the crank shaft, and so the wheels. It is well known that if a vapor, of gasoline is mixed with air, and a flame or spark put into the mixture it will explode and exert such a force as to burst the vessel containing this mixture, unless it be strong enough. It is this explosive forte which is used to make the piston reciprocate. Let us see how. When I refer to the drawing in the following, please for the time being, try to imagine, that there are means for closing the ports "BS" and "BX" at will. If we had a mixture of gas and air in the cylinder and over the top of the piston, while the ports "BS" and "BX" were clesed, and were the gas (by means of an electrical spark at a sprak plug screwed somewhere through the head of the cylinder) to

is going through a cycle or rour events. For this reason it is called a Four Cycle Engine. Please note that the cycle has nothing to do with the number of cylinders, as a single cylinder, a four-cylinder or a twelve-cylinder, or even 24cylinder engine can be and usually is, a four-cycle engine. As a matter of fact, as you will see later, when we say a four cylinder engine, we really say a four engine, engine. Of the four strokes mentioned, only one is a power stroke, and as we cannot ourselves, constantly move the piston up and down during the suction, compression, and exhaust stroke, we must have some way to do thi3 automatically.

For this purpose we have the flywheel, which is a heavy wheel fas

tened to the crank shaft. You know

that when a heavy wheel is set spinning it takes a lot of power to stop it, thus it really i3 a device in which we can store up a lot of power or energy,

Now let us suppose we require a pressure of 1,000 pounds to revolve the rear wheels. Let us then design the engine to give us over 4,000 pounds on the explosion stroke. We can then give 1,000 pounds to the rear wheels, and by making the flywhel spin, store up in it the other 3,000 and over

pounds, and then when we come to the exhaust stroke, the flywheel can

give 1,000 of these pounds to the rear

wheels, and some for pushing up the

piston, the same happening on the suction and compression stroke, when

we will again get our power stroke.

Then you will note that we must first crank the engine or pull It through the suction and compression stroke by hand or by electric starting motors,

but after the first power stroke the

flywheel does this for us. The Valve Action. We have now seen how the piston is made to reciprocate and how the reciprocating motion is converted into rotary motion Let us now see how the gases are let into the cylinder and how they are let out. We, therefore, come to our valve mechanism. This is shown in the portion of the drawing, outside of the - zig-zag lines. "K" shows the valves, of which tiere must be two, one to allow the fresh mixture to enter, the other to allow the used-up gases to escape. This you will note is a long stem, having a flat head on one end, which head is ground so as to t the valve seat "J," air tight. Through the other end of the valve stem a slot is cut, into which is inserted the piece of flat steel or Key "L." Resting on this key is the Valve Spring cup, which is a washer-like piece of round steel. You will note that the Valve, Spring, "N," by pressing down on the Valve Snrinc f!nn and thus on the key. and

! the valve stem, pulls the valve-head

down against the valve seat. The Valve Lifter, "O" which can work up and down in its guides, raises the Valve when it is to be opened, it being itself raised by the action of the "Q," which cam Is on the revolving

Cam Shaft, "R," Let us study this cam. By referring to the cam on the left you will note that while the Valve Lifter Roller is resting on the cam from the point marked "L" to the point . marked "2," there will be no tendency to raise the lifter, but as soon as the point "2" is reached," the projection "3" will come under the roller, and the lifter will now be raised, as shown by the right-hand cam. The Cam Shaft is made to revolve by means of a set of gears. On the forward end of the Crank Shaft, a small gear is fastened, which drives

a gear attacned to tne cam snan. , These are shown as dotted lines in the drawing. As the inlet and exhaust valve each open or raise only once for two revolutions of the crank shaft, the gear on the cam shaft has twice the number of teeth as the crang shaft gear. These gears are therefore called Half Time Gears. We are now ready to see what the valve action it. When the crank shaft revolves, its gear makes the cam shaft gearB revolve and thus the cams. Each time the projection on the cam comes under the lifter, this lifter is pushed up, and in turn raises the valve. Thus the gas can come in through the inlet piping or manifald, as it is called, through the opening "S" through the valve which is now open and then through the ports "BS" into the cylinder. The cam revolving farther, the valve Is closed, or pulled

down by the action of the spring. The exhaust gases will get out through the port, "BX" the now open exhaust vdlve, and opening, "T," into the exhaust manifold, or piping. You will note that the engine has two separate mechanisms, the piston, connecting rod ,and crang shaft action, for converting the piston's reciprocating motion into rotary motion, and the valve ' mechanism for

letting the gases in and out at the

proper time. You will further not

that these two mechanisms are coupled together and timed, by the

half time gears.

ELECTRIC IDEAL CAR SAYS CHENOWETH

..'The electric car of today is such an economical, ever-ready, satisfactory means of transportation that everyone unquestioningly accepts It as a 'real automobile," say H. W. Chenoweth, who sells the Detroit Electric. "Advanced from the old-style buggy type that steered with a handle, the electric car has kept .pace with the gasoline car. The electric of today has a mileage sufficient to go on one charge as far as 90 per cent, of the trips made in touring cars. Charging

stations can be found in almost any town with a population of over 2,000. "In fact the electric is the ideal city car and family car. It is ready for instant use at any time, can be safely left standing regardless of the heat or cold, can be used every day in the year and by any member of the family. The popularity of the electric in Richmond is evidenced by the number of them seen parked in front of our stores, theaters, churches, schools and homes. "The year 1918 was a banner year with the electric car dealer. Every good reason for owning, an electric was emphasized by the conditions brought on through war. First, conservation led the people to lay up their touring cars and operate an electric. It proved to be economy. Second, the enlistment of so many men caused the women to turn to the logical car for them the electric, with which they could be absolutely independent. Third, the gasolineless Sundays had the result of a lot of buyers .deciding in favor of the electric."

NATIONALS CONVEY ROYALTY.

Three National automobiles purchased by the imperial household of Japan recently had the distinction of serving as state carriages for Prince Arthur of Connaught and the members of his party during their visit to Tokio, where they went on a diplomatic mission for the British government.

Haynes Car Crosses i Continent 71 Times

'How would you like to ride Beventyone times across America in a motor car?" asks Leo Bowers of the Central auto agency, Haynes distributors. "This would have been the teat accomplished by the Lincoln Heights Bus company in a car built on a

Haynes chassis, had the driver chosen

the route between New York and San Francisco for a seventy-one times trip." The noteworthy Haynes was first put on the road in August, 1915, and driven continuously until the latter part of 1918, when it was sold back to

the Lagerquist Carriage & Auto com

pany, Haynes distributors at ues

Moines, Iowa.

"During these years of constant use,

very few repairs were maae. ine pistons and bearings were not changed," says Mr. Lagerquist, presi

dent of the Des Moines company.

"The way the car is running today in

dicates that it is good for many more thousands of miles." It is said that this Haynes traveled 225,000 miles. This is more than seventy-one times across America, the distance between New York and San Francisco being 3,191 miles. Today the car is being used by Mr. Lagerquist for his own driving. "When you consider the hard usage this Haynes had to undergo, over all sorts of roads under all conditions during the time it was used by the Lincoln Heights Bus company, this record is remarkable and reveals the inherent stamina of Hayne3 charactre cars," say S. M. How, general sales manager of the Haynes Automobile company, Kokomo Indiana. "Of course, no factory would guarantee every car produced to make such an extraordinary showing, but it is interesting to hear of such performances because they prove the motor cars practicability for transportation.

WATERPROOF TOP.

Difficulty is sometimes encountered with leakage through the mohair top. If the top is thoroughly rubbed with boiled linseed oil, it will be made practically waterproof.

A Swedo-Norwegian railway confer ence, it is stated, will be called to dia-

cuss the inauguration oi a ."- ' vice between Bergen and England, and to arrange direct through traffic by the Stockholm-Bergen railways.

Mr. Walsh, the husband of Miss Adela Pankhurst, has been elected

secretary of the Australian Seamen's

union. This is a victory for thein-

dustrial extremists.

THIS WILL INTEREST

STOMACH SUFFERERS

William Strachan Coutts, C. I. E., Indian civil service, has been appointed a judge of the high court of Judicature at Patna, in the place of Edmund Pelly Chapman, Indian civil service, who resigned.

vj-HE.UNIVERS AI.CAR, It's no longer necessary to go into the details describing the practical merits of the Ford car everybody knows all about "The Uni-, versal Car". How it goes and conies day after day and year after year at an operating expense so small that it's wonderful. This advertisement is to urge prospective buyers to place orders without delay. Buy a Ford car when you can get one. We'll take good care of your order get your Ford to you as soon as possible and give the best in "after-service" when required.

ebb -Coleman

Company Authorized Ford Sales and Service 19-21 So. 7th St. Phone 1616

Says Indigestion Comes From Excess of Hydrochloric Acid.

An

STARTS MUCH SICKNESS A. cloffg-tn mass of undigested food that remain fermenting- in the stomach or Intestines sends the poisons it flevelops through the entire human body. "Keep the bowels open." Is oa rule of health recognised by all chools of medicine. Foley Cathartic Tablets cleanse the bowels, sweeten the stomach and benefit the liver.- tor Indigestion, biliousness bad breath, bloatinggas or constipation, no remedy Is -more highly recommendod. No griping or nausea, For sal by A. G. Luken & Co. Adv

BOWEL GAS CROWDED

HER LUNGS AND HEART Mrs. Wilbur Could Hardly

Breathe Stomach Trouble All Gone Now

"A year asro I hnd such a bad case

of stomach trouble that at times It was

hard to kcp life In me. So much gas

srathered that It crowded my lunKS and

heart ana I could hardly get my breath. I had a good doctor all winter, but got no rplief. I coughed most all the time and got so thin and weak I could scarcely walk. "I commenced taking Milks Kmulslon on April 11. In 48 hours all pain had left mo and I could eat a little and sleep. Then I commenced to gain in strength and appetite and flesh. I am convinced that Milks Kmulslon saved my life." Mrs. Isabella I. Wilbur, Webb, Iowa. Mrs. Wilbur Is only one of thousands who have promptly rid themselves of stomach torture by using Milks Emulsion. It is guaranteed, and costs nothing to try. Milks Emulsion Is a pleasant, nutritive food and a corrective medicine. It restores healthy, natural bowel action, doing away with all need of pills ana physics. It promotes appetite and quickly puts the digestive organs In shape to assimilate food. As a builder of flesh and strength. Milks Emulsion Is strongly recommended to run-down nervous people, and it has produced amazing results in many, cases of tuberculosis of the lungs. Chronic stomach trouble and constipation are promptly relieved usually In one day. This is the only solid emulsion made, and so palatable that It is eaten with a spoon like Ice cream. A truly wonderful medicine for weak, sickly children. No matter how severe your case, you are urged to try Milks Emulsion under this guarantee Take six bottles home with you, use It according to directions and if not satisfied with the results, your money will be promptly refunded. Price 60o and $1.20 per bottle. The Milks Emulsion Co., Terra Haute, Ind. Sold and guaranteed by Thlstlethvraite's 6 Drug Stores. Adv. t

A well-known authority states that stomach trouble and indigestion are nearly always due to acidity acid stomach and not, as most folks believe, from a lack of digestive juices. He states that an excess of hydrochloric acid in the stomach retards digestion and starts food fermentation, then our meals sour like garbage in a can, forming acrid fluids and gases which inflate the stomach like a toy baloon. We then get that heavy, lumpy feeling in the chest, we eructate sour food, belch gas, or have heartburn, flatulence, waterbrash, or nausea. He tells to lay aside all digestive aids and instead, get from any pharmacy four ounces of Jad Salts and take a tablespoonful in a glass of water before breakfast while it is effervescing, and furthermore, to continue this for one week. While reli9f follows the first dose, it is important to neutralize the acidity, remove th? gas-making mass, start the liver, stimulate the kidneys and thus promote a free flow of pure digestive juices. Jad Salts is inexpensive and is made from the acid of grapes and lemon juice, combined with lithia and sodium phosphate. This harmless salts is used by thousands of people for stomach trouble with excellent results. Adv.

It Is Economy to Drive This Quality Car t You get better service, greater satisfaction

and enjoy exclusive advantages in addition to having a sound investment of lasting value

CHEVROLET For Economical Transportation

The automobile buyer of today is interested not only in the first cost but in the maintenance expense to follow. Here are two items uppermost in his mind. And it is for these reasons that the Chevrolet "Four-Ninety" Touring Car is receiving so much attention now. The Chevrolet has not only a low first cost, but the purchaser is assured dependable, uniform service at a minimum of expense.

BETHARD Auto Agency

1117 Main St.

Phone 1041

Chevrolet "Four-Ninety" Touring Car, f,

5&PSs? minute: man six SS -

THIS perfected Touring Car represents the most advanced motor car achievements, new-style design, up-to-date improvements, proven mechanism, together with exclusive features that make it efficient, comfortable, and of long-lived services ' All at a moderate cost.'' It is made for five passengers, but there are two folding auxiliary seats in the tonneau. The front seats are" individual, with an aisleway between.'

The curtains, when not m use, are'

folded in an envelope suspended neatly above the tonneau. f This Minute Man Six includes many

items ordinarily listed as extras, even on the most expensive cars. Ten large factories, devoted exclusively to automobile parts, are affiliated with and contribute to this car. Therefore its greater value is possible for less money. Our exclusive Moore Multiple Exhaust System prevents dead gas from choking the engine. Your little finger will operate the emergency brake. One hundred separate parts have been eliminated in the frame, making it non-rattle and solid. Come and see for yourselfJ

Ceettrall Aunlto Sttattioini

1115 Main St

O. Dale Bowers, Mgr.

Phone 2121

Lexington Motor Company;

Connersville, Ind.; U. S. JC

i