Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 43, Number 333, 7 December 1918 — Page 9

THE JUNIOR PALLAD WEEKLY SECTION OF RICHMOND PALLADIUM

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Great Men Helped Write Treaty with English Delegates The lint 01 peace conferecnes with foreign nations, exclusive of Indian tribes, to which the United

Statcs'as a belligerent was a rarty j reduces strictly to the following: The Peace of Paris after the Revolution; the Peace of Ghent with Great Britain after the War of 1812; the Peace of Guadalupe Hidalgo with Mexico, 1848, and the Peace of Paris after the war with Spain. Of some pertinence, however, ere the peace treaties forced on us by the Barbary pirates, 1795-97, and by us on them twenty years later; and the Feace convention with France made in 1800. Technically in the latter case we had not been at war, even though our lrigate Constellation had captured the French frigate Insurgente and had destroyed another. La Vengeance. And it seems worth while to review the circumstances of the Geneva Arbitration with Great Britain. Our Independence Recognized. Our peace with Great Britain after the Revolution was concluded by commissioners, of congress under the articles of confederation, and of course before an American president or constitution existed. Washington was simply commander in chief. The provisional treaty was signed at Paris November 30, 1782, the definitive treaty September 3, 1783, General Washington having declared cessation of hos tilities in January, 1783. The American commissioners in the first conference were John Adams, Franklin, Jay and Henry Laurens; in the second the same without Laurens. Richard Osgood negotiated for the king in the first - conference, David Hartley, M. P. In the second. The four main Questions in both were the bounda ries of the United States, fishing Hght3 of Newfoundland, the payment of private debts of American citizens to British loyalists (Tories) whose property had been confiscated by the colonists during the war. The two former questions had to be further adjusted later on, although presumably conclusive agreements were then arrived at, the United States getting the territory between the Alleghanies and the Mi&sissippi, and getting the right to fish off the Newfoundland coast, but not to dry the catches on hcre Bhores. There was to be r.o lawful impediment to the recov ' ery of debts either way, and American legislation was to be recommended making the loyalists immune from confiscations or prosecutions. On the day of the signing of the definite treaty, the Treaty of Versailles was also concladed. The ability of this American peace commission was recognized by all. FrankLn, our representative at Paris, had won for the struggling colonies the invaluable friendship and aid of the French government. John Adams was to be president, Jay to bo chief justice of the United States supreme court, Laurens was a former president of the council of safety of Steth Carolina, and of the continental congress, and he had been sent to Holland to neg tiate.a commercial treaty during the war, but falling into the hands of the British had been imprisoned in the Tower of London for fifteen months. The peace of Ghent was concluded December 24, 1814. The United States Commission appointed by President Madison, who was a Jefiersonian Democratic-Republican, included JohnQuincy Adams, then our minister to Russia, James A. Bayard, former United States Senator; Henry Clay, speaker of the house; Albert Gallatin, who had been sfcretary of the treasury from 1S01 to 1813, and Jonathan Russell our minister to Norway and Sweden. ' John Quincy Adams was a former federalist and from Massachusetts, a strong federalist state. That is, he had been originally in opposition to Madison in politics. Later he had come into accord with Madison's government yard was another former fed-

AMERICA'S FIRST PEACE

America's representatives at peace conference at close of Revolutionary war. From left to right they are: John Jay, who wah chief justice of the U: S. supreme court; John Adams, who later became president of the United States; Benjamin Franktn, then American minister to France; William Franklin, his grandson and private secretary, and Henry Laurens, who was president of the continental congress in 1777.

eralist, but he was the man who had brought about Jefferson's victory over Aaron Burr when that presidential election was thrown into the house of representatives. Clay was a conspicuous Madisonian, ana so was Gallatin, the eminent financier. Russell was a second Massachusettes commissioner of Madi&onian partisanship. Ten years later he was elected to congress as a Democrat, in the present day party tense. The. British commissioners were The Story of the French National Song We have learned to admire and love the French national anthem more than any other foreign national song. Its spirit, fire and beauty, both of music and words has never been equaled in a song of this nature. It is a brilliant stroke of genius. Do you know how it was written? A French captain was stationed in the Strassburg garrison when war was declared against Austria. On the very night that this war wa3 declared, April 25. 1792, this captain wrote "The Marseillaise," or to give its whole name In French, "La Marseillaise." That captain's name was Rouget de Lisle. However, when he wrote it, he gave it the name of "The War Song of the Army on the Rhine." But it was soon sung by Mireux, a deputy for Montpelier. at a banquet given for a great many volunteers of the town of Marseilles, and from that time it was known as "La Marseil laise." The last stanza was not written by Rouget de Lisle, but by the French poet Louis Dubois for a festi7al held later in the year, 1792. One lovely June morning in 1836, Rouget de Lisle felt that he did not have many more hours to live. He was heard to murmur, "I know that the end u approaching. I have made the world sing, and I am about to die." Hearing this sad news, people flocked all during the day to his house. When evening came, the doctor had the windows of his bedroom opened, and then,

THE RICHMOND PALLADIUM, SATURDAY. DEC. 7. 1915

Lord Gambier, Henry Goulburn and William Adams. The Mexican Settlement The peace with Mexico, concluded in the treaty of Gaudalupe Hidalgo, was a curious specimen of such negotiations. The lone hand American commissioner was Nicholas Philip Trist, chief clerk of the state department under President Polk. and. like Polk, a thoroughgoing Democrat as Democrats are today. There was nothing very Intricate to negotiate with Mexico. in the cool air, arose a song, sung in almost hushed tones by the crowd, but sung with a wonderful effect. It was while the "La Marsellaise" thus softly reached his ear that Rouget de Lisle passed away. A Brave Tree In an article "On Nature's Trail" in the December number of Boys' Life, is a story of the last flower of the season, the witch-hazel, as follows: "If we should look at the witchhazel as the last flower of the season, to it we woula award the booby prize. But if we consider it in connection with its braving of the cold weather in an effort to beautify the woods, we would give it the first prize. No other flower of the year so bravely withstands the cold weather. It begins to bloom In November or even a little earlier, and clings persistently to its twigs until the first of January or even later, sprinkling the shades of the woods with its feathery, dainty, golden bloom. It is said also that it has valuable medicinal qualities. It now is one of the ingredients of various well-known extracts of witch-hazel. There Is also a curious old-time superstition in regard to its uncanny ability as a divining rod. It is said to be able to point out underground deposits of water and of precious ores. That myth probably originated from a misunderstanding or a misconstruing of its name. This is not primarily witch but wych, which had some relation to a salt spring or dairy house, and was sometimes spelled wick."

DELEGATION

We had gone to war to establish the boundary at the Rio Grande as against Mexican contention for the Nueces. The peace that was made not only satisfied our government as to that position of the boundary, but also fixed the remainder of it, giving us New Mexico and what was thencalled Upper California. Trist's job was to make those stipulations and conclude a treaty yielding to them. A Christmas Story Once upon a time there was a Family that lived upon a hill. Their lame was Fisher. They were very poor and they had two children whose names were Louise and Paul. It was very near Christmas and they didn't have any money, or even anything to eat. Paul went out and cut some wood and made a little money with which he bought a little food. There was a family across the road from them named Hickey that was very rich. They had two children named Ralph and Peggy. They were going to get apples, nuts, candy and lots of toys for Christmas. They decided they would give Fishers a nice Christmas. So they bought a Christmas tree and some tops, fruit candy and other things and some very useful things, as shoes and gloves. The night before Christmas Mr. Hickey dressed up like Santa Claus and climbed in Fishers' house through a window and set up the tree. Then he decorated it with doll, a gun and lots of other things. After doing this he climbed out the window and went home. The next morning the Hickeys went over to the Fishers and took the dinner. They all had a very l-.appy Christmas. ELSIE BAKER. Garfield School. IN THE SOUTH. "Did you see a dark-skinned man running down the road?" "Well. I saw a man in the hands of a mob about a mile down the pike. He wai dark, all right and I 'spect he's skinned by this time."

Rassicn Children

and Their Songs Russia Is fo far away, the language is so difficult, the customs so strange, the laws so rigid, that it Is with a kind of mysterious awe that wo approach the borders of this great land of art and music. Music In Russia 13 so wonderfully new; but like a youthful Riant,' it has had the power to stretch Itself beyond the Steppes which are the immense wind-swept plains in - Russia and to penetrate into every country where good music is played, and all this in something over fifty years which Is a very short time when we consider other countries. Perhaps no other nation is so rich in folk music as RusrV, and this has been the fount?' f from which has welled a na' ii art. You will find threads of t lk-3onr;s in all modern Russian music; the composers cannot escape this national stamp, nor do they wish to. Even schools of music have been formed to perpetuate these national songs. Music forms a necessary part ot every Russian aristocrat's education, and the churches of Russia have wonderful music (of this the great choirs of boys form a most important part) but this mnslc Is very different from that of the Russian peasants. For a long time the church perjecuted the music of the peasants: It did not allow them to sing and often took their crude,- queer Instruments away from them. But wandering singers kept ' this natural music alive and so saved an other treasure for the world. : Music Is as much a part of every little Russian child's life as his hands and feet and life without it is unthinkable. The heavy bondage of the people and the lack of joy and freedom in their lives has put a melancholy note in almost all of their musi which helps to make It different from the music of other countries. A folk song is one that doesn't seem to have been composed by any one man. but Is made up by all the people, Just sort of "spontaneous-like." The folk music of Russia la said to be the oldest tn Europe. Each trade has its own song, which is sung in a strange rhythm; and this rhythm changes each time with the spirit of the song. For instance, let us think of the song which the Russian boatmen. .jg. The boatmen, or bargemen, as they are called in Russia (taken from the name of a special kind of boat they use) drag the boats up and down the river by ropes over thtlr shoulders like human beasts of burden. This is just like the mules and horses of America, used to pull the canal boats only here It is done on the large rivers, even the Volga. As they trudge ahead, they sing a peculiar song which they vary with marked accents which show the tugging on the ropes from time to time. The children of Russia are fortunate enough to have music all around them from their earliest baby days. The nurse of a Russian child has a special song to awaken him and another one to lull him to sleep. And if he does not happen to be so hungry that he hansrs around the dining room long before time for dinner, there is a special song to call him to dinner. When he Is sick, his moth er sings to him, part prayer and part lullaby, which may do him more good tha? the doctor's drugs. There is a son for every disease, even measles. Tschaikowskr (whose name does . not sound at all like music), a fa ajmous Russian composer. . has used tn one of his most delightful little dances, part of a song that is sum; by the Caucauslan women to children affected with measles. Poor Russia, so broken-down now is Just on the threshold of her possibilities In every form of art especially music. The smallest railroad In the United States K the one from North Bllleric, Massachusetts, - to Bod ford, Massachusetts, a distanceof eight and one-half miles. The track U ten Inches wide and the cars will reat" thirty people. Each mile of the road cost about $1.CQ0.