Richmond Palladium (Daily), Volume 40, Number 191, 24 July 1915 — Page 7

ADIUM

"They Who Converted the Militarists and Influenced by a False and Whole People to Aggression," Says the Distinguished Bishop of One of the Greatest Educators in the World.

By Kt. Rev. Bishop Welldon ' Dn of Manchester and Former Famous Headmaster of Harrow. k IN Germany the seed-plot of the war was not the palace, or the 3enate or the Council Chamber or th mesaroom; it was the unlrersity, it was the school, German military tuthorltlos have ions :ot much store upon tho Influence of the teaching profession. It was the Ourzzan schoolmaster, aaid the great UoltKe. wUo won the battle of Sadowa. When I lived in Germany some ten years after the FraacoQerman War of 1870 there vas, so far as could judge, among the profeasor and students in the University of Leip slu, among the men of business, and even st or. i the soldiers themselves, no express ambitten of supreme or universal power over the uatlons of the world. But since then, professors such as Nietzsche, Treitschke and Delbruck havo inspired the whole mind and soul of Germany, and above .all of Prussia, with ambitious, dreams of conquest expanding by sea as by land to the far ends of the habitable frl.ibe They have converted military writers lko General von Bernhardt, statesmen like Princo voc E:'ow. seamen like Admiral von Tirpitz, invent i). s like Count Zeppelin, financial magnates llkt a winner and Thyssen; they have converted the Kaiser himself. For tho most part, the English-speaking world draws only too broad a line between fcadomical theories and practical politics, but the philosophical thought which calms and -V.atiens most people, if it touches them at all. H. rs .Madame de Stael said, apt to inflame the German people; and it has certainly inflamed lucm of late years, I have been told that not only have t-ie soldiers of Germany been led to anticipate what .hey have merrily called "The Day," that is. the inevitable day of war with Great Britain, aa the goal of their hopes, but that schoalmastcrs and schoolmistresses all ever aerw-.v imve systematically taught their pupils :i-r i of Germany's Imperial title io rule tl. .a, and have enforced it, as a tovereign . .. y text books and even by mapjj, in .L.c;i .he historical and, indeed, the actual relation of Germany to the other great Towers of Europe has become, I might almost say, a living, breathing f-lsehood. The war, then, evinces not only the power ef education, but the peril of a false or vicious education. The Real Cleaning of "Kultur." it is here that the meaning or bearing of the ciman word "Kultur" comes ir,to the question"Kultur" hts until lately been regarde4 as tue equivalent t thj Saglish word "culture." uut .English men and Minea suddenly awoke with a startling surprise to the discovery that It does not forbid, and. indeed, appears to condone, if it does not induce, such actions as are felt to be unworthy of a civilised and cultivated nation. The Germans are, or call themselves. How

Mme. Catulle Mendes Describes

By Mme. Catulle Mender The Distinguished Parisian Poetess and Feminist Leader. ONE year of the greatest war in history, and we see a Parisian life that no stranger who knew it only before the v.-ar would recognize. The gayest of cities, the community of pleas-are-seekers and pleasure-makers, has beeq transformed into a community of earnest men and women, of Sisters of Mercy, of wounded soldiers, and of solemn citizens, weighed down with their responsibilities. The calm rtul vrare attitude of Paris since the war has -:t julshed many foreigners. All they knew of V:h was an exterior of luxury and pleasure, theatres, restaurants, cabarets, cafes-concerts, the hill of Montmartr ornamented with the sails of its Moulin Rouge and Its short-skirted dancers. Such people cannot understand how all that could disappear at a stroke and how another Paris has replaced the Paris which they supposed to be only a city of feasting, a place of joy, where people came to amuse themselves from all ends of the earth. In other wars, such a transformation was not seen. Even in the cruel siege of 1870, much gaiety was maintained and many a noted Parisian wit made merry over his scanty banquet of horse meat. Paris was never before extinguished, never ceased altogether to laugh or to dance. That is because all other wars were different from this. Every Parisian V Has Lost Someone. To-day there Is not a human being In Paris or In all France who is exempt from the effects of the war. Every man is a. soldier from 20 to 45 years of age. and there is practically no one who has not close relatives in the war. More, over, the present war is so terrible that hardly any one returns unhurt, either from actual wounds or from injury to his health. The dangers and the suffering to which they are exposed are so atrocious that it is not possible for one who has not ien them even to imagine-them.

wm dhD3

cultivated. They profess supremacy in cultivation. Tet they hava violated treaties to which they themselves have been parties; they have invaded ; i devastated the innoeent country of Belgium; they have destroyed the University of Lou vain; they have bombarded the Cathedral of Rheims; they have sown the ocean with mines; they have desecrated the sanctity of the white flag i.nd the Red Cross; they have sunk the Lusitania; they have used aspttyxiat. fng gases in France and Flanders; they have poisoned wells in Southwest Africa. What, then, is "Kultur?" How does it differ from "culture?" Anybody who considers the general accept ance of the word "culture" will probably feel that it denotes certain definite qualities or attainments pf human nature. It Implies knowledge, and that of various kinds the mastery of the physical world, an acquaintance with the history of mankind, an initiation into the political and philosophical thought of all the ages. It implies refinement, too. The essence of humane studies Is, as the ancient poet 'has said, a mitigation, or an amelioration, or barbarous rudeness. But, apart from manners, a cultivated per. son finds his pleasure not only, or chiefly, in material objects, such as wealth, but in art. science and poetry. Yet a third element of true culture seems to be freedom. Primitive man is the slave of arbitrary customs, but aB he becomes civilized and cultivated he is enabled to develop himself upon the natural lines, and the very laws to which he willingly submits are the means and instruments of his free action. Liberty, as J, P. Mills conceived it in iris celebrated essay, is essential to progress. There is yet a fourth element which never fails to assert and express itself in true culture. It is sympathy. Knowledge expands the interest, as it widens the outlook. Nobody is a cultivated man nobody, Indeed, deserves to be called a gentleman unless he thinks of others as well as of himself, and pays regard to their feelings no less than to his own. It will not, I think, be denied that Germans of the highest intellectual and spiritual ealibre, such as Goethe and Kant, have, in their lives and in their writings, exhibited these qualities not always in ..he same degree, for learning and refinement are nore conspicuous in Goethe, sympathy in Kant; but they have not been wanting as distinctive features of cultivated Teutonism. But the word "Kultur" has practically, It not always theoretically, possessed a different meaning. It seems, curious enough, to be a word of comparatively late origin. In the great "Deutsches Worterbuch" of Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, which began to be published about the year 1860, neither "Cultur" nor "Kultur" occurs. In Meyer's "Konversations Lexicon" (1896), "Kultur-Geschichte" is the subject of an elaborate definition, which may be said to be in effect that it is the history of the inner social life of humanity in its natural development on the material, but still more on the spiritual (geistlgen) side. ' Experience, however, shows that, when the word "Kultur" has been used by Germans of late years I should say, roughly, from 1870

Gay Paris Has

World Into a " Commun

What human being, then, howeveT Parisian he or she might be, could have the heart to amuse himself when he knew that the soldiers of his country, all the men of France, are exposed not only to shells, to bullets, and to hand grenades, to savage hand-to-hand fights with the bayonet and the knife, but to the horrors of asphyxiating gases, which corrode the eyes and the lungs, and of flaming liquids, which burn men up alive! Even the elements have been more terrible, for never has war been pursued with such a complete disregard to the suffering caused by the cold, frost, snow and the floods. Among those who came back to Paris untouched this Spring by bullets, many had their feet frozen off from prolonged exposure to cold in the trenches, while perhaps as many will go mad from unrelieved exposure to the sun in Summer. a You ask me what has become of all those who whirled in the gay luxurious life of Paris now transformed, still beautiful, but in another fashion, in its gravity, so poetic under the moonlight that no artificial radiance disturbs or so mysterious in the cloak of its nocturnal mists? As far as the womeu of society are concerned, the answer is simple. Tney are all nurses or hospital workers, or enrolled in some patriotio organization. We may state that, thanks to them, the laboring population of Paris, suddenly deprived of work, has, up to the present, not suffered from misery. Our women have founded societies to relieve those about to become mothers.- to take care of the babies and to help families too large to be supported by poor parents. If there had not been a terrible influx into Paris of refugees, from Belgium and the invaded parts of France, the foresight and the devotion of Parisian society women, acting in, co-operation with the Government officials, would have been sufficient to prevent all distress in the city. As for the "artistes," their duty waa distinctly marked out from the beginning. They gave their help to patriotic matinees, organized for the benefit of patriotic societies, or they went to the quarters of the convalescent" so, diers, to sing or recite patriotic poems before the wounded, who listened to them with en

THE RICHMOND PALLADIUM AND SUN-TELEGRAM, SATURDAYJULY 24. 1915

p WSJ jLiiSnop Welldon of Manchester, Formerly the Famous Headmaster of Harrow. onwards it has not meant learning, scholarship, art and literature, or it has meant these things in quite a secondary degree. Rather its meaning has been energy or efficiency, and that efficiency not so much individual as national; social evolution, in the sense of successful civil and military administrations, financial capacity, commercial enterprise, and, so far as possible, general superiority in the rivalry of nations. In a word, the German "Kultur,"

Masters

ma

the Amazing Transformation of the Pleasure City: of the

ity of Sisters of Mercy and Solemn Patriots."

chantment. How do these "artistes" live during the war? They are for the most part, both men and women, in a very distressed condition. But they bear their poverty nobly. We have organized many societies to help them privately, for they are too proud to be the objects of public charity. Performances, which bring in very little, are given for their benefit. They content themselves with the existence of the proverbial grasshopper and never complain. Many a former ornament of the Paris stage is to-day cheerfully consuming a dinner worth ten sous. And, then, you may ask, what has become of the women who are not really "artistes," but only what we playfully call "foolish virgins"? That is a question about .which I have not thought much. We women have thought above all of preserving the French race, which is iu danger the men who fight, the women who produce children, the children who are tbu future of the country. But we must not, after all, neglect any of the good seed even if it has fallen among tares. The "foolish virgins" themselves have indeed given many examples of devotion to the fatherland. How a Flighty Girl Became a Fine Nurse. 1 had a touching proof of this one day when I visited a public nursery of children. It was 8 o'clock in the morning, and I was going to the Necker Hospital, where I was on duty, and where we had many dangerously wounded men. As I was crossing the Rue de Sevres I saw a poor woman with a sick baby in her arms and two others hanging onto her skirt. She appeared to be uncertain about her way. I asked her what she was looking for. She answered that she wished to go to the Hospice for Sick Children, which happened to be just alongside the hospital to which I was going. What was my astonishment to find in her a former chambermaid, who had been in my service, a very pretty girl, who bad left me to lead an erratic life. In vain I had remonstrated with her at the time. All my arguments had been useless. She blushed when she saw who I was. but I tried to relieve her embarrassment and asked her what she was doing now. She told me she was connected with the "Hospice," a large children's nursery, established during the war. Feeling a great interest in the change in her ways of living, I accom panied her to the nursery. All the children stretched out their arms to her when she en tered and she was received' among them like a

wholly different as It Is from the English "cub ture." la organized efficiency on the largest scale. ' From this definition or conception of Kultnr flow certain results, either Immediate or ultimate. The immediate result is the worship of the State. For it is the State, and the State alone, which is the organ of national efficiency. It is impossible that an individual should attain the same strength or power in isolation as by incorporation in a great eommuuity like the State. German Thought Bated on Greek Theory. Modern German thought then has reverted to the old Greek theory, that it is not the State which exists for the good of the individual, but the individual who exists for the good of the State. There is, in fact, no limit to the duty which the citizen owes to his State. Whatever the States called upon him to do, he Is bound to do, and to do 'readily and cheerfully. It la the paramount authority of the State over individual lives which justifies the whole political and social order and life of Germany, and especially the universal compulsory military servioe. which Germany demands of all citizens,' and has taught other Continental nations to demand of their citizens aa -roll. But the worship of the State goes yet a atep further in Germany. Tot not only can the State, as thinkers like Troicschke and Delbruck contend, do no wrong in any burden which it lays on Individual citizen but it can do no wrong in any measure which it may think good to take for its own safety or dignity. The interest of the State, whatever It may be, is, in Treitschke's eyes, not only compatible with Kultur, but .8 actually essential to Kultur. If the interest of the State then ever comes into conflict with the law of Jesus Christ, it is Jesus Christ who must give way, and not the State. Upon thl spoint General Frledrich von Bernhardt expresses himself plainly. "Christian morality," he says, "is based on the law of love. 'Love God above all things, and thy neighbor as thyself.'" This law can claim no significance for the relations of one country to another, since its application to politics would lead to a conflict of duties. The low which a man showed to another country as such would imply a want of love for his own countrymen. Such a system of politics must Inevitably lead men astray. Christian morality is personal and social, and in its nature cannot be political. Now, I hold as strongly as I hold any conviction in the world that the test of education is always this: Does it, or does it not, produce good citizens? The war has only shown in high relief the educational importance of cit zenship; but the importance has always bnen the same, whether it has. or has not, been realized by parents and teachers. You will let me then indicate certain inferences which it is necessary to draw from the thought of citizenship as determining education. The first is. of course, the value of education Grown true mother of a family. -v- ? . . The Parisian women whom the. war has thus changed are numberless. Many who had fallen to the most unfortunate condition have begun a new life by working for the public relief organizations. They undergo thus a kind of regeneration by becoming a part of the nation, by adding their humble effort to the splendid effort of our soldiers. They, too, have some one in the war a father, a brother, perhaps a former fiance, whom they have disdained because he was poor and who now represents all that Is best in themselves and binds them to the general sentiment of the nation. They feel themselves no longer Isolated and under a stigma. A Skittish Actress's Splendid Devotion. I have witnessed myself more than one striking example of this. I knew about ten yeara ago a very pretty young woman named Helena, who had played a small part in a piece by my 'lusband. he was very young, altogether wild, and her life, in short, was a scandal. I had not heard of her for years until a few months ago, when she called on me and asked to speak to me privately. I received her. She brought me twelve hospital shirts, which we call "plastrons," for my wounded soldiers. She handed them to me, timidly, saying: "Madame, mix them with the others. Then they will not know that they come from me." I could only answer, "Come with me." I took her to my "Vestiaire," a sort of hospital and clothing bureau, where there were e great many wounded, and I said to her: "Distribute your 'plastrons' yourself." The poor girl could hardly recover from the happiness which this caused her. She handed out her "plastrons" to the soldiers and kissed their hands as she did so, which astonished them very much. She wept and said to me repeatedly: "Oh. I do not deserve this." 1 answered. "Yes. you do; but go on working, and we shall think even better of you." In the course of the Winter she sewed for me no less than eleven hundred "plastrons" for, the wounded. So you see how even the most frivolous Parisian element has raised itself up, has shown a "grave and silent heart." Some people have Indeed Struggled against this tendency. Certain "cafe-concerts" endeavored to resume their former type of spectacles and even pasted up before their doors alluring

PAGE SEVEN

me

Education the Manchester, Itself, store and mere as history proceeds the State sesuirss taat 1U eitlsene seeuld all b educated, for educatien is ncsMary. not oniy s guarding tho Stato against the eUe aed penis wfeU aro always liaolo to ocewr warn the population, is left In Unc ranee, but aa ttt jngiLealng it in Industrial, scientific, not to say moral competition, amoog the naoon of tho world. TLo batlla la now not to tho swift or to the strong, bat to the edueaud. Tet, is was only la the year 1320 that Urougaaut first introduced into Parliament a biil fat the gen. oral education o the people; and more than fifty years elapsed before juch a bm we . placed, as an act, upon tae Statute Book. To day nobody doubts that education a not only an elsp.ent, but is the first and foremost e!e ment In pie national lire. Warning Against loaperfoet Education. The difference which I have tried to ens phasize between "culture1 and "Kultur11 It a bitter warning against a one-sided or lunerfect education. For the crying fault of Germany has been that It hao thought of Cermaa advance alone, an that an advance only in strength and power over Europe, and ultimate ly over tho world. It never teamed to occur to her that the doctrlno of the suporstata might apply to other nations as well as to Germany. A few months ago the services of Germany to literature and science were perhaps overre ted; they are now, I think, coming to be unduly disparaged. The Germans possess no monopoly of creative ability or inventiveness or research. But Germany is. I think, the country where the most careful and thorough work U many departments of human study has of late ieen acoompiiihed. If the Germans have fails at all in learning, as they have surely failed in poll ilea and diplomacy, the reason la that they h-?.vo been too German; they have not known or thought enough of the world outside Germany. In my own subjects, such as theotogv and classical scholarship. It has oftaa been a matter of surprise to me that German writers t profound knowledgo within their own lim:ts vhsuld be so ignorant of English theologians and English scholars, and sometimes so eager to accumulating evidences, however ln&de j:aie. to support their own theories, while so -aegligent in regard to the balance of evidence on both sides of the question. Is It not an intellectual paradox that a man like Dr. Harnck, who has spent his life In basing conclusions upon ancient documents, should apparently form his Judgment upon the present war will out any apparent reference to documents at first hand? I plead, then, for patriotism aa an element la education, but I plead for a wine snd sane patriotism. There is a signal outburst of patriotic feeling in the British Empire to-day. How far It is due to recent teaching I cannot say. but the schoolmaster and the achoolmi tress have played their part. Grave posters. One of these pictures In particular displayed a favorite Parisian star of that truly Parisian spectacle, a "revue" wo call her a "commere de revue" with a dress excessively decollete, both at tho top and at the bottom. It did not please the people of Paris, but they did not become angry, for that Is rarely their custom. Every day the passersby treated the poster to a new form of ridicule. One daf they wrote in large letters across the poster. Hide your legs." The next day they adorned the bead of the singer with a well-executed picture of a Prussian helmet belonging to the notorious "Death's Head Hussars." StUl aa other day they spoiled the poster by disfiguring It with an enormous exploding bomb. At the same time practically everybody avoided the performance, so that the establishment was obliged to close in less than a week. The only public performances which draw full houses are those where they recite good poetry or where they play classical French music or where some orator speaks with wisdom and sobriety upon the national feeling about the war and the future. Every other kind of spectacle is condemned in advance. Nearly all these performances, by the way. are matinees and are held for the benefit and the enter talnment of wounded soldiers, which is one of the principal reasons for their success Theatrical managers have Indeed tried te produce several new pieces, which a year age would have brought all Paris and the cream of the visiting population running to see them. They have absolutely failed in consequence of the general Indifference. The favorite actor of Paris, a true spollee child of the public, M. Sacha Oultry himself, could not succeed. He wrote a piece In the atyle of those who have brought him tremendous success for several years past He played it himself. Before the curtain rose he came forward and made a witty speech, explaining that Paris, in spite of the war, should not lose its gayety, that Its dash and its joy were them selves a form of courage. People listened te) Him politely. They even applauded him bet cause they liked him. but his work could not, touch the soul of the Parisian , puhllo In Its) present state, and after a very few represents tlons It left the theatre empty. Yes, Parts Is and will remain grave end calns In this attitude it finds the accomplishment of Us duty. It gives a supreme lesson to those who calumniate it But what will it be In tae future? Let no one be uneasy etont that It will become again joyous, full f dancing. u feasting, and laughter, but we hope that no one will be deceived about ns again, that they will understand' henceforth that under its garb ol gayety Parts carries a great heart sublimalj) human, whose strength and dignity are laj vincible. - v- '