Rensselaer Republican, Volume 27, Number 38, Rensselaer, Jasper County, 16 May 1895 — Page 7

TOPICS FOR FARMERS

A DEPARTMENT PREPARED FOR OUR RURAL FRIENDS Tlje Farmer's Garden Is Usually Too Large Underdraining "Wet LandHow to Prevent Bruising Filuit— Always Plenty of Work on the Farm. Thc Farmer'a Garden.' One of the principal mistakes made by some farmers who want to grow vegetables and small fruits, is that the garden is made too large. My experience is that one-fourth acre is suf Relent, except sos growing potatoes and late sweet corn. Another mistake is in laying out the garden. My plan is to have it eight rods long and five wide. Put everything in rows .the long way. Commencing on one side, lay out about one-half of the plat in rows seven feet apart for permanent plants and fruit bushes, such as asparagus, pieplant, grapes, blackberries, raspberries, cfirrants and gooseberries. Some of these will take a whole row; for others a"half row is sufficient. This part of the garden is worked with a onehorse cultivator. The other half can be plowed and harrowed every spring, as only annuals are planted, except a strip for the strawberry bed, which, to facilitate cultivation, should be on the outside of. this half, alternating from one side to the other from year to year. The rows for vegetables may be three feet apart, except for melons and other vines, which will need a double row or more. Use a line and measure to lay out the rows. The tomatoes are trained to a trellis and take no - more room than a row of corn. While the fruit is much finer than when the plants are left to nin on the ground. No spading is necessary, except in dressing the and pieplant beds in the early spring and loosening the soil about the roots of the berry bushes. To get the best results from this small piece of ground, it is essential that it be made very rich with composted manure and that it have thorough cultivation. Run through. It every week with horse and cultivator. Don’t wait for the ground to get weedy. It should be done as regularly as going sto meeting or as wash day is observed in the house. The garden properly laid out and cared for is a thing of beauty. Its usefulness no housekeeper questions. Besides supplying the table with a fresh variety of vegetables for a large part of the year, it will supply fruits and berries, fresh or canned, 365 days. The cash value of tlie product of the one-fourth acre can be SSO to SIOO, and besides, a valuable lesson may be learned of results from rich soil and thorough tillage. - American Agriculturist. ;

Draining Leased Land. An Indiana farmer, J. C. Wainwright, tells, in the Drainage Journal, Ids experience in under-draining eight acres of wet land, which had never produced enough to pay for cropping. The land belonged to a neighbor who could not be persuaded to drain it. Finally he offered to give a five years* lease of the land to Mr. Wainwright, who thereupon set to work to underdrain and crop it. There was a good incline to the field, and 250 rods of drain tile were required to conduct the surplus water and fit the land for cropping. This cost $122.70. The first year oats were sown., The yield was forty bushels per acre, and the crop from the eight acres sold for S9O. No account was made of the straw. Wheat followed the next year, ty-nine and a half bushels per acre, and selling at 60 cents per bushel, or $141.60. The third yield the field was In clover, yielding two tons per acre of hay worth $96 and a crop of twentyseven bushels of clover seed, which sold for $121.50. The fourth year the field was in corn, yielding 504 bushels of grain, worth 40 cents per bushel, or S2OO. After cutting the corn the field was sown with wheat, which yielded thirty-five and a half bushels per acre, or 384 bushels, and was so good that it sold to a seed company at 75 cents per bushel, making $213 for the crop. Mr. Wainwright estimates his expenses for the above crops at S2OO, rent $l2O, ditching-$122.70. Total, $442.70. The total receipts were SS6B, leaving a profit of $425.30, besides which Mr. Wainwright fed on his own farm the cornstalks and the straw from two wheat crops, and the clover hay from which the seed was threshed. The field was turned over to Its owner improved fully 100 per cent. Both parties made well by the bargain, though the neighbor who leased his land to be drained might have done better If he had drained the field himself. Barn Plans. We have three letters asking for plans for dairy barns and economical building. To give advice in regard to building a barn is much like instructing a man in politics; he has his ideas, and many men when advice in given say, “Oh, that Is for book farmers,” if any new, modern ways are mentioned, while others hear the truth gladly. It is difficult to tell a man how to build when the location and conditions are not known. Our own Idea Is that the cow’ stable of the future will not be part of • the barn. The latter will be a storage for hay, grain and the like, nnd the cattle will be kept in an “ell” or additions, so arranged as to afford the most light and warmth, and with special reference to sanitary conditions. That thousands of dollars are needed to build a bam, where hundreds would do as well, is, we think, the economic policy of the future. If for cows, the stable needs to be down on the ground, not with floor stilted up' above the earth to give a chance for a cave of foul smell under the stable. In the future, silos will be used largely for the storing of food, which will largely do

away with the need of great storing places for feed. There is no need sos the high castle-like building if for a dairy barn, and the best authorities now pronounce against two things, manure cellars under the cows, and .haylofts over them to absorb the air and dampness from the cows and stables. .This means a cow stable, separate from the. barn proper. Unneeded capital used in barn building i$ a poor investment beyond the actual need.. A thousand dollars wisely invested will go a long way toward giving a man a good cow stable, light, warm, comfortable and dry, and the storage for silage and hay may even be included in this estimate. Let the plan be made to conform to location and capital and the uses of a barn, and not in unneeded things that often are mere show and an actual disadvanta ge.—-PractiealFarmer.

To Prevent Bruising Fruit. Prof. B. D. Halsted says: “There is no question about the Importance of so far as possible preventing the bruising of fruit. From what has been said in strong terms concerning the-barrier of a tough skin which nature has placed upon the apples, it goes without saying that this defense should not be ruthlessly broken down. It may be safely assumed that germs of decay are lurking almost everywhere, ready to come in contact with any substances. A bruise or cut in the skin is therefore even worse than a rough place caused by a scab fungus as a lodgment provided by the minute spores of various sorts. If the juice exudes, It at once furnishes the choicest of conditions for molds to grow. An apple bruised is a fruit for the decay of which germs are specially Invited, and when such a specimen is placed in the midst of other fruit It soon becomes a point of infection for its neighbors on all sides. Seldom is a fully rotten apple fouhd in a bin without several others near it being more or less affected.” Plenty of Work to Do. The farmer should not worry about work to do. There is steady employment for him on the farm throughout the year both for hands and brains, if he will but see it, and there are endless little resources for making a little more money even during the hardest times. Certainly his lot is by far the better during periods of financial depression. He must suffer the same as all other laboring and business men. There will be less money to buy his goods and a smaller margin of profits. But the soil, and weather are not depressed by any money or business depression, they will often combine at such times to produce larger crops than at other seasons. If the margin of profits is smaller, then the increased yield can partly compensate for the loss. Greater activity in cultivation and study of crops in such years can certainly be made to yield better returns if the weather and soil do not conspire to prevent.

Richer Feed for Holstein Cows, It seems to be generally conceded that the Jersey and Guernsey cows give richer milk than the average of Holsteins and other breeds that have larger frames. But there is great difference in the character of milk given by the larger breeds of cows. It is, perhaps, in part due to difference in feeding, and in part is hereditary. If more rich foods were given to Holsteins, they also will increase the proportion of butter fats in their milk. The first calf of any cow is apt, if a heifer, to give rich milk. Its dam while bearing it has had to provide for some growth of her own frame and for that of her foetus. The fat in the milk is not required for this. Heifers’ milk is usually rich in fats and poor in casein, or the nutrition that makes strength, bone and muscle. The heifer's milk. Is deficient in quantity, and it is better for making butter than for cheese making. Grain Feeding for Young Lambs. Lambs intended for the butcher soon begin to need more nourishment than their mother’s milk will furnish. They should have it in the form of grain. Those that are intended to be kept for breeding should have little or no grain, but be fed a small amount dally of wellcured clover hay. A lamb ten days>or two weeks old will begin to pick at hay placed where it can reach it, and if fed properly will soon eat almost like an old sheep. The greatest care in feeding fattening lambs should be to not give them too much. The sheep is always a delicate feeder, and a quarter of a pound of oats per day Is heavy enough for lambs that are sucking their dams. That is only two ounces per lamb at a feed, but it Is better than more. If the lamb needs more nourishment give it what clover hay It will eat. It is better not to feed the lamb through the owe with grain. That will fatten the ewe, and soon dry her up, besides unfitting her for breeding next year. The breeding ewes should not be allowed to become very fat The Munson Grape Trellis. Grape trellislng, according to the~ Munson system, has proved so successful at the Oklahoma Experiment Station that Prof. Waugh unhesitatingly recommends it for adoption in general vineyarding. According to this system, posts stand six feet out of the ground. At the top a crosspiece two feet long is nailed, and at each end of tfils a wire is run. A third wire Is run through the middles of the posts eight inches below these two, so that the three wires set in a sort of V shape nearly six feet from the ground. This great height is an essential feature of the system, and should not be modified. On this trellis the grape vines spread out as they do where they grow wild in the fruit At the same time the fruit is so far above ground as to be safe from the Intense reflected rays of the sun, which caused more damage in Oklahoma vineyards last year than all other causes combined. The trellis also has many other advantages and only a few disadvantages.

EXPOSE THE LIARS.

A TRICK OF THE DEMOCRATIC TRADE LAID BARE. - Export Values of Our Manufactured Goods Decrease tinder the New Tariff—A New-Yorker's Prophecy that Was Unfortunately Only Too True. Toward the close "of last year state-ments-were published by free-trade papers showing how great an improvement there was in our exports of manufaetured goods, the inference being that we were reaching the markets of the world under the reform tariff. This was a half truth infinitely more dangerous than a naked lie. Total values were not given in support of the statement, only percentages of values, and as there had been such an enormous shrinkage In the export value of our agricultural products, naturally enough there was a gain in the percentage of our exports of manufactured goods. This free-trade argument can best be exposed by taking our exports of Amerioan manufactures during January and February of this and last year, showing their actual values, as also the percentages of those values to our total exports in each month. Thus: Values. Per cent, of total January. February Jan’y. Feb. 1894. .$14,313,285 $12,283,168 10.97 19.31 1895.. 14,100,978 12,221,895 17.55 22.13 Loss. $212,307 $61,273 *0.58 *2.82 *Galu. It is clearly seen that there has been a slight decline in the value of our exports of manufactures during each of the two months of the present year, but the percentages are larger because our exports of agricultural and forestry products were of so much less value this year, thus making the proportion or percentage of our manufactured exports appear larger while the values were really less. This was a very smooth trick, and it has been worked for all it is worth. But the foregoing are the bald facts, and instead of our exports of manufactures “creeping steadily up,” as we were told, they have been “creeping steadily” down, even though the wall of protection has been blasted out of sight The detailed statement of our exports of domestic merchandise during February enables one to see in what lines our people are reaching out into the markets of the world. During February our manufacturers of agricultural implements sold $82,000 worth less of their goods to foreign countries than in February, 1894. Our sales of bricks fell off by $0,265; of candles we sold $7,000 less; of carriages, street cars and their parts, $24,700 less; of copper and its manufactures $480,000 less; of cotton cloths $272,000 less; of fish $91,700 less; of flax manufactures $26,000 less; of furs and skins $137,000 less; of hides $130,000 less; of hay $43,400 less; of hardware $15,400 less; of nails and spikes SIO,OOO less; of oil cake and meal $250,000 less; of animal oils $13,000 less; of oleomargarine $280,000 less; of butter $189,500 less; of cheese $54,000 less; of seeds $273,000 less; of soap $52,000 less; of distilled spirits $308,000 less; of starch $12,000 less; of refined sugar $27,000 less; of tobacco leaf SIIB,OOO less; of manufactured tobacco $75,000 less; of vegetables $43,000 less; of timber $74,000 less; and of lumber $235,000 less. These show some of the smaller values of American products and manufactures in one month’s sales to other countries when the markets of the world were wide open to us. This is how we are “letting ourselves out” Facts for Democrats. Look here, you Democratic editors and stump speakers. A few short years ago you said tin plate could not be made in this country. You ridiculed every plant that was established. You said they were erected for campaign purposes. You said it was all being done for political effect. You lied about the matter and deceived your readers aud bearers. You said tin plate was not then made and never would be made in this country. Now what do you think of it? There are now 150 tin plate mills in operation or under construction in the United States. And there are fifty-eight more projected. And now for some figures taken from Democratic records. The aggregate output of the mills now and soon to be in operation is 30,000 boxes each per annum. This means an aggregate output of 4,680,000 boxes in all. When the projected mills are completed the total annual output will reach 6,420,000 boxes, or enough to supply the home market. That, Mr. Democrat, is a result of Republican protection. It is a result achieved in spite of Democratic falsehoods and sneering predictions of failpre. It is a result of legislating In the interest of America and Americans. If there were such a thing as shame in the Democratic party, it would hang its head at the growth of this infant industry.—Toledo Blade. A Djoitflc Yield. It has yielded a 16 per cent, increase in the importation of foreign goods, made by foreign labor, and displacing a like amount of Atnerican labor. It hits yielded a nearly 10 per cent decrease in the exports of American products aud merchandise, thus cut r ting off just so much more work and wages for Americans. It has yielded a great flood of foreign grown wools, and destroyed the sheep raising industry on farms and ranches. Incidentally it has helped to yield a shorter supply of sheep for slaughter and assisted the Chicago meat ring to put up the price of mutton. It has yielded more foreign Imports by a hundred million dollars’ worth and yet it has yielded a decrease of 10 per cent, in the amount of importations

free of. duty. McKinley's act even had a more liberal free list. It has yielded more taxation and revenue on imported foods, necessaries of life—such as sugar, tea, coffee, fruits, rice, fish, and provisions generally—than the old 1890 tariff by about two dollars to one.—New York - —•.— --The Cost of Democracy, Various estimates have been made of the cost to the country of the Fiftythird Congress and, of the present free trade administration. It is difficult to arrive at a true estimate of the loss that tlie people have suffered through their folly in November, 1892. This period of our. history has been concisely described by Messrs. Clapp & Co., the New York bankers, in their weekly circulars. On November 11, 1592, they said: “The recent election shows the people want to speculate.” ■ Four months later, on March 17,1893, shortly after the inauguration of President Cleveland, they said: “The shadow of general liquidation

THE WEIGHT OF IT.

falls over the doorstep of nationa prosperity.” Three months later, on June 30, Clapp’s circular said: “The credit panic appears to have crossed the continent, and scarcely four, months have passed and a billion of representative money has disappeared.” .. In their 1893 souvenir, they show that the seventy-five railway receiverships rendered necessary that year involved an indebtedness amounting to $1,212,217,033 and the total liabilities of banks suspended was $210,998,808. The business shrinkage in textile trades was almost $40,000,000, and in other industries over $90,000,000. Adding the record of the trade failures they found that the disaster brought upon the country by the free trade party during 1893 was “equal to about 25 per cent, of the annual production average for the country during the past decade.” Our artist has explained the extent of the disaster for the two full years from March, 1893, to March, 1895. According to the record of the bank clearings the shrinkage in business was five billion ?ix hundred and sixty-five million dollars, during the first six mouths only that this new tariff htis been in force, below the amount of business done during tb« first six months when the McKinley tariff was In operation. A Wild Engine.

England Wants a Change. Cheap food is excellent if you have the money to buy it; but a threepenny loaf is of very little value to a man with only three halfpence in bis pocket, and of less value still to the man who has nothing. Free trade has given us cheap goods, and it has taken away employment from English workers to an alarming extent. If we were all consumers, living on an income derived from an investment in consols, free trade could not be too highly praised.— To-Day, English paper. Progress by Protection. Interest in the cotton States in the International Exposition to open In Atlanta, Ga., on Sept. 18 next is spreading. The indications are that the exposition will be particularly Instructive to Southern people, because it must show to how high a degree of skill and advancement American manufacturing interests have progressed through the Instrumentality of a protective tariff. The more this fact is Impressed upon the. South the better will it be for the entire country. That Rooster in Trouble.

SMALL GRAINS SAFE.

DAMAGE BY THE FROST IS NOT SERIOUS. Cheering Reportsjfrom Fifteen Western States-Fruits and Vegetables Pinched by the Cold-Slight Injury Otherwise in a Few Sections, . Report's from throughout the Northwest indicate severe damage to small fruits and vegetable crops in almost every section by the frost of Saturday night. The grain crons, however, are reported safe. _ Wheat and oats escaped uninjured, because neither had begun to joint, and where ent down by the frost or heavy rains will sprout again. Corn was slightly nipped by the cold in a few States, but not enough to occasion the slightest alarm that the yield will be affected to any noticeable extent. In a general way this states the condition of the three great staples in the Mississippi valley. There is no longer any ground for a scare in the face of these facts. On the contrary, the outlook is said to be better than itwas May 1, when it was unusually promising. On the whole, the news from the fifteen States visited by the frost is of a cheering. nature. : Illinois fared best of all the States. Secretary Garrard, of the State Board of Agriculture, attributes the death of millions of chinch bugs to the heavy rains, and says the ground needed just such au amount of moisture to make the future of the crops more promising. From but two points in the State have the signal service officers received reports of damage by the sudden fall in the temperature. Wisconsin dispatcher-show that considerable harm has been done to ..small fruits and gardens. North of Green Bay the frost worked the greatest damage. Baraboo and Boscobel will send few strawberries to market, and Pine Riverwill have a shortage on potatoes and corn. The southern and western portions of the State escaped the blight, and in no part of the State has any damage to wheat, oats or corn been reported. Some Damage to Fruit. Fears are expressed that there has been much injury inflicted upon the fruit region of Michigan, especially on the highlands; A stiff wind saved the peaches, apples and strawberries the lake shore, and the warm weather had pushed fruit so rapidly that it was hardy enough to withstand the frost in most sections. Vegetables and garden truck growing in the interior’of the State were badly hurt. Farmers believe the spring wheat and cprn are all right. From lowa comes the assurance that both winter and spring wheat, corn and oats are generally safe. While corn was killed back to the ground, it will grow again. Discouraging reports come from all over the State, however, on the condition of fruits and vegetables, and in this respect lowa has probably been the worst injure!! of all the States. Minneapolis cereals are reported safe, but corn, vegetables and small fruits were greatly damaged. Kansas escaped the frost except in the southern portion of the State, where some damage was done to fruits. Missouri and Indiana were not affected by the frost in the least.

Y. M. C. A. WORK.

International Convention at Springfield, Maes., Was Very successful. The International Y. M. C. A. convention at Springfield, Mass., has been the most successful gathering in the history of the organization, and as a result of the exchange of opinions and methods, a great increase in the scope of the work is expected during the coming year. The opening session in the State Street Baptist Church on the last morning of the convention was devoted to an exchange of views concerning the duty of the associations to young men of foreign birth and parentage, and also the relation of the organizations to the social-eeonomic-ques-tions of the day. The principal speakers were Rev. A. A. Buerle, of Boston; Prof. Graham Taylor, of Chicago, and Cephas Brainard, of New York. Before the recess delegates devotpd half an hour to a season of prayer. In the afternoon there were ten parlor conferences to consider railroad work, college work, boys’ work, work among ’Wrench-speaking young men and kindred subjects. At night there was an immense mass meeting at the city hall, at which Dwight L. Moody spoke on the work of the Holy Spirit. Sunday there were special services in the various churches, closing with a great farewell meeting in the evening.

SEND WHEAT TO CANADA.

Ten Carloads of Red Winter Go Across the Boundary Line. A dispatch from Montreal says that the initial importation of wheat from the United States into Canada has been made. James Carruthers is file imported and the amount brought is ten cars. It is from Detroit, and of course red winter. Mr. Carruthers says the wheat wrll be consumed by Ontario millers. Now that it has been pretty well demonstrated that the United States wheat can pay the duty of 15 cents a bushel and sell in the same market with the Ontario product, dealers are inclined to believe the prices for the latter have reached the top unless the United States market shows-material advances. As high as 85 cents hag been paid for Ontario fed winter wheat recently and 80 cents for hard Manitoba wheat at Fort William. It is probable that further importations will be made anil if they reach hundreds hf thousands of bushels, the expectations of many Montreal traders will be realized.

STATES MAY HAVE TO REFUND.

Demand Likely to Be Made for Cash Received Years Ago. A very interesting question has been raised as to whether, in view of the depleted condition of the treasury, the twen-ty-six States of the Union, which in 1837 received from the general government depowits amounting to over $28,(XX),000, could be made to refund,. The first few months in 1836, Congress having refused to extend the charter of the bank of the United States, found the Government in Itossession of between $40,000,000 and $50,000,000 for which it had no present need nor suitable place for safe keeping. On June 23 of that year an act was passed authorizing the Secretary of the Treasury to deposit, under certain specified conditions, all of the money save $5,000,-

000 with the Stafes on their assuming the obligation of payment on demand. The sums of money which eaeh of ths twenty-six States received, as stated in several annual reports of the Secretary of the Treasury, was as follows (cents omitted): Maine, $955,838; New Hampshire, $669,086; Vermont, $669,086; Massachustffta, $1,338,173; Connecticut, $704,670; Rhode Island, $382,335; New York, $4,014,520; Pennsylvania, $2,867,514; New Jersey, $764,670; Ohio, $2,007,266; Indiana, $860,254; Illinois, $477,919; Michigan, $288,751; Delaware, $286,571; Maryland, $955,838; Virginia, $2,198,427; North Carolina, $1,433,757; South Caroline, $1,051,422; Georgia, $1,051,422; Alabama, $669,086; Ixmisiana, $477,919; Mississippi, $.382,335; Tennessee, $1,433,757;" Kentucky, $1,433,757; Missouri, $382,335; Arkansas, $286,751; total, S2B,101.633. In his annual report for 1885 the United States Treasurer says “that the fiction” that these deposits, amounting to S2B,101.633, may some day become available has eeased to be held. It is a singular fact that the records of the Treasury Department do not show that any demand has ever been made on the States for the repayment of this money. It seems to be' the general opinion that an act of Congress would be necessary before steps could be taken to compel a repayment, but whether such an act will be passed by Congress is extremely doubtful in view of the fact that the represenratlves oC twenty-six States in both would, be interested in its defeat.

EX-GOV. CHASE DEAD.

Former'Executive of Indiana, Succumbs to Erysipelas. Several weeks ago ex-Gov. Ira J. Chase left Indianapolis for the purpose of engaging in evangelistic work in Maine, and soon after reaching Lubec was seized with erysipelas. Letters from him from time to time spoke of the disease, but he did not apprehend serious consequences and no uneasiness was felt by friends. Saturday, however, a telegram was received announcing his death. The disease began in the foce and was partially controlled for a time, but he grew rapidly worse within two days. . Ex-Gov. Chase was 51 years of age and waa born in the State of Illinois, where he grew to manhood. While still young he entered the army and rose to the rank

EX-GOV. CHASE.

took the study of theology, afterward uniting with the Christian Church and, entering the ministry. He preached for several years in Northern Indiana, and ten years ago was called to the pastorate of the Christian Church at Danville, this State. In 1886 he was nominated by the Republicans of the Fifth district for Congress, but was defeated by C. C. Matson, the Democratic candidate. Two years later he was a candidate for the Republican nomination for Governor, but Congressman Hovey was nominated, and Chase was chosen by acclamation as lieutenant governor. The Republican ticket was elected, and when Hovey died in 1891, Chase succeeded to the gubernatorial chair. In 1892 he was a candidato again for Governor, but was defeated by Matthews. He leaves a widow and two children, a son and daughter.

MAKES IT A TEST CASE.

. Nebraska Farmer Sues a Railroad for Failure to Observe the Law. A Nebraska statute imposes a penalty of SSOO for each failure of a railway company to have its trains whistle at the public crossings, and one-half of the fine goes to the informer. The matter will be tested for the first time. The suit was begun by Alonzo B. Miller, of Lyons, Neb., against the St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha Railway Company. The plaintiff sues for $78,900. Miller resides on a farm near a railroad crossing and has kept an account of such failures to blow the whistle of passing trains between May 4,1894, and Aug. 9, 1894, and noted 1,578 such failures. The petition consists of 520 sheets of typewritten legal cap.

PERTINENT Personals

Lady Beresford proceeded in the most business-like manner and didn’t pay a penny on her new husband until after the goods had been delivered. ■ i,Robert Lcbaudy has subscribed 1,000 francs toward the prizes for the Bor-deau-l’aris and back horseless race, which will take place on June 11 and following days. Rev. DnWilliam Gregg, professor in iKnox College, Toronto, since 1872, and a well-knbwtr leader in the Presbyterian Church, has, resigned the professorship on account of old age. Major Pond says his offer of $3,000 a night for Mark Twain, which has been standing for five years, still holds good. Twain has more calls to lecture than any other American citizen. Robert Halstead, a son of Murat Halstead, lias been appointed managing editor of the Fourth Estate, Mr. Birmingham's lively “newspaper for newspaper men,” in place of F. 11. Lancaster, resigned. The last miller of Dee is dead, but the Chester town council has voted to buy and preserve the mills, in order to control the flow of the stream. The original grant of the mills was made by King Edward VI. Albert George Sandeman has been elected to the responsible position of governor of the Bank of England. He had previously been a director of the bank for many years, and also a director in manyfinancial institutions and insurance companies. Pope Leo XIII.’s hands are nearly useless and cause him much suffering. When he writes he must hold his right wrist with his left hand, and what he writes is almost illegible. Thia is not due to age, but to an attack of ague twenty-five years ago, when he was bishop of Perugia,

of major, but was sent from active duty to the hospital service on account of the giving away of his health. At the close of the war he returned to Illinois and entered a grocery store as a clerk, and while thus engaged under-