Plymouth Tribune, Volume 8, Number 11, Plymouth, Marshall County, 17 December 1908 — Page 3

f rresident Koosevelt s

f Messaffe J4 MjM$l ijfo jl tjft fo $ ft & To the Senate and House of Representatives : The financial standing of the nation at the present time is excellent, and the financial managtest of the nation's interests !.y the government during the last seven years has showi the most satisfactory results. P.ut our currency system is imperfect, and it is earnestly to be hoped that the currency commission will be able to nropose a thoroughly good system which wiil do away wUh the existing defects. Iuring the period from July 1, 1001, to Sept. SO, 19JS. there was an increase ii the amount of money in circulation of $902,! 1,3!!). This increase in the per capita during this period was $7.00. Within this time there were several occasions when it was necejsary for the Treasury Department to come to the relief of the money market hv purchases or redemption United States bonds; by increasing deposits in national banks; by stimulating additional issues of national bank notes, and by facilitating importations from abroad of gold. Our imperfect currency Hj-stem has made thes proceedings necessary, and they were eflettive until the monetary disturbance in the fall of 1007 immensely increased the difficulty of ordinary methods -of relief. By the middle of November the available working balance in the treasury had been reduced to approximately $3,000. 0. Clearing house associations throughout the country had been oblicd to resort to the expedient of issuing clearing house certificates, to xbe used as money. In this emergency it wa determined to invite subscriptions for $5n.P.om Panama canal bonds, and $10o.f,O0.Oi0 three per cent certificates of indebtedness authorized by the act of Jane 13. 1SOS. It was proposed to re-deposit in the national banks the proceeds of tipo issues, and to permit their use as a basis for additional circulating notes of nationnl tanks. The moral effect of this procedure was so great that it was necessary to issue only $24.C3US0 of the Panama rnnal bonds and $13.400,500 of the certificates of indebtedness, Durinr the period from July 1, 1001, to Sept. .V, 11S, the balmce between the net ordinary receipts and the net ordinary expends f"the government showed a stirplus in the four years 100- 100,'!, IfttW and 1007. and a deficit in the years 1004. 1905. 1908, and a fractional part of the fiscal vear U. The net result was a Kurohis of S00.2S3.4 13.54. The financial operations of the government during this per -od, based upon tnese cuierenees netween recelntsand expenditures, resulted in a net reduction of the interest-bearing debt of the Uiited States from $0S7.141,O40 tn $vf7.1Tn.ttOO. notwithstanding that there Had been two sales of Panama canal bonds amounting in the aggregate to $54.031. OSO, and an issue of three per cent certificates of indebtedness under the act of June 1.1, 1S0S, amounting to $15.43V 50O. Refunding operations of the Treasury Department under the act of March 14. 1000, resulted in the conversion into two per cent consols of 10.TO of S-JOO-TO!.-400 bonds bearing higher rates of interest A dwric of $S,;S"4.V In the annual in terest ch.irse resulted from these opera tions. In short, during the seven years and three months there has beer, a net surplus Of nearly one hundred millions of receipts ov exnenditiires, a reduction of the in terest-hen rinff debt by ninety millions, in tpite of the extraordinary expense of the Panama canal, and a saving ot nearly nie millions on the anaal interest charge. This is an exeeedinzly satisfactory showing, especially in view of the fact that durivg this peri.l th nation has never hesitated to undertake any expenditure that it regarded as necessary. There have been no new taxes and no increases of taxes: on the contrary, Rome taxes have been taken off ; th re has been a reduction of taxation. Corporations. As regards the great coi-porations engaged in interstate business, and especially the railroads, I can only repeat what I have already agair. and again said la my messag1 to the Congress. I believe that ondr the interstate clause of the Constitution the Unite I States has complete and paramount ri;rht.to control all agencies of interstate mmerce, and I believe that the national government alone can xeriise this right with wisdom and effectiveness so as both to secure justice from, and to do justice to, the great corporations whi& are the most important factors in modern business. I believe that It is worse than folly to attempt to prohibit all combinations as is d ne by the Sherman anti-trust law, because such a law can be enforced oaly imperfectly and unequally, and its enforcement works almost rs much hardship as good. I strongly advocate that instead of an unwise ' effort to prohibit all combinations, there shall th substituted a law which shall express.'y permit combinations which are in the interest of the public, but shall at the same time give to some agency of the national government full power of control and supervision over them. One of the chief features of this control should N" securinsr entire publicity in all matt' which the public has a right to know, anJ furthermore, the power, not by jndirial bat by executive action, to prevent or pjt a top to every form of improper favoritism or irfher wrongdoing. The railways of the country should be pat completely ander the interstate commerce commission and removed from the domain of the anti-trust law. The power of the commission should be made thoroughgoing, so that it could exercise complefe supervision and control over the issue of securities as well as over the raisin and lowering of rates. As refards rates, at least, this power should be summary. The power to investigate the financial operations and accounts of the railways ha been one of the most valuable features in recent legislation. Power to iruke combinations and traffic agreements should be explicitly conferred upon the railroids. the permission of the commission being first gained and the combination or agreement being published in all its details. In the interest of the public, the representatives of the public should have complete power to see that the railroads do their duty by the public, and as a matter of course this power should also be exercised so as to see that no injustice Is d ne to the railroads. Tiiejrrarib. and telephone companies engaged in interstate business riould be put under the jurisdiction cf tht interstate Cffnmerce commission. It is very earnestly to be wished that our people, through their representatives, should actin this matter. It is hard to aay whether most damage to the country at large would come from entire failure on the part of the public to supervise and control the actions of the great corporations, or from the exercise of the necessary Rovernmental power in a way which would do injustice and wrong to the corporations. I'oth the preachers of an unrestricted individualism, and the preachers Of an oppression which would deiy to üble men of business the just reward of tneir Initiative and business sagacity, are advocating policies that would be fraught with the gravest harm to the whole country. To permit every lawless capitalist, every law-defying corporation, to take any action, no matter how iniquitous, in the effort to secure an improper profit and to build up privilege, would be ruinous to the republic and would mark the abandonment of the effort to secure in the Industrial world the spirit of democratic fair-dealing. On the other hand, to attack these wrongs in that spirit of demagogy which can see wrong only when committed by the man of walth, and is dumb and blin J in the presence of wrong committed against men of property or by men of no property, is exactly as evil as corruptly to defend the wrongdoing of men of wealth. The war we wage must be waged against misconduct, against wrongdoing wherever it is found ; and we must stand heartily for the rights of every decent man, whether he be a man of great wealth or a man who earns his livelihood as a wageworker or a tiller of the soil. It is well to keep in mind that exactly es the anarchist is the worst enemy of liberty and the reactionary the worst enemy of order, so the men who defend the rights of property have most to fear from the wrongdoers of great wealth, and the men who are championing popular rights have most to fear from the demagogues who in the name of popular rights would do wrong to and oppress honest business men, honest men of wealth; for the suc

to Congress

" tjt $ t $ "I" t 't t cess of either type of wronedoer necessarily invites a violent reaction against the cause the wrongdoer nominally up holds. In point of danger to the nation there is nothins to choose between on the one hand the corruptionist, the bribe giver, the bribe-taker, the man who employs his great talent to swindle his fellow-citizens on a large scale, and, on the other hand, the preacher of class hatred, tlie man who, whether from ignorance or from willingness to sacrifice his country to his ambition, persuades well-meaning but wrong-headed men to try to destroy the instruments upon which our prosperity mainly rests. Iet each croun of men beware of and guard against the shortcom ings to which that group is itself most liable. Too often we see the business community in a spirit of unhealthy class consciousness deplore the effort to hold to account under the law the wealthy men who in their management of great corporations, whether railroads, street railways, or other industrial enterprises, have behaved in a way that revolts the conscience of the plain, decent p?opIe. Such an attitude cannot be condemned too severely, for men of property should recognize that they jeopardize the rights of property when they fail heartily to join in the effort to do away with the abuses of wealth. On thek other hand, those who advocate proper control on behalf of the public, through the State, of these great eonorations. and of the wealth engaged on a giant scale in business operations, must ever keep in mind that unless they do scrupulous justice to the "corporation, unless they permit ample profit, and cordially encourage capable men of business so long as they act with honesty, they are striking at the root of our national wellbeing; for in the long run, under the more pressure of material distress, the people as a whole would probably go back to the reign of an unrestricted individualism rather than submit to a control by the State so drastic and so foolish, conceived in a spirit of such unreasonable and narrow hostility to wealth, as to prevent business operations from being- profitable, and therefore to bring ruin upon the entire business community, and ultimately upon the entire body of citizens. We do not for a moment believe that the problem will be solved by any short and easy method. The solution will come only by pressing various concurrent remedies, which the federal government alone can enact and which is absolutely vital in or der to secure the attainment of our irnose. M&ny laws are needed. There should be regulation by the national gov ernment of the greet interstate corpora tions, including a simple method ot ac count keeping, publicity, supervision of the issue of securities, abolition of rebate and of special -privileges. There should be short time franchises for all corpora tions engaged in public business; includ ing the corporations which get power from water rights. There suiouM be national as well as Stnte guardians-hip of mines and forests. The labor legislation hereinafter referred to should concurrently be enacted into law. To accomplish this, means of eourso a certain Increase In the use of not the cre ation of power by the general government. Tho power already exists ; It does not have to be created ; the only question la whetu cr It shall be used or left Idle and mean whlltf the corporations over which the prwer ouht to le exercised will not remain idle. Let those who object to this Increase In the use of the only power available, the national power, be frank, and almit openly that they popose to ahan do" any effort to control the great bust nss corporations and to exercise super vL Ion over the accumulation and dlstrllm tlou of wealth ; for such aupcrvlslon and control can only come through this par tlcuiar kind of Increase or power. We no mor believe in that empiricism which de mands absolutely unrestrained indivldua'Um than we do In that empiricism which damors for a deadening socialism which ?ould destroy all individual initiative and would ruin the country with a complete ness that not even an unrestrained Individualism itself could achieve. The danger to American democracy lies not In the leas.t in the concentration of administrative power tn responsible and accountable hand. It Ilea in having the power insufficiently concentrated, so that no one can be held re sponsible to the people Tor its use. Concentrated power is palpable, visible, responsible, easily reached, quickly held to account. Power scattered through many administrators, many legislators, many men who work behind and through legislators and administrators. Is Impalpable, li un seen. U irresponsible, cannot be reache.l, cannot be held to account. Democracy ! in peril wherever the administration of political power Is scattered among a variety of men who work In secret, whose very names are unknown to the common people. It is not In peril from any man who derives, authority from the people, who exercises it In sight of the people, and who Is from time to time compelled to glre an account of its exercise to the people. Labor. There are many matters affecting labor and the status of the wageworker to which I should like to draw your attention, but an exhaustive discussion of the problem in all Its aspects Is not now neces-viry. Thi.-i administration Is nearlng its end; and. moreover, under our form of government the solution of the problem depends upon the action of the States, as much as upon the action of the nation. I believe la n steady effort, or perhaps it would lie more accurate to stay la steady efforts in many different directions, to bring about a condition of affairs under which the men who work with hand or with brain, the laborers, the superintendents, the men who produce for the market and the men who Und a market for the articles produced, shall own a far greater share than at present of the wealth they produce, and be enabled to invest it In the tools and Instruments by which all the work is carried on. As far a possible I hope to 6ce a frank recognition of the advantages conferred by machinery, organization and division of labor, accompanied by an effort to bring about a larger share In the ownership of wageworker of railway, mill and factory. In farming, this simply means that we wish to nee the farmer own bis own land; we do not wish to see the farina bo large that they become the property of absentee landlords who farm them by tenants, nor yet so small that the farmer becomes like a Kuropeao peasant. Again, the depositors in our savings banks now number over one-tenth of our entire population. These are' all capitalists, who through- the savings hanks loan their money to the workers that is, in many cases to themselves to carry on their various Industries. The more we increase their number, the more we Introduce the principles of co-oieratlon Into our industry. K very increase in the number of small stockholders in corporations Is a good thin;, for the same reasons; and where the employes are the stockholders the result is particularly good. Very much of this movement must be outs.lde of anything that can le accomplished by legislation ; but legislation can do a iföod deal, l'ostal savings banks will make it easy for the poorest" ta keep their savings in absolute safety. The regulation of the national highways must le such that' they shall serve all the people with equal justice. Corporate finance must be supervised so as to make it far safer than at present for the man of small means to Invest his money in stocks. There must be prohibition of child labor, diminution of woman labor, shortening of hours of all mechanical labor; stock watering should be prohibited, and stock gambling so far as Is possible discouraged. There should be a progressive inheritance tax oa large fortunes. Industrial education should l encouraged As far as possible we should lighten the burden of taxation on the small man. We should put a premium upon thrift, hard work and business energy ; but these qualities cease to be the rcata factors In accumulating a fortune long- before that fortune reaches a point where it would be seriously affected by any inheritance tax such as I propose, it U eminently right that the nation should fix the terms upon which the great fortunes are inherited. They rarely do any good and they often do harm to those who inherit theui in their entirety. 'Protection for Wase Workeri, There should no longer be any paltering with the question of taking care of the wageworkers who, under our present national system, become killed, crippled or worn out as part of the regular incidents of a given business. The majority of wagoworkcrs must have their rights secured for them by State action; but the national government should legislate in thoroughgoing and far-reaching fashion not only for all employes of the national government, but for all persons engaged in Interstate ommerce. Tending a thorough-going Investigation and action there is certain legislation which should he .enacted at once. The law, passed at the last session of the Congress, granting compensation to certain classes of employes of the government, should be extended to include all employes of the government and should be made more liberal in its terms. I renew my recommendation that the principle of the eight hour day should as rapidly and ns far as practicable be extended to the entire work belt; carried on

hy th government ; the present law should be. amended to embrace contracts on tuose public works which the present wording of

the art sterns to exclude. The Courts. I nost earnestly urge upon the Congress the duty of increasing the totally inadequate salaries now givin to our judges. On tho whole there is no body of public servants who do as valuable work, nor whose moneyed reward Is so inadequate compared to their work. ISeglnnlng with the Supreme Court the judges should have their salaries doubled. It is not bentting the dignity of the nation that its most honored public servants should be paid sums so small compared to what they would earn in private life that the performance of public service by them Implies an exceedingly heavy pecuniary sacrifice. It is earnestly to be desired that some method should be devised for doing away with the long delays which now obtain in the administration of justice, and which operate with peculiar severity against persons of small means, and favor only the very criminals whom it is most desirable to punish. At the last election certain leaders of organized labor made a violent and sweeping attack upon the entire judiciary of the country, an attack couched In such terms as to Include the most upright, honest and broad-minded judges, no less than those ot narrower mind and more restricted outlook. It was the kind of attack admirably fitted to prevent any successful attempt to reform anuses of the judiciary, because it gave the champions of the unjust Judge their eagerly desired opportunity to shift their grounl into a championship of just Judges who were unjustly assarted. Last year, lefore the House Committee on, the Judlciary these same leaders formulated their demauds, specifying the bill that contained them, refusing all compromise, stating they wished the principle of that bill or nothing. They Insisted on a provision that In a lalor oispute no injunction should Issue except to protect a property right, and specifically provided that the right to 'airy on business should not be construed as a property right ; and in a scond provision their lill made legal in a labor dispute any act or agreement by or between two or more persons that would not have been unlawful If dne by a single person. In other words, tuis bill legalized blacklisting and iHjycotting In every form, legalizing, for Instance, those forms of the secondary boycott which the anthracite coal strike commission so unreservedly condemned; while the right to carry on a business was explicitly taken out from under that pro tection which the law throws over property. The Jemand was made that there should be trial by Jury in contempt cases, thereby most seriously impairing the authority of the courts. All this represented a course of policy which, If carried Out, would mean the enthronement of class privilege In its, crudest and most brutal form, and Cue destruction of one of the most essential functions of the Judiciary in all civilized lands. The violence of the crusade for this legislation, and Its complete failure, Illustrate two truths which It is essential our people should learn, in the first place, they ought to teach the workingman, the laborer, the wageworker, that by demanding what is improper and Impossible he plays Into the hands of his foes. Such a crude and vicious attack upon the courts, even if It were temporarily successful, would inevitably in the end cause a violent reaction and would band the great mass of citizens together, forcing them to stand by all the judges, competent and Incompetent alike, rather than to see the wheels of Justice stoppeiL A movement of this kind can ultimately re's tit in nothing but damage to those in whose behalf It Is nominally undertaken. Tha wngeworkera, the workingmen, the l.iloring men of the country by the way in which they repudiated the effort to get them to cast their votes In response to an appeal to class hatred, have emphasized their sound patriotism and Americanism. The whole country has cause to feel pride In this attitude of sturdy Independence, in this uncompromising insistence t'non acting simply as good Citizen, as good Americans, without regard to fancied and lir proper class interests. Such '.i'Utude Is an object lesson in good cl. l'-u Wp to the entire nation. I5ut the extreme reactionaries, the persons who bind themselves to the wrongs now and then committed by the courts on laboring men, should also think seriously as to what such a movement as this portends. The Judges who have shown theinselves'able and willing effectively to check the dishonest activity of the very rich man who works Iniquity by ti.e mismanagement of corporations, who have shown themselves alert to do justice to the wageworker, and sympathetic with the needs of the mass of our people, so that the dweller In the tenement houses, the man who practices a dangerous trade, the man who Is crushed by excessive hours of labor, feci that their needs, are understood by th courts these judges are the real bulwark of the courts; these Judges, the Judges of the stamp of the l'resident-elect, who have been fearless In opposing labor when it has gone wrong, but fearless also In holding to strict account corporations that work iniquity, and far-sighted in peeing that the workingman gets his rights, are the men of nil others to whom we owe it that the appeal for such violent anl mistaken legislation has fallen on deaf ears, that the agitation for Its passage proved to be without substantial basis. The courts are jeoparded primarily by the action of these Federal and State Judges, who 6how Inability or unwillingness to put a stop to the wrongdoing of very rich men under modern Industrial conditions, and inability or unwillingness to give relief to men of small means or wageworkers who are crushed down by these modern Industrial conditions; who, In other words, fall to understand and apply the needed remedies for the new wrongs produced by the Dew and highly complex social and industrial civilization which has grown up in the last half century. There are certain decisions by various court which r ive been exceedingly detrimental to the t.;-hts of wageworkers. This is true of all tL decisions that decide that men and women are, by the constitution, guaranteed their liberty" to contract to enter a dangerous occupation, or to work an undesirable or Improper number of hours, or to work In unhealthy surround ings,; and therefore cannot recover damages when maimed In that occupation, nn 1 cannot be forbidden to work what the Ixg lslature decides Is an excessive number of hours, or to carry pti the work under conditions which the legislature declJts to Ik unhealthy, decisions such as these alluded to above null'.y the legislative effort to protect the wageworkers who most need protection from those employers who take advantage of their grinding neeX There is also. I think, ground for the belief that substantial injustice Is often suffered by employes In consequence of the ciutom of courts issuing temporary injunc tions without notice to them, and punishing them for contempt of court in Instances where, as a matter of fact, they Jiave no knowledge of any proceedings. Outside of organized labor there Is a widespread feel ing that this system orten works great injustice to wageworkers when their efforts to better their working conditions result In industrial disputes. A temporary injunction procured ex parte may as a matter of fact have all the effect of a permanent Injunction in causing disaster to the wagworkers" sjde In such a dispute. Organized labor Is chafing under the unjust restraint whioi conies from repeated resort to this plan of procedure. Its discontent has been unwisely expressed, and often ' improperly expressed, but there Is a sound basis for it, and the orderly and law-abiding people of a community would be In a far stronger posl tion for upholding the courts If the undoubtedly existing abuses could be provided against. Such proposals as those mentioned above as advocated by the extreme labor leaders, cortiln the vital error of being class legis Int;' a of the most offensive kind, and even if enacted Into law I believe that the law would rightly be held unconstitutional .Moreover, the labor people are themselves now beginning to Invoke the use of the power of Injunction. During the last ten years, and within nj own knowledge, at least fifty injunctions have been obtained by labor unions In New York City aloue. most of them being to protect the union label (a "property right"), but some be!n obtained for other reasons against employ ers. The power of injunction is a great equitable remedy which should on no account be destrojed. But safeguards should be erected against Its abuse. 1 tx-liove that some such provisions as those I advocated a year ago for checking the abuse of the Issuance of temporary injunctions should be adopted. The chief lawmakers in our country may be. and often are, the Judges, because the are the final seat of authority. livery time they Interpret contract, property, vested rights, due process of la, liberty, they necessarily enact Into law parts of a sys tern of social philosophy ; and as such in terpretation Is fundamental, they give di rectlon to all law-making. The decision, of the courts on economic and social questions depend upon their economic and so clal philosophy ; and for the peaceful prog rei of ur people during the twentieth century we shall owe most to those Judges who hold to a twentieth century economic and social philosophy and not to a lon outgrown philosophy, which was itsHf the product of primitive economic conditions. The legislators and executives are chosen to represent the people In enacting and almlnlstering the laws. The judges are not chosen to reprecn the people in this sense. Their function is to Interpret the laws. The legislators are responsible for the laws ; the Judges for the spirit In which they Interpret and enforce the laws. We stand aloof from the reckless agitators who would make the judges mere pliant tools of popular prejudice and passion; and we s.tanl aloof from those equally unwise partisans of reaction and privilege, who deny the proposition that, inasmuch as judges are chosen to serve the Interests of the whole people, they should strive to find out what those Interests are, and, s far as they conscientiously can, should strive to give effect to popular conviction when deliberately and duly expressed by the lawmaking body. The courts are to be highly commended and staunchly upheld when they set their faces against wrongdoing or tyranny by a majority ; but they are ta be blamed when they fail lo recognize under a government like ours the deliberate Judgment of the majority as to a matter of legitimate policy, when

duly expressed by the legislature. Such lawfully expressed and deliberate judgments should be given effect by the courts, save in th extreme and exceptional cases where Lieiv has U-en a clear violation el" a constitutional provision. Anything like frivolity or wantonness In upsetting such clearly taken governmental action is a grave offense against t he republic. For many of the shortcomings of justice In our country our people as a whole are themselves to blame, and the judges and J ules merely bear their share together with the public as a whole. It Is discreditable to us as a people that there .should be difficulty in convicting murderers, or in bringing to justice men who as public servants have pronted by the corruption of public servants. The result is equally unfortunate, whether due to hairsplitting' technicalities in the interpretation of laws by judges, to sentimentality and class, consciousness on the part of Juries, or to hysteria and sensationalism in the daily press. For much of this failure of Justice no responsibility whatever lies on rich men as, such. We who make up the mass of the people cannot shift the responsibility from our own shoulders. Kut there s an Important part of the failure which has specially to do with inability to hold to proper account men of wealth who behave badly. The chief breakdown is In dealing with the new relations that arose from the mu

tualism, the Interdependence of our time, livery new social relation beger a new type of wrongdoing of sin, to u.-e an oldfasliioned word and many years always elapse before society Is able to turn this sin into crime which cn be effectively punished at law. During the lifetime of the older men now alive the social relations have cheged far more rapidly than in the preceding two centuries. The immense growth of corporations, of business, done by associations, and the extreme strain and pre .sure of modern life, have produced conditions which render the public confused as to who Its really dangerous foes are; and among the public servants whD have not only snared this confusjon, but by some of their acts have Increased it, are certain judges. Marked imfficlency has been shown in dealing with corporations and In resettling the proper attitude to be taken by the public not only towards corporations, but towards labor, and towards the social iiiestions arising out of the factory sys tem, and tho enormous growth of our great cities. The huge wealth that has been accumulated by a few Individuals of recent years, in what has amounted to a social and Industrial revolution, has been as regards soma of those Individuals made possible only by the improper use of the modern, corporation. A certain type of modern corporation, with Its oiheers and agents. Its many Issues of securities, and its constant consolidation with allied underjakings, finally becomes an Instrument so complex as to contain a greater num'oer of e! ments that, under various judicial decisions, lend themselves to fraud and oppression than any device yet evolved in the human brain. Corporations are necessary Instruments of modern business. They have been permitted to become, a menace largely because the governmental representatives of the people have worked slowly In providing for adequate control over them. Viie courts hold a place of peculiar and deserved- sanctity under our form of government. Kespect for the law is essential to the permanence of our institutions; and resjH'ct for the law is largely conditioned vpon respect for the courts. It Is an offense against the republic to say anything which can weaken this respect, save for the gravest reason and In the most carefully guarded manner. Our Judges should le held In peculiar honor. On on average they 6tand above any other servants of the community, and the urea test Judges have reached the highest level held by those few greatest patriots whom the whole country delights to honor. Hut we must face the fact that there are wise and unwise Judges, just as there are wise and unwise executives and legislators. When a I'resident or a governor behaves Improperly or unwisely, the remedy Is easy, for his terra is short; the same is true with the legislator. although not to the Mine degree, for he Is. one of many who lielong o some given legislative loIy, and it Is therefore, less easy to fix his personal responsibility and hold him accountable therefor. With a Judge, who. being human. Is also likely to err, but whose Tenure Is for life, there is no similar way of holding him toresponsM I'illty. Under ordinary conditions the only forms of pressure to which he Is in any way amenable are public opinion, and the ction of his fellow Judges. It is the last which Is most Immediately effective, and to which we should look for the reform of abuses. Any remedy applied from without Is fraught with risk. It Is far better, from every standpoint, that the remedy should come from within. In no other nation In the world do the courts wield such vast and far-renchlng power as In the Culled States. All that is necessary is that the courts as a whole should exercise this power with the farslghted wisdom already shown by those Judges who scan the future while they act in the present. Forests. ;f there Is any or.e duty which mo.e than another we owe it to our children and our children's children to perform at once, it is to save the forests of this country, for they constitute the first and most 'important clemeut in the conservation of the natural resources of the country. It matters not whether this deforestation Is due to the actual reckless cutting of Umber, to the fires that Inevitably follow such reckless and uncontrolled grazing, especially by the great migratory bands of sheep, the unchecked wundering of which over the country means destruction to forests and disaster to the small home makers, the sett'ers of limited means. Shortsighted persons, or persons blinded to the future by desire to make money In every way out of the present, sometimes speak as if no great -damage would 1 done by the reckless destruction of our forests. It Is difficult to have patience with the arguments of these persons. Thanks to our own recklessness In the use of our splendid forests, we have already crossed the verge of a timber famine in this couttry. and no measure that we -now take can, at least for many years, undo the mischief that has already been done. But we can prevent further mischief being done; and it would be in the highest degree raprehnslble to let any consideration of temporary convenience or teiüjtorary cost Interfere with such action, especially as regards the national forests which the nation can now, at this wry moment, control. lulitutl Watemaf. Action shoulj be begun forthwith, during the present session ot the Congress, for the impiveinent of our Inland waterways nc'.ion which will result In giving us not only navigable but navigated rivers. We have spent hundreds of millions of dollars upon these waterways, yet the traliic on nearly all of them Is steadily declining. This condition Is the direct result of the absence of any comprehensive and far-seeing plan of waterway improvement. Obviously we can not continue thus to expend the revenues of the government without return. It Is poor business to spend money for Inland navigation unless we get It. Such shortsighted, vacillating, and futile methods are accompanied by decreasing water-borne commerce and Increasing traffic congestion on land, by Increasing floods, and by the waste of public money. The eeraedy lies In abandoning the methods which have so signally failed and adopting new ones In keeping with the needs and demands of our people. The time for ploying with our waterways is past. The country demands results. National Park. I urge that all our national parks adjacent to national forests be placed completely under the control of the forest erice of the agricultural department, instead of leaving them ns they now are, uuder the Interior department and policed by the army. I'nre Food. The pure fool legislation har. already worked a benefit difficult to overestimate. Indian Service. It has been my purKse from the beginning ot my administration to take the Indian service completely out of the atmosphere of political activity, and there has been steady progress toward that end. Secret Service. I-ast year an amendment was Incorporated in the measure providing for the secret service, which provided that there should be no detail from the secret service and no transfer therefrom. It is not too much to say that in its present form the restriction operates only to the advantage of the criminal or the wrongdoer. I'oatal Saving Hank. I again renew my recommendation for ro.stal savings banks, for depositing savings with the security of the Government behind them. The object is to encourage thrift and economy in the wage earner and person of moderate means. There are .:nny localities In t lie Cuited States where sufficient opportunity is not given to the people to deposit their savings. The result is that money Is kept in hiding and unemployed. It Is believed that hi the aggregate vast sums of money would le brought Into circulation through the instrumentality of the postal savings bank. I'arcel Poxt. In my last annual message I commended the postmaster general's recommendation for an extension of the parcel st oa the rural routes. The establishment of a local parcel po.-t on rural routes would be to the mutual henelit of the farmer and the co:tntry storekeeper, end It Is d.sirnble that the routes, serving more than Iö.O'mmhmj people, should be utilized to the fullest practicable extent. It would seem only proper that nn experiment should be tried la order to demonstrate the practicability of the proposition. Education. The share that the national government should t:Ue In the broad work of education has not received the attention ami the are It rightly deserves. The Immediate responsibility for the support and Improvement of our educational systems and Institutions resta nnd should always rest with the people of the several tates acting through their state and local governments, but the nation has, an opportunity la educational

work which must not be lost and duty which should no longer be neglected. With the limited means hitherto provided, the bureau of education has rendered elhcient service, but the Congress has neglected to adequately supply the bureau with means to meet the educational growth of the country. I earnestly recommend that this unfortunate state of affairs as regards the national educational office be remedied by adequate appropriations. Ceusos. I commend to the Congress the careful consideration of the adruirabU report of the director of the census, nnd I trust that his recommendations will be adopted and immediate action thereon taken. Public Health. It Is highly advisable that there should be Intelligent action on the part of the nation on the question of preserving the health of the country. The first legislative step to be taken Is that for the concentration of the proper bureaus into one of tie existing departments. I therefore urgently recommend the passage of a bill which shall authorize a redistribution of the bureaus which shall best accomplish this end. Government Printing Office. I recommend that legislation be enacted

placing under the jurisdiction of the department of commerce and labor the government printing office. Soldiera' Horn, All Soldiers Homes should be placed under the complete jurisdiction and control of the war department. Independent Bureau and Commit tons. Economy and sound business policy require that all existing Independent bureaus and commissions should le placed under the jurisdiction of appropriate executive departments. Statehood. I advocate the immediate admission of New Mexico and Arizona as states. This should be done at the present session of the Congress. IiiterNtnte Fisheries). I call the attention of the Congress to the Importance of the problem of the fisheries In the interstate waters. In this as in similar problems the obvious and simple rule should be followed of having those matters which no particular state can manage taken in hand by the United States. Fisheries and Fur Seals. The federal statute regulating interstate traffic in game, should be extended to include fish. New federal llsh hatcheries should be established. The administration of the Alaskan fur-sval service should be vested In. the bureau of fisheries. Foreign Affairs. This nation's foreign policy Is based on the theory that right must be done between nations precisely as between Individuals, und in our actions for the last ten years wr have in this matter proven our faith by our deeds. We have behaved, and are behaving, towards other nations, as In private life , an honorable man would behave towards bis fellows. Lntiii-Auierienn Republics. The commercial and material progress of the twenty I.atln-American republics is worthy f the careful attention of the Congress. No other section of the world has shown a greater proportionate development of its foreign trad during the last te years and none other has more special claims on the interests of the United States. Panama Canal. The work on the Panama Canal Is being done with a speed, efficiency and entire devotion to duty, which make it a model for all work- of the kind. No task of such magnitude has ever before been undertaken by any nation ; and no task of the kind has ever been better performed. Ocean Mall Linea. I -again recommend the extension of the ocean mall act of 1S01 so that satisfactory American ocean mall lines to South America. Asia, the Philippines, and Australasia may- be established. Ilawall. 1 call particular attention to the Terri tory of UawalL The Importance of those islands Is apparent, and the need of improv ing their condition and developing their re sources is urgent. The Philippines. Real progress toward self-government Is lelng made in the Philippine Islands. The gathering of a Phllipplue legislative bodj and Philippine assembly marks a proces? absolutely new in Asia, not oaly as regards Asiatic colonies of Kuronenn powers, but as regards Asiatic possessions of other Asiatic powers, and, indeed, always excepting the striking and wonderful example afforded uv the great Empire of Japan, it opens ai entirely new departure when" compared wltb an; thing which has happened among Asiatic crwe-s which are their own masters. hon nnd lelleve that these steps mark the beginning of a course which will continue till the Filipinos become tit to decide for themselves whether they desire to be an In dependent nation. All we can do Is to give them the opportunity to develop the capac Ity 'or self-government. I trust that with In a generation the time will arrive when the Philippines can decide for themselves whether it is well for them to become Inde pendent, or to continue under the protec tlon of a strong and disinterested power. able to guarantee to the Islands order at home and protection from foreign invasion. Porto rilco. I again recommend that American cltl fenshlp be conferred upon the people of i 'or to it ico. Cuba. In Cuba our occupancy will cease in about two months' time ; the Cubans have in orderly manner elected their own govern mental authorities, and the island will be turned over to them. Our occupation on this occasion has lasted a little ovtr two years, and Cuba has thriven and prospereö under it. The Army. . As regards the army, I call attention to the fact that while our Junior officers and enlisted men stand very high, the present system qj promotion by seniority results In bringing into the higher grades many men of mediocre capacity who have but a short time to serve. No man should regard It as his vested right to ilse to the highest rank In the Army any more than in any other profession. It Is a curious and by no means creditable fact that there should be so often a failure on the part of the public and Its representatives to understand the great need, from the standpoint of the ser vice and the nation, of refusing to promote respectable, eiueny incompetents. The higher places should be given to the most deserving men without regard to seniority ; at least seniority should be treated as only one consideration. In the stress of modern Industrial competition no business firm coulc" succeed If those responsible for Its manage ment were chosen simply on the grounl thnt they were the oldest people in its employment ; yet thli l the course ndvocata ns regards the army, nnd required by law for al grades except those of general officer. The cavalry arm should be reorganized upon modern lines. This Is an arm In which it Is peculiarly necessary that the field officers should not le old. Now that the, organized mllltla, the National Cuard, has been incorporated with the army as a part of the national forces. It behooves the government to do every reasonable thing In Its pmver to perfect It? efficiency. There should be legislation to provide a complete plan for organizing the great body of volunteers lehlnd the regular army and national guard when war has come. The Xavy. I approve the rccommendayon.i of the general board for the Increase of the navv, calling especial attention to the need of additional destroyers and colliers, and atove nil of the four battleships. It is desirable to complete ns soon as possible n squadron of elzht battleships of the best exlslng type. Nothing letter for the navy from every Ktandpolnt has ever occurred than the cruise of the battle fleet around the wc-rld. The Improvement of the ships In eve y way has lieen extraordinary, and thej Uave gained far, more experience In battle tactics than they would have gained If thty had stayed in the Atlantic waters. The American people have cause for profound gratification', both In view of the excellent condition of the fleet as shown by this cruise, and In view of the Improvement the cruise has worked In this already high condition. niir Flectrlcnl Contract. The directors of the Pennsylvania railroad has announced the signing of a $3,000,000 contract with the Westinghouse Electric and Manufacturing Company for the complete electrification of the new terminal station and tunnels under the Hudson at New York. The system Is to bo that of the overhead trolley and not that of the third rail. The engines will be of entirely new type and the most powerful In existence. They will be built to pull any train on the grades of the Pennsylvania from under the river to the street surface level at a high speed. An engine now being tested in Long Island City has already done more than 00 miles an hour and is capable of doing 120 miles. To run the system. 2."0,000 horse-power will be riftuiicd. , The contract is to be completed in twenty months. Tho plans arc made for the handling of 1,000 trains daily, twice us many as will be on the schedule of the Xew York Central system. Premier Asquith announced in the House of Commons that because of the opposition of the Anglican church to tba education bill the Government bad withdrawn the measure.

I REVIEW OF INDIANA I

Harley Dew, aged 24 years, was fatally stabbed by Emmet Taylor in trouble over a card game at Linton. Taylor escaped. Dew Is paralyzed in both less. The large warehouse and elevator belonging to Jeff Ray & Sons, at Rockhill, Spencer County, were destroyed by fire, the loss being $10,000 with $7,500 of Insurance. Henry and George Lash, 20 and 17 years of age, respectively, two Avilla lads, won a wager of $23 by sawing, splitting and piling ten cords of wood In a single day of ten hours. Attacked by an infuriated boar, Pet er Gresinger, of Wabash, was being fearfully lacerated when his brother Will rushed to his rescue. He will live, but his body will bear the marks of the boar. Fairmount probably holds the health record for November, not only In the State, but in the whole country. With a population of. 4,000, there, was not one death within the corporate limits during "the month and only one, that of an aged woman, in the township. David Clancy, aged 53 years, while digging a grave at Paoli, in Orange County, was stricken with paralysis and "fell into the open grave, where he died in a short time. Mr. Clancy was digging the grave intended for the body of the Rev. Cyrus Jones, a wellknown minister of that place. Mt. Ayr has been added to the list of "dry" town 3 in Newton County, the one-saloon in that place going out of business last week. J. J. Garrity, who owned the saloon, was put out of business by a remonstrance signed by a majority of three, lie has decided not to contest the matter, and will quit the saloon business permanently. With the wedding guests assembled, the preacher present, and after the mother of the prospective bride had received permission of the court to let her marry, Miss Carmel Harger, aged 13, disappeared from her home in Evansvine ana went to tne Home or a neighbor, where she enjoyed a dance. The prospective groom, Charles Cox, later prevailed upon Miss Harger to marry him. Chester Ferguson, a Booneville den tist, found a meteor while hunting on the Hoover farm, near Gentryville, From examinations and tests made it has a peculiar composition. It was the size of a large goose egg, about the same shape and was hollow. When broken it was found to contain a yellowish substance, which tests by acids proved to contain iron ore. The in tcrior of the shell is as smooth as the outside and from appearance has been exposed to extreme heat. A woman living near Martinton has all her life been afflicted with strange names. She has been married three times. Her maiden name was Partridge; her first husband's name was Robin, her second Sparrow, and her present husband's name 13 Quayle. There are now two Robins, one Sparrow and three little Quayles in the family. One of her grandfathers was named Swann, a fact which is not mentioned as having any bearing on her peculiar run of luck In the matter of names. George Coppy. a 14-year-old boy of New Richmond, is suffering from a strange disease, which is exceedingly puzzling to the physicians who have attended him at the hospital in Crawfordsvllle. He is suffering from "lumpy Jaw,M a disease common among cattle. This is the first case of this kind ever reported to the medical profession of Crawfordsvillo. The lumps are in the abdomen near the appendix. It is thought the lad became afflicted with tho disease by eating diseased meat Physicians have pronounced the case as hopeless. There is at least one woman in Indiana who does not believe in the rural free delivery of mail. Miss Mandane Miller, aged 60, of near Pierceton, Kosciusko County, refuses to allow the postman to bring letters, parcels or papers to her home, preferring to have a box in the general delivery of the postoffice at Pierceton. But more strange is the fact that Miss Miller calls for her mall only twice each year. On her last semi-yearly visit she obtained twenty-eight copies of a weeTily newspaper, several packages and third and fourth-class matter. Peculiar interest attaches to the announcement just made of th8 forthcoming marriage of Miss Clara Lillian Thias, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Alfred M. Thias, of Jeffersonville, . to Harry Worrall, the wedding to take place in January. Miss Thias has been totally deaf almost from Infancy, and It is only in recent years that she learned to talk so that she could be understood by those who know her well. She did not, however, permit her affliction unduly to hinder her in her studies. She is a graduate of Indiana University, passing through the regular classes of that institution in spite of her physical disability. Dr. A. J. Willing, the oldest practicing physician in Porter County, died suddenly last week. He was 78 years old and leaves three sons and one daughter. He had been a resident of the county for fifty-three years. James Bennett, for forty years tyler of the Shelbyville Masonic order, de clined re-election at the election held last week on account of his age. He holdä the record of the State for the number of years he served In this office. Farmers southwest of Hartford City are in communication with Z. T. Sweeney, State Game Commissioner, relative to a game preserve' of 4,000 acres. It is proposed to have the State furnish tho game and the land owners to serve as, Its protectors. Clay County is thoroughly aroused over the mad deg scare, and every incorporated town In the county has within the last ten days enacted ordinances requiring all dogs either to bo muzzled or killed. The last town to take action was Bowling Green, where a mad dog appeared recently. Charging that he had tampered with his electric light meter so that he could get much of his current free, the Fort Wayne & Wabash Valley Trac tion Company has caused tho arrest of Joseph Treuche, a saloonkeeper of Fort Wayne. Clarence Creed, a schoolboy at the HcCalla building in Bloomington, was run over by a wagon loaded with wood Rhen he attempted to steal a ride. Ho fell face downward under the wheel, and the whole weight of the load passed over his body diagonally. The lad is not seriously injured.

There were six deaths and but one birth in Kendallville in November. Lieut. C. C. Marsh, who was in com mand of the cruiser Yankee, which sank near New Bedford, Mass., last week, is a Muncie man. Authorities -at Warsaw are after an anonymous letter writer, who has been sending threatening letters to John W. Sellers, a leader in the temperance movement there. The 9-year-old daughter of Harvey Sternberg, near Goshen, was kicked In the face by a horse. A gash two inches long was cut in her forehead, the upper eyelid was entirely severed and the lower eyelid badly cut. John H. Brubaker. a prominent Warsaw attorney, has Just wedded Miss Emma Hollowell, of Goshen. Brubaker is 60 years of age and has four sons, the youngest of whom Is older than his bride, who is IS. The revival , services which haxe been in progress for the last three weeks at the New Salem Methodist church, closed last week. The pastor, the Rev. D. W. Hetrick, was assisted by the Rev. Mr. Coon, 'of Franklin. Thirty new members were added to the church roll. John Larimer, 18 years old, living north of Jasoaville, -was accidentally shot in the breast and abdomen while hunting. While his Injuries are not fatal, he had a narrow escape from death, and it was due to the fact that he wore a very heavy hunting coat-at the time that he was not killed. Miss May Stalcup, who lives near Worthlngton, and her aunt, Mrs. Mary Stalcup, of Elwood, were badly hurt In a runaway while coming to the city. Miss Stalcup's face was badly lacerated, and she was badly bruised. Mrs. Stalcup's -shoulder is broken ana she is injured intt.rnally. She may not recover. A. L. Bingham, of Ball Brothers Manufacturing Company at Muncie, was whirling northward In Elm street in his big touring car when he ran directly in front of a switch engine and a cut of box cars. Bingham was unhurt. He saw the cars, but too late to avoid the accident, although he headed the machine up an alley that ran alongside the track. South Bend will haVe a ten-story office building. J. M. Studebaker hav ing just announced that he would com mence tne construction oi sucn -a building on the corner of Main and Washington streets, just across from the Oliver Hotel and diagonally oppo site the court house. The structure will cost $300,000 and will be 111 feet long and have a frontage of 66 feet When the new interurban line Is built from Kendallville to Goshen it is expected that it will pass through the ancient village of Benton, in Elkhart County, and give that place a new leaie of life. Benton Is one of the oldest towns in northern Indiana. Seventy-fiv5 years ago it was one of the leading villages in Elkhart County and before railroads made their ap pearance, or tip to 1856, was the com mercial center for trading. John Syphers, 11 years old, was taken from Clinton to a Pasteur institute in Indianapolis. The boy, together with several other children, was bitten, near the Klondike mine west of the city, by a dog supposed to be mad. The dog escaped, though pursued by farmers and miners. Farmers near St Bernice, eight miles we.'.t of Clinton, reported to the health officers that the dog had bitten several head of stock The animal was finally shot and its head was shipped to the State laboratory at Indianapolis. The milk famine is the worst In Hagerstown's history. Needier & Winner, who operated the only dairy, have sold out The high price of feed made the business unprofitable and the large herd of dairy cows was sold. Many are buying cows while others are learning how to do without cream and butter. Eggs are 33 cents a dozen. Some years ago they brought 60 cents a dozen. That was when eggnog was fashionable and every egg was required to supply this demand. SaloonIsts had a standing order at all grocers for all fresh eggs that came In, at 60 cents a dozen. Farmers near Morocco have a new device in connection with the raising of poultry. It is called the "oats incubator." The outflt Is simple and original, consisting of a number of crates, one above the other, with nine inches of space between. On the bottom of each crate layers of burlap are placed and on the top crate water Is poured each morning. The water soaks the oats and then drops from one crate to the other. Under the Influence of artificial heat the oats sp.out and grow rapidly, the green, tender shoots making excellent food for chickens during the winter months. A bucketful of oats will make five bucketsful of green food. Poultry raisers who have tried the "oats incubator" are enthusiastic in its praise. Mls3 Mary E. Lojjan has returned from India, where she has labored in missionary work the last seven years. It was her second trip to that country. She is now at the home of her father, S. H. Logan, near Rushville. Salem Bashara, earliest leader of the Syrian colony in Fort Wayne, long a pioneer among the people of his nationality, but later dethroned as his fortune dwindled, died at his home at the age of 54 years. Death was due to dropsy. When Abram Fletcher, a rich farmer near Goshen, walked through his barnyard wearing a red coat, he was attacked by rn infuriated bull and tossed In the air. Fletcher's life was saved by his dog, ahlch seized the bull by the nose, nearly killlngJt 4. W. Kennedy, of New Albany, while skinning a rabbit, found on its left hind leg a gold ring. Jewelers who examined the ring say that it is pure gold. It was imbedded in the flesh, and could not be removed until the leg of the rabbit was cut off at the joint. While seated at the key In tho Wabash telegraph station at Wabash, Carl Medricker, narrowly missed being struck by a bullet which crashed through the window. He had just been standing and missed death by sitting down. Deputy fish and game commissioners have been unusually active in Kosciusko County during tho last to weeks. Following close upon the arrest of Emanuel Hamman änd Frank Ramer, John Jarrett, of North Webster, was arrested charged with having a net in hi3 possession.

i rri m a rv i m At"

UAL CHICAGO. While the commercial mortality ex hibits a surprising elimination of weak concerns, the progress made this week Is attested by sustained gain in rel ume of payments through the banks and steadier conditions in manufacturing. Some branches now prepare for the annual inventories and repairs, but there is increase in hands employed and a better flow of specifications and estimates. Leading retail lines here and at interior points a re seasonably stimulated by colder weather aixl tbo absorption of heavyweight api.irrl. household needs and food products makes gratifying headway. Christmas wares sell freely and the Improvement also appears to some, extent in the lux uries. Heavier movements are seen In the breadstuffs, provisions and lire stock, with prices r.t a lower average and more encouraging to consumer. A strengthening influence is derircl from the sustained recovery In earnIngs of the Chicago steam roads. Freight offerings of heavy materials, finished products and general merchandise steadily expand. Mercantile collections arc slow to improve on local bills, but country setTTementa are prompt. Failures reported in the Chicago district number 41, against 20 last week, 22 In 1007 and 23 In 190G. Those with liabilities over $0,000 number 13, against 5 last week. 5 in 190" and 3 in 190C Dun's Review of Trade. NEW YORK. Retail and holiday trade are more In evidence this week, and, as these have expanded, business In regular wholesale and Jobbing lines has quieted down. Colder weather and the approach of the close of the year have helped to stimulate final distribution, but it Is noted that both regular retail trade and the usual Christmas shopping demand have not yet fully met exrectatlons'at many points, and particularly at the Scuth, where low-priced cotton Is a retarding feature. Best reports ?ome from the southwest and the spring wheat and Pacific Northwest. In wholesale and jobbing, except where the latter trades are engaged in qulci shipments to meet current neetts, there Is a disposition to go slower, pending a clearer view of year-end distribution ind the taking of Inventories. In industrial lines, while there la still some Idle machinery, the volume of orders booked Is sufficient to Induce manufacturers 'to go ahead freely, though this branch notes the Influence of higher prices on some raw materials, business failures In the United States for the week ending Dec, 10 number 208," against 234 last week, 2S4 in the like week of 1007, 220 in 100G. 220 in 1!XX5 and 209 in 1004. Business failures In Canada number 60, as against CS last week and ."0 in the like week of 1007. Bradstreet's. Chicago Cattle, common to prime, M-00 to $7.C"; hogs, prime heavy, $1.00 to $5.92; sleep, fair to choice, $3.00 to $o.00; wheat, No. 2. $1.02 to $1.03; corn. No. 2, 50c to GOc: oats, standard, 40c to COc; rye, No. 2, 7rc to 7Ge; hav. timothy. $8.00 to $13.f0; prairie. $S.oA to $12.00; butter, choice creamery, 27c to 30c; eggs, frh, 20c to 33c; potatoes, per bushel, COc to 75c. Indianapolis Cattle, shipping, $3.00 to $7.00; hoza-good to choice bavy, 3.50 to $555; sheep, good to choice, .SO to $4.25 ; wheat. -No. 2. $1.03 to $1.04; corn. No. 2 white. 51c to 60c; oats, No. 2 white, 40c to Sic. St. Louis Cattle, $4.50 to $7.00: hosrs M.00 to $5.05; sheep, $3.00 to $1.50; wheat No. 2, $1.07 to $1.0S; corn. No. 2. "0c to OOe; oats. No. 2, 50e to 51c; rye. No. 2, 74c to 70c. Cincinnati Cattle, $4.00 to $1.00; hoes, $4.00 to $5.S5; f&eer, $3ai0 to 3.90; wheat, No. 2, $1.08 to $1.00; corn. No. .2 mixed, Clc to C2c; oat. No. 2 mixed, 51c to 52c; rye, No. 2, 78c to 80c. Detroit Cattle, $4.00 to $5.00; hoes, fl.00 to $5.25; sheep. $2.50 to $3A); wheat, No. 2, $1.04 to $1.05; corn, No. 3 yellow, 00c to Glc; oats. No. 3 white, 53c to 54c ; rye, No. 2, 75c to 77c MUwaulfce-Wheat, No. 2 northern, $1.07 to $1.00; corn. No. 3, Clc to C3c; oats, standard, 51c to 53c; rye,.N. 1, 75c to 7Cc; barley, No. 1, C5c to COc; pork, mess, $14.00. P.uffaio Cattle, tiioice shipping Ftws. fi'iO lo $0.75; hogs, fair to choice, $4.00 to $(J.OO; sheep, common to good mixed, $4.00 to f.4.75; lambs, fair to choice, ?5.00 to $7.50. New York Cattle, $4.00 to $5.90: hofps $3.50 to $6.00; sheep, $3.00 to $4.00; wheat. No. 2 red. $1.13 to $1.14: corn. No. 2, COc to 70c; oat, naturalwhite, 54c to 57c; butter, creamery, 27c to 20c; eggs, western, 32c to 31c. Toledo Wheat, No. 2 mixed, $1.05 to $1.00; corn, No. 2 mixed, Clc to C2c; oats. No. 2 mixed, 51c to 53c; rye, No.. 2, 77c to 7Pc ; clover seed, $0.70. The Aerial Navigation Company, which was formed to operate an airship line between Boston and New York, has leaed two acres of land in Boston for Ftafa'on No. 1, and secured landing privileges on Com.-nonwealtih avenue and near the- Harvard Bridge. Capt. Baldwin promise the delivery of the first dirigible not later than May 1. Eugene M. Fops hv ordered work to bcRin at once on the construction f a $5.000,000 cotton mill in East Boston. It will require 8,000 workers to operate the 7,500 looms and 250,000 spindles. The plant will occupy sixty-five acres frosting on the Chelsea river, and the expectation is to make Boston the greatest textila center in New England, Dr. D. K. Pearsons of Chicago, who has endowed a large number of small western colleges, recently ended his tour of inspection with the announcement that he would distribute $3,000,000 more, beginnins next July. The offer of the National Fireproänj Company at Keskcy, N. J., to take bock the striking clay workers on wages fixed by the company, the maximum being $1.40 a day, and from that down to abont a dollar, was accepted by only a, few f tht strikers and under the protection of sol diers and deputies, the company begnn bringing in new employe?. Because it has been using the mortuary fund to pay expenses, the Fraternal Mystic Circle of Philadelphia will no more do business in Minnesota aa the license of the order has boon revoked by J. A.ILartizin. State insurance comnxbsieaer.

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