Plymouth Tribune, Volume 5, Number 10, Plymouth, Marshall County, 14 December 1905 — Page 2

THE PLYMOUIURI. PLYMOUTH, IND. HENDRICKS Q CO.. - - Publishers.

1905 DECEMBER 1905

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t u o. $ n. m. -y P. Q.F. M V Uth.rjgsth. f) 3rd. VgjUth. FEATURES OF INTEREST CONCERNING PEOPLE, PLACES AND DOINGS OF THE WORLD. 4 Court and Crime Accident and Fire, Labor and Capital, Grain, Stock and Money Market. Another Murder at Bedford, Ind. Lemuel Lynch, ajjed 21, of Morgan town, X. U.,.was shot and Instantly killed by Benjamin Rhoades at Bedford, Ind. The shoot'ng occurred at the home of Rhoades. Lynch had been paying attention to Rhoades neice and when he came to the house on a social call Rhoades came to the door and shot him in the breast with a shotgun. Rhoades, who was arrested, claims that Lynch had been drinking and attempted to force his way into the louse after being warned not p do so. Three Crushed in the Wreckage. Two Baltimore & Ohio freight trains collided at Rexabet, ten miles west of Chillicothe, Ohio. Engineer John Mullen and Fireman F. C. Sampson were killed, and Brakeman William Taylor fatally injured. An eastboun i freight broke in two and tne front part took a siding while the rear :nd came on down the grade on the main track, striking a westbound freight. The dead and injured were on the westbound train. The men all lived in Chillicothe. Mystery in Old Man Death. Michael Ohmer, aged 64 years, who lived with a daughter and son-in-law, George Johnson, near Sheloyville, Ind., was found dead In the barn at midnight, with his skull crushed. Johnson, whose wife is eole heir to Ohmer's money and ninety acres of land, was not on speaking terms with the old man. He says he went to the barn in search of Ohmer because his wife dreamed that her father was falling from a barn loft. Two Hundred Perish on Great Lakes. According to figures compiled by the lake marine news bureau at Chicago, the death list on the great lakes during the season now closing has been the heaviest of any year since big steel vessels began to be used on the lakes: A total of 215 lives were lost. Of these 11G were lost during the great storms of thi3 fall. Cremated in Ilia Own Home. The charred remains of Charles James, a well known farmer living three miles southeast of Oxford, Ohio, was found in a corner of the cellar burned to a crisp. The residence was also burned. James was 65 years old and lived by him3elf. It is supposed he was asleep and the house caught fire from a stove. Hoosier 3Ionte Carlo Closed. Governor llanly recently declared his Intention of vigorously prosecuting the proprietors of the gambling houses at West Baden and French Lick Springs, Ind., and I as a result the casino and gambling houses at these resorts have been closed and the paraphernalia is being shipped out of the county. Woman Killed in Police Court. ! William Williams, VJ years old, a negro, stabbed and killed Elsie Parker, negress, In the West Side Police Court, New York. The woman had summoned Williams to court lor beating her. The stabbing wa3 done just inside the court room and in view of the magistrate. Miserly Hermit Uumed to Death. James M. Blodgett, hermit banker of Hermitage, N. Y., said to be worth f 1,000000, was burned to death in his house, Blodgett was graduated ai Yale in 1S30. -He was noted for his miserly Labits. i GOO Indictments Returned. Five hundred indictments wert returned by the grand jury at Evansvile, Ind., ;against saloon keepers who are charged with keeping money and card slot machines. Reform Crusade in St. Paul. A committee of fifty prominent citizens has been formed by preachers and reformers to start a reform crusade at St. Paul, Minn. It i3 to be non-political in character. $200,000 Fire at Brooklyn. The shops of the Union Dry Dock Company and the Erie railroad transfer freight bouse at Brooklyn, X. Y., were destroyed by fire, causing a loss estimated at $200,000. Wonld Abolish Death Penalty. Representative Joseph F. Sawicki of Cleveland. Ohio, has prepared a diu vnicn he will introduce in the coming legislature abolishing capitalpufilshuient. Old Indiana Politician Dead. Ex-State Senator James Charles, 70 years old. who has been prominent in republican politics, died at Marion, Ind., ater au ill neis of several d?.ys. Hoy Darned to Death. Myron 3Iorrow, 8 years old, was burned to death at his home in Richmond, Ind. His clothing caught fire while dressing iu front of a grate. Cock ran Elected Head of Tammany. Congressman W. Bourke Cockran as elected grand sachem of Tammany hall in is ew York." Frida Acquitted of Arson Charge. Henry L. Frida, on trial in the Whitley Circuit Court at Columbia City, Ind., upon the charge of having burned the barn upon . the Van Voorst farm, near toesse, ina., . . M A 1 upon wn-.ea ne was a tenant, iai juiy,was acquitted by tne veraici vi me jury. - Pioneer Republican Dead. h W. Fairbanks, one of the found ers of the republican party, died at Washington, 1). C., aged 84 years. For more than fifty years he had been prominent In banking, mere-stile and ptiiticM aitairs of the state. - Swallows Carbolio Acid, James Sampson. aged CO, whose real cams Is said to have been James Mc Conagle, member of an old and prominent family of Lincoln, Neb., committed gnJcide la Colorado Springs by takinj carbolic acid. . . Tells of Slarderin&r Family. William S. McWilliam3, near Independence, Iowa, confessed the murder of his wife and five children. McWilliims says he believed his children better dead than alive, and could live no longer with his wife.' Me Williams knocked his victims Iown with a hammer and then stalled iem with a butcher knife. ' .

president Jfiessade '

To the Senate and House of Representatives: The people of this country continne to enjoy great prosperity. Undoubtedly there will be ebb and flow in such prosperity, and this ebb and flow will be felt more or less by all mem crs of the community. A general failure of crops would hurt all of us. Again, if the folly of man mars the general well-being, then thoso who are innocent of the folly will have to pay part of the penalty incurred by those who are guilty of the folly. A panic brought on by ths speculative folly of part of the business community would hart the whole business community. But such stoppage of welfare, though it might be severe, would not be lasting. In the long run the one vital factor in the permanent prosperity of the country Is the high individual character of the average American worker, no matter whether his work be mental or manual, whether he be farmer or wage-.worker, business man or professional man. In our industrial and social system the Interests of all men are so closely intertwined that in the immense majority of cases a straight-dealing man who by his efllciency, by his ingennity and industry, benefits himself must also benefit others. Normally the man of great productive capacity who becomes rich by guiding the labor of many other men does so by enabling them to produce more than they could produce without his guidance; and both he and they share in the benefit, which comes also to the public at large. The superficial fact that the sharing may be unequal must never blind ns to the underlying fact that there is this sharing, and that the benefit comes in some degree to each mm concerned. Normally the wage-worker, the man of small means, and the average consumer, as well as the average producer, are all alike helped by making conditions such that the man of exceptional business ability receives an exceptional reward for his ability. Something can be done by legislation to help the general prosperity; but no such help of a permanently beneficial character can be given to the less able and less fortunate, save as the results of a policy which shall Inure to the advantage of all industrious and efficient people -who act decently. If, therefore, the less fortunate man is moved by envy of his more fortunate brother to strike at the conditions under which they have both, though unequally, prospered, the result will assuredly be that while damage may come to the one struck at, It will visit with an even heavier load the one who strikes the blow. Taken as a whole, we must all go up or go down together. Curb for Corporations. It is true that where there is no governmental restraint or supervision some of the exceptional men use their energies not in ways that are for the common good, but in ways which tell against this common good. The fortunes amassed through corporate organization are now so large, and vest such power in those that wield them, as to make it a matter of necessity to give to the sovereign that is, to the government, which represents the people as a whole some effective power of supervision over their corporate use. In order to insure a healthy aocial and industrial life, every big corporation should be held responsible by, and be accountable to. some sovereign strong enough to control its conduct. I am in no sense hostile to corporations. This is an age of combination, and any effort to prevent all combination will be not only useless, but in the end vicious, because of the contempt for law which the failure to enforce law inevitably produces. W should, moreover, recognize in Cordial and ample fashion the immense good effected by corporate agencies in a country such as ours, and the wealth of intellect, energy, and fidelity devoted to their service, and therefore normally to the service of the public, by their officers and directors. The corporation has come to stay, just as the trade union has come to stay. Each can do and has done great good. Each should be favored so long as it does good. But each should be sharply cheeked where it acts against law and justice. So long as the finances of the nation are kept upon an honest basis no other question of internal economy with which the Congress has the power to deal begins to approach in importance the matter of endeavoring to secure proper industrial conditions under which the individuals and especially the great corporations doing an interstate business are to act. The makers of our national constitution provided especially that the regulation of Interstate commerce should come within the sphere of the general government. The arguments in favor of their taking this stand were even then overwhelming. But they are far stronger to-day, in view of the enormous development of great business agencies, usually corporate in form. Experience has shown conclusively that it is useless to try to get any adequate regulation and supervision of these great corporations by State action. Such regulation and supervision can only be effectively exercised by a sovereign whose jurisdiction is co-extensive with the field of work of the corporations that is, by the national government. I believe that this regulation and supervision can be obtained by the enactment of law by the Congress. If this proves impossible, it will certainly be necessary ultimately to confer in fullest form such power upon the national government by a proper amendment of the constitution. The Department of Justice has for the last four years devoted more attention to the enforcement of the anti-trust legislation than to anything else. Much has been accomplished; particularly marked has been the moral effect of the prosecutions; but it is increasingly evident that there will be a very insufficient beneficial result in the way of economic change. The successful prosecution of one device to evade the law immediately develops another device to accomplish the 6ame purpose. What is needed is not sweeping prohibition of every arrangement, good or bad, which may tend to restrict competition, but such adequate supervision and regulation as will prevent any restriction of competition from Toeing to the detriment of the public -as well as such supervision and regulation as will prevent other abases in no way connected with restriction of .competition. Of these abuses, perhaps, the chief, although by no means the only one, is overcapitalization generally itself the result of dishonest promotion because of the myriad evils it brings in its train; for such overcapitalization often means an inflation that invites business panic: it always conceals the true relation of the profit earned to the capital actually Invested, and it creates a burden of interest payments which is a fertile cause of improper reduction in or limitation of wages; it damages; tne small , investor, discourages thrift, a d. encourages gam bling and speculation; while perhaps worst of all is the tnj'-iness and dishonesty which it impliesfor harm to mor als is worse than any possible harm to material interests, and the debauchery of politics and business by great dishon est corporations is far worse tnan any Actual material evil they do the public. Until the national government obtains, !n some manner which the wisdom of the Congress may suggest, proper control over the big corporations engaged in interstate commerce that Is, oyer, the great majority of the big corporations it will be impossible to deal adequately with tb-tse evil3. XLallroad Rate Reamlatlon. Tie first thing to do is to deal with tha great corporations engaged la the business of interstate transportation. The Immediate and most pressing need, so far as legislation is concerned, is the enactment into law of come scheme to C"- a t3 tie areata i tha coTcnuaczt

snch supervision and regulation of the rates charged by the railroads of the country engaged in interstate traffic as fhall summarily and effectively prevent the imposition of unjust or unreasonable rates. It must include putting a complete stop to rebates in every shape and form. This power to regulate rates, like all similar powers over the business world, should be exercised with moderation, caution and self-restraint; but it should exist, so that it can be effectively exercised when the need arises. The first consideration to be kept in mind is that the power should bo affirmative and should be given to some administrative body created by the Congress. If given to the present interstate commerce commission or to a reorganize! interstate commerce commission, such commission should be made unequivocally administrative. I do not believe in the government interfering with private business more than is necessary. I do not believe in the government undertaking any work which can with propriety be left In private hands. But neither do I believe in the government flinching from overseeing any work when it becomes evident that abuses are sure to obtain therein unless there is governmental supervision. It is not my province to indicate the exact terms of the law which should be enacted; but I call the attention of the Congress to certain existing conditions with which it is desirable to deal. In my judgment the most important provision which such law should contain is that conferring upon some competent administrative body the power to decide, upon tL case being brought before it, whether a given rate prescribed by a railroad is reasonable ami just, and if it is found to be unreasonable and unjust, then, after full Investigation of the complaint, to prescribe the limit of rate beyond which it shall not be lawful to go the maximum reasonable rate, as it is commonly called this decision to go into effect within a reasonable time and to obtain from thence onward, subject to review by the courts. A heavy penalty should be exacted from any corporation which fails to respect an order ot the commission. Illegal transections often occur under the forms of law. It has often occurred that a shipper has been told by a traffic officer to buy a large quantity of some commodity and then after it has been bought an open reduction is made in the rate to take effect immediately, the arrangement resulting to the profit of the one shipper and the one railroad and to the damage of all their competitors; for it must not be forgotten that the big shippers are at least as much to blame as any railroad in the matter of rebates. The law should make it clear so that nobody can fail to understand that any kind of commission paid on freight shipments, whether in this form or in the form of fictitious damages, or of a concession, a free pass, reduced passenger rate, or payment of brokerage, is illegal. It is worth while considering whether it would not be wise to confer on the government the right of civil action against the beneficiary of a rebate for at least twice the value of the rebate;

this would help stop what is really blackmail. Elevator allowances should be stopped, for they have now grown to such an extent that they are demoraliz ing and are used as rebates. The best possible regulation of rates would, of course, be that regulation se cured ty an honest agreement among the railroads themselves to carry out the law. Such a general agreement would. for instance, at once put a stop to the efforts of any one big shipper or big rail road to discriminate against or secure advantages over some rival; and such agreement would make the railroad? themselves agents for enforcing the law. The power vested in the government to put a stop to agreements to the detriment of the public should, in my judgment, be accompanied by power to per mit, under specified conditions and care- . -1 il tui supervision, agreements cieariy in me interest of the public. All private-car lines. Industrial roads, refrigerator charges, and the like should be expressly put under the supervision of the inter state commerce commission or some sim ilar body so far ns rates, und agreements practically affecting rates, are concerned. The private-car owners and the owners of industrial railroads are entitled to a fair and reasonable compensation on their investment, but neither private cars nor industrial radroads nor spur tracks should be utilized as devices for securing preferential rates. A rebate in icing charges, or in mileage, or in a division of the rate for refrigerating charges is just as pernicious as a rebate in any other way. There should be publicity ot tne ac counts of common carriers; no common carrier engaged in interstate business should keep any books or memoranda other than those reported pursuant to law or regulation, and these books or memoranda should be open to the inspection of the government. Only in this way can violations or evasions of the law be surely detected. A systt-m of examination of railroad accounts should be provided similar to that now conduct ed into the national Danas Dy tne Dans examiners; a few first-class railroad accountants, if they had proper direction and proper authority to Inspect books and papers, could accomplish much In preventing willful violations of the law. I urge upon the Congress the need of providing for expeditious action by the interstate commerce commission in all these matters. The question of trnnsportation lies at the root of all industrial success, and the revolution in transportation which has taken place during the last half century has been the most important factor in the growth of the new industrial conditions. Most emphatically we do not wish to see the man of great talents refused the reward for his talents. Still less do we wish to see him penalized; but we do desire to see the system of railroad transportation so handled that the strong man shall be given no advantage over the weak man. We wish to insure as fair treatment for the. small town as for the big city: for the small shipper a3 for the big shipper. What we need to do is to develop an orderly system; and such a system can only come through the gradually increased ex ercise of the right of efficient government control. The Congress should provide, by appropriate legislation, for the introduction of block signals upon all railroads- engaged in interstate commerce at the earliest practicable date, as a measure of increased safety to the traveling public. The excessive hours of labor to which railroad employes in train service are in many cases subjected is also a matter which may well engage the serious attention of the Congress. Labor and Capital. The national government has as a rule but little occasion to deal with the formidable group of problems connected more or less directly with what Is known as the labor question, for In the great majority of rases these problems must be dtalt with by the state and municipal authorities and not by the national government. The national government has control of the DisI trlct of Colombia, however, and It should see lO it mat tue .-117 ui iiuuiuiuu is made a model city In all respects. There has been demand for depriving courts of the power to lssne Injunctions in labor disputes. Such special limitrtion of the equity powers of our corrts wjuld be most unwise. It Is vrue that some judges have misused this power; but this does not Justify a denial of the power any more than an improper exercise of the power to call a strike by a labor leader would Justify the denial of the right to strike. The renitlj Is to regulate the procedure by requir1m? the judge to give due notice to the adverse parties before granting the writ, th hearing to be ex parte If the adverse party does not appear at the time and. place ordered. , I rtnew the recomracadatUa I czz la

my tost annual message for ta investigation by the department of commerce and labor of general labor conditions, especial attention to be paid to the conditions of child labor and child labor legislation in the several States. Such. an investigation should take Into account tho various problem! with which the question of child labor U connected. In sueU a republic as ours the one thing that we cannot afford to neglect is the problem of turning out decent citizens. The future of the nation depends upon tat citizenship of the generations to come; the children of to-day are those who to-mrrow will shape the destiny of our land, and we cannot afford to neglect them. -

me department of commerce ana labor should also make a thorough Investigation of the conditions of women in Industry. Over 5,000,000 American .women are now engaged in gainful occnpatlons; yet there Is an almost complete dearth of data upon which to base any trustworthy conclusions as regards a subject as important as it is vast and complicated. There Is need of full knowledge on which to base action looking toward State and municipal legislation for the protection of working women. Tne introduction of women Into Industry is working change and disturbance in the domestic and social life of the nation. The decrease In marriage, and especially in the birth rate, has been coincident with it. We must face accomplished facts, and the adjustment to factory conditions must be made, but surely it can be made with less friction and less harmful effects on family life than is now the case. Iu any great lambcr disturbance not only are employer and eiaploye Interested, but also a third party the general public. Every considerable lalor difficulty In which Interstate commerce is Involved should, be Investigated by the government and the facts officially reported to the public. The question of securing a healthy, selfrespecting and mutually sympathetic attitude as between employer and employe, capitalist and wage worker. Is a difficult oue. But the underlying principles, the root principles, in accordance with which the problem must be solved are entirely simple. "We can get justice and rljbt dealing only if we put as of paramount Importance the principle of treating a man on Lis worth as a man rather than with reference to his social position, his occupation, or the class to which he belongs. There are selfish and brutal men in all tanks of life. If they are capitalists their selfishness and brutality muy take the form, of hard Indifference to suffering, greedy disregard of every moral restraint which interferes with the accumulation of wealth, and cold-blooded exploitation of the weak; or, if they arc laborers, the form of lazlnesj, of sullen envy of the more fortunate, and of willingness to perform deeds of murderous violence. Such conduct is just as reprehensible in one case as in the other, and all honest and farseeing men should Join in warring against it wherever it becomes manifest. Individual capitalist and Individual wage worker, corporation and ubion, are alike entitled to the protection f the lir. and must alike obey the law. Moreove?, Iu addition to mere oDedienee to the law, each man. if he bo really a goad citizen, must show broad sympathy for lis neighbor and genuine desire to look at any question arising between them from the standpoint of that neighbor no less than from his own; and to this end it is essential that cnnitalist and wage worker sbcuM consult freely one wua me otner, should each strive to bring closer the day when both shall realize that they are properly partners and not enemies. This government Is not and never shall be government by a plutocracy. This government is not and never shall be government by a mob. It shall continue to he In the future what It h-; been in the past, a government based on the theory that each man, rich or poor, is to be treated simply and solely on his worth as a man, that nil bis personal and property rights are to be safeguarded, and that be is neither to wrong others nor to suffer wrong from oth ers. Need of Insurance Reform. The great Insurance companies afford striking examples of corporations whose busijess has extended so far beyond the Jurisdiction of the States which created them as to preclude strict enforcement of supervision and regulation by the parent States. In my last annual message I reccmmended "that the Congress carefully consider whether the power of the bureau of corporations can not constitutionally be extended to cover Interstate transactions in Insurance." Recent events have emphasized the Importance of an early and exhaustive consideration of this question, to see whether It Is not possible to furnish better safeguards than the several States have been nble to furnish against corruption of the flagrant kind which has been exposed. It has been only too clearly shown that certain of the men at the head of these large corporations take but small note of the ethical distinction between honesty and dishonesty; they drew the line only this side of what may be called law-honesty, th kind of htuesty necessary In order to avoid falling into the clutches of the law. Of course the only complete remedy for this condition must be found In an aroused pub-, lie conscience, a higher sense of ethical conduct In the community at large, and especially among business men and in the great profession of the law, and in the growth of a spirit which condemns all dishonesty, whether in rich man or in poor man, whether It takes the shape of bribery or of blackmall. But much can be done by legislation which is not only drastic but practical. There is need of a far stricter and more uniform regulation of the vast Insurance interests of this country. The. United States should in this respect follow the policy of other nations by providing adequate national supervision of commercial Interests which are clearly national in character. Revenue and Expenditures. There Is more need of stability than of the attempt to attain an Ideal perfection in the methods of raising revenue; and the shock and strain to the business world certain to attend any serious change in these methods render such change inadvisable unless for grave reason. There must be something like a general agreement among the citizens of the several States, as represented in the Congress, that the change Is needed and desired In the Interest of the people as a whole; and there should then be a sincere, intelligent and disinterested effort to make it In such shape as will combine, so far as possible, the maximum of good to the people at large with the minimum of necessary disregard for the special Interests of localities or classes. Unless our expenditures can be kept wlMn the revenues then our revenue laws must be readjusted. . It should be considered whether it Is not desirable that the tariff laws should provide for applying as against or In favor of any other nation maximum and minimum tariff rates established by the Congress, so as to secure ? certain reciprocity of treatment between other nations and ourselves. Our Currency System. Every consideration of prudence demands the addition of the element of elasticity to our currency system. The evil does not consist la an inadequate volume of money, but In the rldlgtty of this volume, which does not respond as It should to the varying needs of communities and of seasons. Inflation must be avoided; but some provision should be made that will Insure a larger volume of money during the fall and winter months than In the less active seasons of the year; so that the currency will contract against speculation, and will expand for the needs of legitimate business. Purity of Federal Election. The power of the government to protect the Integrity of the elections of Its own officials Is inherent and has been recognized and affirmed by repeated declarations of the Supreme Court. There Is no enemy of free government more dangerous and none sft insidious as the corruption, of the elec torate. I Kccmmend the enactment or a law directed against bribery and corruption In federal elections. Such a law should include severe penalties against him who gives or receives a bribe Intended to influence his act or opinion as an elector; and provisions for the publication not only of the expenditures for nominations and elections of all candidates, but also of all contributions received and expenditures made by political committees. t ittl A.rinttimi In a rnnntr aa iu liuuuvai - . ------w large and populous as ours it is Inevitable that there should be much expense of an entirely leirltJ mate kina. lnis, or course, means that many contributions, .and some of thm of large size, must- be made, and, t matter of fact, in any big .political contest such contributions are always made to both sides. It is entirely proper both to give and receive them, unless there is an imnroner motive connected with either gift or reception. If they are extorted by any kind of pressure or promise, express or Implied, direct or indirect, in the way nt favnr or immunity, then the giving or receiving becomes not only Improper but criminal. If it is possible to secure by law the full ana venneu puoncauon in aeiau n tha anmft. contributed to and emend ed by the candidates or committees of any political parties the result cannot but be wholesome. - " All contributions by corporations to any nnitttcnl commute or for any political pur pose should be forbidden by law; directors should not be permitted to use stockholdura' money for such purposes; and, more over, a prohibition of this kind would be. cs far as It went, an effective metnod of stopping the evils aimed at in corrupt prac tices acts. The Cominaf Ilaarue Conference. h first conference of nations held at The Hague in 1), being unable to dispose

of all the brjplness before it, recommended 1 the consideration and settlement of a num-

Der or important questions by another conference to be called subsequently and at an eany Gate, in uctober, looi, at th instance of the Interparliamentary Union, I Issued invitations to all the powers signatory to The Ilague convention to send dele gates to sucn a conference and suggested that It be again held at The Ilague. From all the powers acceptance was received, coupled in some cases with the condition' that we should wait until the end of the war then waging between Russia and Ja pan. The Emperor of Russia, Immediately after the treaty of peace which so happily terminated this war, In a note presented to the President on Sept. 13, through Ambassador Rosen, took the initiative in -recommending that the conference be now called. The United States government In response expressed its cordial acquiescence. We assume that all civilized government! will support the movement, and that the conference Is now an assured fact. This renders it proper at this time to say something as to the general attitude of this government toward peace. A wanton or useless war, or a war of mere aggression In short, any war begun or carried on in a conscienceless spirit, is to he condemned as a peculiarly atrocious crime against all humanity. We can, however, do nothing of permanent value for peace unless we aeep ever clearly In mind the ethical element which lies at the root of the prob lem. Our aim is righteousness. Peace is normally the handmaiden of righteousness; but when peace and righteousness conflict then a great and upright people can never for a moment hesitate to follow the path which leads toward righteousness, even though that path also leads to war. There can be no worse foe or man Kino, in general, and of his own country In particular, than the demagogue of war, the man who Id mere folly or to serve his own selfish ends continually rails at and abuses other nations, who seeks to excite his countrymen against foreigners on insufficient pretexts, who excites and Inflames a perverse and aggressive national vanity, and who may on occasions wantonly bring on conflict between his nation and some other nation. But there arc demagogues of peace just as there are demagogues of war. and in any such movement as this for The Ilague conference It Is essential not to be milled by one set of extremists any more than by the other. xso ooject is better worthy the attention of enlightened statesmanship than the establishment of a surer method than now exists of securing justice as between nations, both for the protection of the little nations and for the prevention of war between the big nations. To this aim we should endeavor not only to avert blood shed, but. above sJl. effectively to strength en the rorces of eight. Tha golden rule should be, and a the world grows in morality it will be. the guiding rule of conduct among nations as among individuals; though the golden rule must not be construed, in fantastic manner, as forbidding the exercise of th police power. This mighty and free republic should ever deal with all other States, great or small, on a basis of hlsrh honor, i-esnectlng their rights as Jealously as It safeguards its own. Lxpoand 'the Jionroe Doctrine. One of the most effective instruments for peace Is the Monroe doctrine as It has been and is being gradually developed by this nation and accepted by other nations. No other policy could have been as efficient in promoting peaca in the western hemisphere and In dring to each nation thereon the chanco to develop along Its own linos. If we had refused to apply the doctrine to changing conditions It would now be com pletely outworn, would not meet any of the ueeas or tne present dar. and Indeed would probably by this time have sunk Into complete oblivion. It Is useful at home, and U meeting with recognition abroad because we have adapted our application of It to met the growing and changing needs of the hemisphere. That our rights and inter ests are deeply concerned in the maintenance of the doctrine is so clear as hardly to need argument. Thl3 Is especially true In view of the construction of the Panama canal. Ihere are certain essential points which must never be forgotten as regards the Monroe doctrine, rt must be understood that under no circumstances will the Uni ted States use the Monroe doctrine as a cloak for territorial aggression. We desire peace with all the world, but perhaps most of all with the other peoples of the Ameri can continent. Moreover, we must mske It evident that wc do not Intend to permit the Monroe doctrine to bo used by any nation on this continent as a shield to protect it from the consequences of its own misdeeds against foreign nations. If a republic to tne 60utn or us commits a tort against a foreign nation, such as an outrage acainst a citizen of that nation, then the Monroe doctrine does not force us to Interfere to prevent punishment of the tort, save to see that the punishment does not assume the form of territorial occupatlor-ln any shape. urges santo uouuugu Action. Santo Domingo, In her turn, has made an appeal to us to help her, and not only every principle of wisdom but every generous instinct within us bids us respond to the appeal. The conditions In Santo Domingo have for a number of years grown from bad to worse until a year ago all society was on the verge of dissolution. Fortunately, Just at this time a ruler sprang up In Santo Domingo, who, with Lis colleagues, saw the dangers threatening their country and appealed to the friendship of the only great and power ful neighbor who possessed the power, and ns they hoped also the win to help them. There was Imminent danger of foreign In tervention. The previous rulersof Santo Domingo had recklessly Incurred debts, and owing to her internal disorders she had ceased to be able to provide means of paying the debts. The patience of her foreign creditors had become exhausted, and at least two foreign nations were on the point of intervention, and were only prevented from intervening by the unofficial assurance of this government that it would Itself strive to help Santo Domingo in her hour of need. In the case of one of these nations, only the actual opening of negotia tions to this end by our government prevented the seizure of territory In Santo Domingo by a European power. Of the debts incurred some were Just, while some were not of a character which really ren ders It obligatory on, or proper for. Santo Domingo to pay them in run. uut she could not pay any of them unless some stability was assured her government and people. Accordingly the executive department of our government negotiated a treaty under which we are to try to neip tne Dominican neoDle to straighten out their finances. This treaty Is pending before the Senate. In the meantime a temporary arrangement has been made which will last until the Senate has had time to take action upon the treaty. Under this arrangement the Dominican government has appointed Americans to all the important positions in the customs service, and they are seeing to the honest collection of the revenues, turning over 45 per cent to the government for run ning expenses ana putting tne otner &d per cent Into a safe depositary for equitable division, in case the treaty shall be ratified, among the various creditors, whether Euro pean or American. This has completely discouraged all revolutionary movement, while It has already produced such an Increase In the revenues that the government Is actually getting more from the 45 per cent that the American collectors turn over to It than It got formerly when It took the entire revenue. Under the course taken, stabrilty and order and all the benefits of peace are at last coming to Santo Domingo, danger of foreign Intervention has been suspended, and there Is at last a prospect that all creditors will get Justice, no more and no less. If the arrangement la terminated by (be failure of the treaty chaos will follow; and if chaos follows, sooner or later this government may be involved in serious difficulties with forelm governments over the Island, or else may be forced Itself to Intervene in the island in some unpleasant fashion. . ' Army and navy Affair. We cannot consider the question ' of our foreign policy without at the same time treating of the army and the navy. We iio.t have a very small army Indeed, one well-nigh infinitesimal when compared with the army of any other large nation. Of course the army we do have should be as nearly ' perfect of Its kind and for Its size as Is possible. I do not b&ieve that any army in the world has a better average of enlisted men or a better type of Junior officer; but the army should be trained to act effectively In a mass. Provision should be made by sufficient appropriations for maneuvers of a practical kind, so that the troops may learn how to take care of themselves under actual service conditions. Our navy must, relatively to the navies of other nations, always be of greater size than our army. We have most wisely con tinued for a number or years to Düna up our navy, and It has now reached a fairly h!gh standard of efficiency. This standard of efficiency mnst not only be maintained. hnt increased. . It does not seem to me necessary, howsver, that the navy should at least In the Immediate future be Increased beyond the present number of units. What is now clearly necessary Is to Substitute efaclent for inefficient units as the latter become worn-out or as It be comes apparent tnat tney are useless. Reesnt naval history has emphasized cer tain lessons which ought not to, but which do, need emphasis. Seagoing torpedo boats or destroyers are Indispensable, not only for making night attacks by surprise upon an enemy, but even in battle for finishing already crippled ships. Under exceptional circumstances submarine uoats wouiaaouDiless be of use. Fast scouts are needed. The main strength of the navy, however. lies and can only Us in tne great Dame

ships, the heavily-armored, heavily-gunned vessels which decide the mastery of the seas. Heavy-armed cruisers also play a most useful part, and unarmed cruisers, If iwift enough, are very useful as scouts. Abuses In Maturallsation. During the past year evidence has accumulated to confirm the expressions contained in my last two annual messages as to the Importance of revising by appropriate legislation our system of naturalizing aliens. I appointed last March a commission to-make a careful examination of our naturalization laws, and to suggest appropriate measures to avoid the notorious abuses resulting from the Improvident or unlawful granting of citizenship. This commission, has discharged the duty Imposed upon It, and has submitted a report, which will be transmitted to the Congress for its consideration, and, I hepe, for Its favorable action. Breaches of Trust in Public Service. There seems to be no statute of the United-States which provides for the punishment of a United States attorney or other officer of the government who corruptly agrees to wrongfullv do or wrongfully refrain from doing any act when the consideration for such corrupt agreement is other than oue possessing mouey value. This ought to be remedied by appropriate legislation. Leglslatln shuld also be enacted to cover, explicitly, unequivocally and beyond question, breach of trust in the shape of prematurely divulging official secrets by an officer or empioye of the United Statt s. and to provide a suitable penalty therefor. Condition of Public Land Laws. Once again I call your attention to the condition of the public land laws. Recent developments jaave given new urgency to the need for such changes as will fit these laws to actual present conditions. The honest disposal and right use of the remaining public lands is of fundamental importance. The Iniquitous methods by which tne monopolizing of the public lands 13 being brought about under the present laws aro becoming more generally known, but the existing laws do not furnish effective remedies. The recommendation of the public lauds commission upon this subject are wise and should be given effect. The creation of small irrigated farms under the reclamation act is a powerful offset to the tendency of certain other laws to foster or permit monopoly of the land. The greater part of the remaining pubiic lands cannot be irrigated. They are at present and will probably always be of greater value for grazing than for any other purpose. This fact has led to the grating homestead of 640 acres la Nebraska and to the proposed extension of it to other States. It is argued that a family cannot be supported on ICO acres of arid grazing land. This Is obviously true; but neither can a family be supported on 640 acres of much of the land to which it is Proposed to apply the grazing homestead, "o establish universally any such arbitrary limit would be unwise at the present time. Merchant Marine Indispensable. To the spread of our trade In peace and the defense of our flag In war a great ami prosperous merchant marine is Indispensable. We should have ships of our own and seamen of our own to convey our goods to neutral markets, and in case of need to reinforce our battle line. Pensions for Civil War Soldiers. It Is a matter of unmixed satisfaction once more to call attention to the excellent

work of the pension bureau: for the veter ans of the Civil War have a greater claim upon us than any other class of our citi zens. To them, first of all among our people, honor is due. Seven years ago my lamented predecessor, President McKinley, stated that the time had come for the na tion to care for the graves of the Confed erate dead. I recommend that the Con gress take action toward this end. The Ininif arratlon Question. The question of Immigration Is of vital Interest to this country. In the year end ing June SO, 1903, there came to the United States 1,00,000 alien Immigrants. It is clearly shown in the report of the com missioner general of immigration that while much of this enormous Immigration is undoubtedly healthy and natural, a considerable proportion Is undesirable from one reason or another; moreover, a considerable proportion of it, probably a very large proportion, Including most of the un desirable class, does not come here of its own initiative, but because of the activity of the agents of the great transportation companies. e cannot have too much Immigration of the right sort, and we should have none whatever or tne wrong sort. Of course it Is desirable that even the right kind of immigration should be properly distributed in this country. We need more of 6uch immigration for the South; and special effort should be made to secure It. In actual practice it has proved so difficult to enforce the Immigration laws where long stretches of frontier marked by an Imaginary line alone intervene between us and our neighbors that I recommend that no Immigrants be allowed 10 come In from Canada and Mexico, save natives of the two countries themselves. As much as possible should be done to distribute the Immigrants upon the land and keep them away from the congested tenement-house dis tricts of the great cities. Rut distribution is a palliative, not a cure. The prime need Is to keep out all Immigrants who will not make good Amerlcrn citizens. The laws now existing for the exclusion of undesirable immigrants should be strengthened. Adequate means should be adopted, and enforced by sufficient penal ties, to compel steamship companies engaged In the passenger business to observe in good faith the law which forbids them to encourage or solicit immigration to the United States. Provision should be made for the surer punishment of those who induce aliens to come to this country under promise or assurance of employment. It should be made possible to inflict a sufficiently heavy penalty on any employer violating this law to deter him from taking the risk. It seems to me wise that there should be an International conference held to deal with this question of immigration, which has more than a merely national significance. The questions arising in connection with Chinese immigration stand by themselves. The conditions in China are such that the entire Chinese coolie class, that is. the class of Chinese laborers, skilled and un skilled, legitimately come under the head of undesirable immigrants to this country. because of their numbers, the low wages for which they work, and their low standard of living. Not only is It to the Interest of this country to keep them out, but the Chinese authorities dc not desire that they should be admitted. At present their entrance Is prohibited by laws amply adequate to accomplish this purpose, isut in tne enort to carry out the policy of excluding Chi nese laborers, Chinese coolies, grave Injustice ana wrong have been done by this nation to the people of China, and therefore ultimately to this nation Itself. Chi nese students, business and professional men of all kinds not only merchants, but bankers, doctors, manufacturers, professors, travelers and the like should be encouraged to come here and treated on precisely the same looting tnat we treat students, business men, travelers and the like of other nations. Uur laws and treaties should be framed, not so as to put these people in the excepted classes, but to state that we will admit all Chinese, except Chinese of the coolie class, Chinese skilled or unskilled laborers. Much trouble has come during the past summer from the organized boycott against American goods wnicn nas been started in China. The main factor In producing this boycott has been the resentment felt by the students and business people of Chln, by all the Chinese leaders, against the harshness of our law toward educated Chinamen of the professional and business classes. This government has the friendliest feeling for China and desires China's well-being. We cordially sympathize with the announced purpose of Japan to stand for the integrity of China. Such an attitude tends to the peace of tfce world. Adulteration of Foods. I recommend that a law be enacted to regulate interstate commerre in misbranded and adulterated foods, drinks, and drugs. Such law would protect legitimate manufacture and commerce, and would tend to secure the health and welfare of the consuming public. Traffic In foodstuffs which have been debased or adulterated so as to Injure health or to- deceive, purchasers should be forbidden. National Parka and Show Places. I call your attention to the generous act of the State of California In conferring upon the United States government the ownership f the Tosemlte Valley and the Marlposa ßlg Tree grove. There should be no delay in accepting the gift, and appropriations should be made for the including thereof in the Yosumlte National Park, aud for the care and policing of the park. California has acted most -wisely as well as with great magnanimity In the matter. There are certain mighty .natural features of our land which should be preserved In perpetuity for our children and our children's children. In my judgment the Grand Canyon of the Colorado should be made into a national park. It Is greatly to be wished that the State of New York should copy as regards Niagara what the State of California has done as regards the Yosemite. Nothing should be allowed to Interfere with the preservation of Niagara Falls In all their beauty and majesty. Pensions for L.lfe-Savers. I call your especially attention to the de sirability of givlflg to the members of the iifesaving service pensions such as are given to firemen and policemen In all our great

cities. It h nnjnst for a great ration Ilka, this to permit these men to become totally disabled or to meet death in the performance of their hazardous duty and yet to give them no sort of reward. The Philippine Islands. During the past year the Philippine Islands have been slowly recovering from the series of disasters which, since American occupation, have greatly reduced the amount of agricultural products below what was produced In Spanish times. The war, the rinderpest, the locu?ts, the drought, and the cholera have been united as causes to prevent a return of the prosperity much needed in the Islands. The income of the Philippine government has necessarily been reduced by reason of the

business and agricultural depression in the islands, and the government has been obliged to exercise great economy, to cut down its expenses, to reduce salaries, and In every way to avoid a deficit. It has' adopted an Internal-revenue law Imposing taxes on cigars, cigarettes, and distilled liquors, and abolishing the old Spanish Industrial taxes. The come derived from it has partly ni2de op for the reduction in customs revenue. There has been a marked Increase In the number of Filipinos employed In the civil service, and a corresponding decrease In the number of Americans. Improvements of harbors, roads, and bridges continue, although the cutting down of the revenue forbids the expenditure of any great amount from current Income for these purposes. Disturbances have all now been suppressed, and It Is hoped that with these lessons local governments can be formed which will secure quiet and peace to the deserving Inhabitants. The Incident Is another proof of the fact that if there has been any error as regards giving self-government in the Philippines it has been in the direction of giving it too quickly, not too slowly. The agricultural conditions of the Islands enforce more strongly than ever the argument In favor of reducing the tariff on the products of the Philippine Tslands entering the United States. I earnestly recommend that the tariff now Imposed by the Dlngley bill upon the products of the Philippine Islands be entirely removed, except the tanff on sugar and tobaccc, and that that tariff be reduced to 25 pe cent of the present rates under the DUgley act; that after July 1, 1900, the tirlff upon tobacco and sugar produced in the Philippine Islands be entirely removed, and that free trade between the islands and the United States In the prodacts of each country then be provided for by law. Problems of Hawaii. In my Judgment Immediate steps should be taken for the fortification of Hawaii. This is the most important point In the Pacific to fortify In order to conserve the interests of this country. Hawaii is too heavily taxed. Laws should be enacted setting aside for a period of. say, twenty years, T5 per cent of the Internal revenue and customs receipts from Hawaii as a special fund to be expended In the Islands for educational and public buildings, and for harbor improvements and military and naval defenses. Hawaii has serious commercial and industrial problems to reckon with; but no measure of relief can be considered which looks to legislation admitting Chinese and restricting them by statute to field labor and domestic service. The status of servility can never again be tolerated on American soil. Porto RIcan Affairs. I earnestly advocate the adoption of legislation which will explicitly confer American citizenship on all citizens of Porto Rico. The problems and needs of the Island are Industrial and commercial rather thaa political. Insular Affairs In General. I wish also to call the attention of the Congress to one question which affects our insular possession" generally; namely, the need of an Increased Ilberalltv in the treatment of the whole franchise question in these Islands. In the proper ut-sire io prevent tne islands ueing exploited by speculators and to havs them develop in the interest of the!? own people an error has been made In refusing to grant sufficiently liberal terms to Induce the Investment of American canltnl In the Philippines and in Porto Rico. We have been paying all Dosslble heed to th political and educational Interests of the islands, out. lmpcrtant thouch these ob jects are. It Is not less Important that we should favor their industrial development. Aduilfcfcloit to StnlvhouJ. I recommend that Indian Territorv and Oklahoma be admitted as one State and that New Mexico and Arizona be admitted as one State. There is no Justification for further delay; and the advisability of making the four territories into two States has oeen clearly established. The Panama Canal. The treaty between the United States and the Republic of Panama, under wLicli tut.- construction ot the Panama canai was male possible, went into effect with its ratification by the United States Senate ca Feb. 23, 1104. The canal properties of tue irencü canal company were trans ferred to the United t April 1001, oa payment of SiO.OOO.OCO to that company. Active work In canal construc tion, mainly prepnratory, Las been Sa progress for less than a year and a half. During that period two points utout the canal have ceased to be open to debate. First, the question of route; the canal will be built on the Isthmus of Panama. Sec ond, the question of feasibility; thvre are no physical obstacles on this route that American engineering skill will not be able to overcome without serious difficulty, cr tnat will prevent the ci-uiitloiion -i the canal within a reasonable time and at a reasonable cost. The point which remains unsettled Is ths question of type, whether the cacal shall be one of several locks above sea level, or at sea level with a single tide lock. On this point I hope to lay before the Con gress at an early day the findings of the advisory board of American and European engineers, mat at my invitation have ihhu considering the subject, together with the report or the commission thereon: and such comments thereon or recommeadations la reference thereto as may seem necessary. The American people are pledged to the speediest possible construction of a canal adequate to meet the demands which the commerce of the world will make upon it, and I appeal most earnestly to the Con gress to aid in the fuimiment of the pledge. Gratifying progress has been made during the past year and especially during the past four months. The greater part of tne necessary preliminary work has been done. Actual work of excavation could be begun only on a limited scale till the canal zone was made a healthful place to live In and to work in. The Isthmus had to be sanitated first. This task has been so thoroughly accomplished that yellow fever has been virtually extirpated from the Isthmus and general health conditions vastly Improved. In addition to sanitating tne Isthmus. satisfactory quarters are being provided for employes and an adequate erstens of supplying them with wholesome food at reasonable prices has been created. Hospitals hnve been estab lished and equipped tnat are with out superiors of their kind anywhere. During the past year a large portion of the plant with which the work Is to be done has oeen oraerea. u is connaeatiy believed that by the middle of the approaching year a sufficient proportion of this plant win nave ueen installed to enable us to resume the work ef excavation on a large scale. What Is needed now and without delay Is an appropriation by the Congress to meet the current, and accruing expenses of the commission. The first appropriation of $10.000,000, out of the $135,000,000 authorized by the Spooner act, was made three years ago. It is nearly exhausted. There is barely enough of It remaining to carry tha commission to the ecd of the year. Unless the Congress shall appropriate before , that time all work must cease, aud there will be demoralization of the forces, here and on the isthmus, now working so harmoniously and effectively, if there Is delay in granting an emergency appropriation. The Department of State. . I . recommend more adequate provision, than has been made heretofore for the work of the department of state. Within a few years there has been a very great Increase 'n the amount and Importance of the work to be done by that department, both In Washington ana auroaa. fiiner at home nor abroad- is there a sufficient working force to do the business properly. Our consular force shculd be classilicd, and appointments should be made to the several classes, with atthority to the executive to assign the members of each class to duty at such posts as the interests of the service require, instead oMhe appointments being made as at present to specified posts. Sufficient provision should be made for a clerical force la every consulate, composed entirely of Americans, Instead of the insufficient provision now made, which compels the employment of great numbers of citizens of foreign countries whose services can be obtained for less money. . Suitable provision should be made for the expense of keeping our diplomatic officers more fuUy Informed of what is being done from day to day In the progress of our diplomatic affairs with o..her countries. The lack of such information, caused by insufficient appropriations available for cable tolls and for clerical and messenger service, frequently puts our officers at a great disadvantage and detracts from their usefulness.