Plymouth Tribune, Volume 2, Number 42, Plymouth, Marshall County, 23 July 1903 — Page 1

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me ' Recorder' Office febOTs VOLUME II PLYMOUTH, INDIANA, THURSDAY, JULY 23, 1903. NO. 42

PLYMOUTH

BUNE.

1

THE UTE POPE LEO XIII.

Sketch of the Life of the D ceased Pontiff. EPOCHS IB AS HONORED OAEEEB. flli Great Ability Shown All Through Cl Life A Head of the Church He Did a Great Work Ills Career la Detail Ilia Dall Life. Theexceeding ability of the late pope, the genius which enabled him to transform a friendless church into a church having friemlj everywhere, lay in several great -qualities of mind. He had a patience which nothing could tire. He could wait months or year, as need be, until his time came. He had no delusions. Joachim Pecci saw things as they were, not as he would have liked to have them. He bad no aniraoai ties, fie believed it enemy an enemy on.'y " until he could makt him a friend, and he was always ready to welcome a friend. He recognized talent at once and never sooner Vinn in thru nnnncftl tn him A cnrwl was a good idea to him, no matter who proposed it, and he never committed the mistake of undervaluing the forces against him. He had that genius -which can tell what is possible and what impossible. As asüy as La cuuil wciclv others, so easily could ho weigh himself. He knew his own limitations. He was a great man among the great men of his day. He played a part amid ome of the most tremendous dramas of history, and he played it successfully. With no force of arms he made men wh ordered armies to obey him; out of enemies .hecreated friends; a church which he found the prey of all he left strong in the circle of her defenders. IxhjXHI will go down in history a-s one of the greatest among the long line of great men who have filled the papal chair. Personally the Im te pontiff was tall and slender, and his hair was snow white. His face had the kindliest of expressions, and Lis smile was ready when anything amusing was said. His keen wit was tempered by a -charitable wish not to wound the feelings of others. His manner was highbred and - finished, and he possessed a most charming courtesy, which placed all who saw him at their eivse. He loved to chat on literary topics, and to the last found pleasure in reading the great authors of antiquity. His -experience of life was so vast that his remarks were ful' of a quiet wisdom. He impressed every one who met him. His personal habits were simple to a degree, for he li veil the life of an ascetic. His industry And power for work were extraordinary, and the labor he daily went through while pope was enough to exhaust a much younger And stronger man. Chronology and Early Life. Joachim Vincent Raphael Ixxlovico Pecci, Afterward Pope Ieo XI 11. was Lorn March 2, 1S10, at Carpineto. He was sent to the Jesuit college at Viterbo in 1S18, where he . remained till 1S23, when he entered the Collegio Romano, jast restored by Pope Leo XII In i&S he took first prize in physics and chemistry. In 1S30 be was matriculated as a divinity student at the Gregorian university. In 1832 he won the degree doctor of theology and entered the College of Nobb Ecclesiastics, where those who design to .serve the pontifical government diplomat- , ically or administratively are trained. In IS37 be was made Siibdeacon, then deacon, then priest. In 1S3S he was made delegate or governor of tlie province of Benevento. 'In 1S41 he was appointed governor of Spoleto. In 1843 he was made apostolic nuncio, or papal embassador, to Belgium and titular archbishop of Damietta. In 1S45 he was made bishop of Perugia, where he arrived in 1S4C. In lS33be was made a cardi rial. In IS77 he was appointed camerlingo. - In 1878 he rras chosen pope to succeed Pius IX, deceased. Joachim Vincent Raphael Lodovico Pecci was the soil of Count Domenico Lodovico Pecci of Carpineto and Anna Prosperi BuzL The family to which be belonged came originally from' Siena. Its chiefs having taken sides with the Medici in the long struggle between Siena and Florence found it necessary to emigrate to the states of the church. They settled in Carpineto, a rugged mountain town nestled down between two great crags. Count Lodovico Pecci's wile was the daughter of a noble Volscian fam ily living in the ancient city of Cora, the modern CorL She brought with her a dower which notably increased the fortune of the family but she brought far more of extraordinary ability and strength of character. Joachim, or, as his mother always cdled him, Vincent, was the fourth on . - That Joachim Pecci should, under the training of such a woman as the Countess Anna, turn his attention to the church was only natural. .She belonged to the Third Order of St. Francis, aa association founded to bring men and women closer to the church.. From his, earliest jeamthe boy had been accustomed to seeing the brown habit - and sandaled feet of the brothers and to listening to the story of the life of St- Fran cis er Assisi, as told by his mother. These lessons were driven In when, in his 14tb year, his mother died in Rome and he fol lowed all that remained of her to her grave La the Observantine Church of the Forty Martyrs. n 1S23, wbcu at the Collegio Romano he gained the first prize in physics and chemistry at the end of the college year, he was choeen to defend in public against all objectors theses chosen from the subject matter of the three years' course. In getting ready he so overworked himself that his physicians absolutely forbade the trial, but the university granted him a certificate attesting Lis complete preparation for the test. While he was a student in the College of Noble Ecclesiastics; Cardinal Sala took the warmest fancy to the young scholar and pave him much advice of the greatest value. Cardinal Paca also admired Joachim Peed and recommended him strongly to Gregory XVI, who appoii.fi? him one of his domestic prelates and soon afterward the referendary to the court of Segnatura. He now had his foot on the first round of that ladder he afterward climbed so steadily. Cardinal Sala saw to it that Joachim Pecci was attached to the Congregation of the Propaganda, and Cardinal Lambruschlni, who was the pope's secretary of state, had him appointed official to many important bodies. He also placed him under the Immediate charge of the learned prelates (socn to be cardinals) Trtzzx and BranellL The superiors of this young man realized the character of the material before them, ad they reaped the weapon with exceed izz c-re. s Career aa Governor. Jcüün Pecci's first pecition cf lmpcrtinc3 rrzz that of governor cf Benevento, a cnzll territory situated ia tho midst cf x;Lt wi3 ths tigern cf Ncplrs. VtTtta lis French withdrew frcra Itz! y tl Naples v;- r- tcr.J to tl3 IuLir r::T-t3

pendent principälify in the midst of a kingdom. The men who had been foremost in their opposit ion to Napoleon had gradually become guerrilla and banditti, levying blackmail anil smuggling. They found their refuge in the high, and broken lands of Benevento until that state had become a menace to all about iL This was the condition of things with which this young man of 23 was expected to grapple. He went to Benevento and on the third day wan taken down with an attack of typhoid fever, during which he nearly died. The result was that the opposition,' which had been excited by the news of his coming, was killed by the sympathy which his illness called forth, and when he rose from his led be found all the people favorably disposed toward him. - Mfrr. Pecci was a man who might be depended on to make the most of such a state cf affairs. At the ceremony of laying the cornerstone of a new church in honor of Our Iady of Graces he had an opportunity of meeting all classes in the little state. The gratitude he felt for sympathy extended to him in his illness lent an additional charm to a manner and utterance always full of courtesy and high breeding. It was natural perhaps that the lawless element should suppose itself more than a match for the gentle ecclesiastic who in years was not much more than a boy, and whose physical weakness showed itself in the pallor of his face. The surprise felt at measures adopted by the new governor was no small part of the force which gave him the vio tory. One of the most dreaded chiefs cf the lawless bands who were smulers bandits or guerrillas by turns was Pasquat.e Colletta He had his center of operations in the Villa Mascambroni, where, with a 'hand of 14 men, each as desperate as himself, he levied blackmail on all about him. One morning bright and - early the people of Benevento saw this man, together with his whole kind, led through the streets in chains by the pontifical soldiers. The governor was inflexible; no intercession was sufficient to save those who were convicted of murder, robiiery and rapine. The execution of Paquale Colletta struck terror into the minds of those who had so long fattened on crime. But some offend ers against the law were those who should have upheld it. A nobleman of Benevento was one of the greatest smugglers in the land, and when the gendarmes threatened to search his castle he went in great wrath to complain to the governor. Vainly did Mgr. Pecci endeavor to convince his visitor that law must be obeyed by all The mar qui told the governor be would goto Rome and return with an order of recall for the young ecclesiastic who was upsetting all the established customs of Benevento. The governor smiled and asked, "Have you given this matter thought, my lord mar quis?" "Certainly," was the reply. "I fail to agree with you," replied the governor. "One cannot reflect too much in these matters. I shall therefore request you to remain here as my prisoner for a time." That night while the marquis was reflecting on the matter his castle was surrounded, and 23 offenders were captured. The reform of political and social evils did not take up all the time of the young governor. He devoted himself to a study of the economic conditions of his territory and decided that roads must be built connecting Benevento with the adjoining provinces of Molise, Terra di Lavoro and AvelUna He made a journey to Rome to confer with Gregory XVI and his ministers and returned with full powers. The road a were built. More than that, the taxes were reduced, and, brigandage suppressed, agriculture revived until commerce sprang into new life with the opening of new markets. Benevento was transformed and in less than three years. In May, 1S41, Mgr. Pecci was recalled from Benevento and appointed papal delegate to Spcleto. This sent him to Perugia, one of the hotbeds of the revolutionary societies, and here began a contest between Joachim Pecci and the organized opposition to the church, which was to be the

man's work for many years. The various secret societies which were born in Italy as the result of the disturbance following the Napoleonic invasion had all a common ob ject the attainment of social and political liberty. The efforts for greater liberty made by such societies as the Carbonari (the charcoal burners) took the form of an attack on the church. They believed that under no circumstances would the church lend itself to change, and they therefore determined ic destroy it if possible. Such a man as Mgr. Pecci would natural ly come to the front in such a fight. In Perugia, where he now ruled, he found the societies very strong. Welded together and given form, as these had been, by the genius of Mazzini, they were powerful and able enough to demand the greatest ability of the young ecclesiastic. He began in a thor oughly characteristic way. The old road leading up to the city from the plain was impractible for vehicles, and in 20 days Mgr. Pecci had built a new one. One of the first to use it was Gregory XVL who visited the old city and was received gladly by the people. The governor followed np the build ing of the road by a personal visit to every com mine. He examined closely into every detail of administration, informed himself of the needs of each locality, corrected abuses and removed incompetent officials. While he put down the secret societies whenever he could, he deprived them of their power over the people by making the reforms they talked about. He fostered agriculture and encouraged commerce, he se cured an inexpensive administration of the .a ws, and he put down lawlessness with a heavy hand. In one year he had reformed the town councils, gathered all the courts into ne building, established a savings bank, opened schools for the children and given new life to the college of Rosi Spello, of which the pope appointed him the apoatolio visitor. ; ' ' , Joachim Pecci was in his 33d year when Gregory XVI appointed him apostolic nun cio, or papal embassador, to the kingdom of Bel 2i urn. The embassador reached Brus sels and found that secret societies were represented there in force. When he ap peared at the court of King Leopold, he produced a most favorable impression. It was apparent that he was an accomplished jcholar, a well bred man and one who had not a little wit. . In the difficult task which was before him Archbishop Pecci had the benefit of the counsels of Queen Louisa Maria, who was a most devout Catholie. To protect the Bel gian Catholics against the opposition to them in trie Belgian parliament was the embassador's first doty, and, as usual, ha found a very practical way of going to work, ne began t ie visitation of the great Catholic schools atd Etlrred up tnosa who controlled them until it became known that more Work and better work was done ia them than in their rivals'. In the Collc-a cf CS. Michael he made his fciSucace especially felt. It tcitg directly under th.3 eyc3 cf tiT and mmister. When Terusia lost Its bishop, ITr. COtadiai. the city mri tad clergy petitioned that llr. Pecci be ppeinted to ta pica. Las reps con r --? 1 -e'ti 3 c"-"nt tit's arch

bishop could oe obtained, and Chi was given as soon as asked for. Before going to Perugia Mgr. Pecci visited England, fteland and France. He arrived in Rome when Gregory XVI was lying at death's door, and the letter which Leopold I had written could not be read by the pontiff. In that letter the king of the Belgians had urged the pope to make Mgr. Pecci a car dinal and had spoken very strongly of his services as a diplomat. The archbishop, bishop of Perugia, entered the old city on July 26, 184. Here he was destined to remain for S3 years directing his diocese, fighting the influence of the secret societies, encouraging education in every possible way and becoming, through his letters, the defender of the papacy among the Italian bishops. Diplomacy, his chosen field, was deprived of his serv ices for a long period. It is, however, a question whether Mgr. Pecci did not do more for the church from the quiet of his library by the famous letters he found time to write than be could had he served as an em bassador. On the 20th of February, 1854, Perugia celebrated the elevation of her bishop to the cardinalate, in which celebration all ranks and orders of society joined, for Car dinal Pecci was most popular even among men who did not belong to the church, and all delighted to do him personal honor. There was a similar tribute paid on the 17th of January, 1S71, when the cardinal celebrated his silver jubilee. . Elected Pope. Pope Pius IX appointed Cardinal Pecci camerlingo in IS77. This oflice gives its occupant charge of the temporalities of the church during any vacancy of the papal chair, and with it came Cardinal Pecci's residence in-Ilome. The j abilee of Pius IX had brought throngs of pilgrims to Rome, and the opposition of the government of Victor Emanuel to the papacy had thereby been much incre;ised. .In January, 1878, Pius IX died, shortly after Victor Emanuel, and with King Umberto there was to be a new pope. The question whether the Italian pvernnieut would allow a free election was warmly debated, and mans thought it would not. As camerlingo it was Cardinal Pecci's duty to make arrangements for the conclave in which the new . pope was to be elected. No opposition came from the gov eminent, and the preparations in the Vati can weut rapidly forward. On Feb. IS, 1S78, the CI cardinals present in Rome entered the apartments of the conclave. Prince Chigi, hereditary marshal of the church and guardian of the conclave, locked the door outside, and the cardinal camerlingo locked it within. Mgr. Ricci Parracciani, governor of the conclave, examined the inclosure so as to be sure there was no method of communication with the outside world. The conclave assembled in the Sistine chapel, in which C4 seats, each shadowed by a canopy emblematic of sovereignty, had been erected. The places taken by the four candinala created by Gregory XVI were marked with green hangings, all the others being purple. In front of each cardinal was a small writing table, and to each was given aschedulla, or ballot, in the center of which he was to write the name of his choice. A full two thirds vote was necessary for an election. On the altar stood a large chalice with its paten, &nd one by one the cardinals advanced, knelt before the altar and declared he chose tLe ns.n he considered most fitted Then, rulag he deposited his ballot on the paten. . Three scrutineers were chosen to count the ballots. On the first vote the name of Joachim Pecci appeared 3 times. On the second he received 33. On the third, taken on the morning of the 20th of February, 1S7S. he received 44 and was declared elected. The subdean, the senior cardinal priest and cardinal deacon approached the seat of Cardinal Pecci.

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BIRTHPLACE CT TUB POPS. s. Do yon accept the selection made of you as supreme pontiff of the Catholic church?" asked the subdean, and Cardinal Pecci responded. "I accept." The cardinals rose as the subdean knelt. "By what name do you wish to be called f" "By the name of Leo XIIL" . 'The announcement of the electfon was made in St. Peter's church by Cardinal Catterini. The coronation took place on the Sd of March in the balcony of St. Peter's. Leo XIII and the Italian Government. The great question in the minds of all men After the election of the new pope bore on his policy toward the Italian government. His predecessor, Pius IX, had never given np the claim to the temporal power of which he had been deprived, and it was soon seen that Leo XIII insisted as strongly on his rights as a temporal sovereign. In the first encyclical letter this position was taken in the plainest possible way. The pope also renewed the protests which Cardinal Pecci had made against the civil marriage, which had become the law of the land. From the first the new pontiff saw that the field of influence open to him was that of the peacemaker. He put himself into communication with Germany, offering his tasrtkx aa mediator between the government and the Catholic population, and these were accepted. He Interested himself in eastern nations. He complained most bitterly of the action of the Italian government, on the ground that priests were subject to military conscription; that the institutions of charity in Rome were no longer in charge of the church; that heterodox schools were opened; that the bishops had been deprived of all their functions and revenues, and that the' government had taken to itself the patronage of the dioceses. The Italian government was at that time lad by Prime Minister Depretis, a man to whom the idea of the temporal power cf the pope was an abomination. The ministar's policy was to deprive the papal goveminent of all power except in things spiritual. The diplomatic training and subtle bndn of Leo XIII enabled him to eae that his only chanca to influence the government cf Italy was by inSuencing that of other ecnnfri5, and his foreign policy became the l2adl5c motive of his reign. He restored, fcs cne cf his first acts, the hierarchy of Scotland, and he declared in the strongest way there could be no compromise with revolution. -

a& TVJFüary, IS79, deputations representing all Roman Catholic journalists arrived at Rome and were received by the pope, To them Leo XIII -poke strongly, outlining the policy they should take. In September of that year he, with marked liberality, threw open to the scholars of the world the treasures of the library of the Vatican. He wrote the encyclical letter on socialism in 1878, a letter which did much to win Prince Bismarck, and during 1871) he established the council of education for Rome. In 1880 thecelebration of the 25th anni versary of the coronation of Alexander, czar of Russia, gave Ieo XIII an opportu nity of reopening relations with the Russian court and of pleading the cause of Rus sian Catholics. He seconded 'this by proclaiming a solemn office of honor to the memory of the Russian saints, Cyril and Methodius, and in ISS1 he established a hierarchy for Bosnia and Herzegovina He encouraged the Greek college in Rome and enlarged it. He brought about concord be tween the papacy and the eastern schismat

pope rus ix ics, and the government of Turkey acknowledged the benefit derived. In Persia the efforts of Leo XIII were most successful, and in Japan he made his diplomacy felt. The famine in Ireland in 1j79 enabled Leo XIII to take a strong stand with the Irish people and to express his belief in the ult; mate success of their efforts. In 1SS4 Leo XIII convened a plenary council of the church at Baltimore. The archbishops were summoned to Rome to consult over the schema or outline of discussion, and as a result of the council strong ground was taken on the spread of infidelity, and the movement to form a great Catholic unirersity a the city of ashington was inaugurated. The Pope aod lllsmarck. The work accomplished by Leo XIII in Germany, because of the enormous difficulties he was forced to face, illustrated better his exceeding ability as a diplomat than any other during his reign. The op position to the Catholics as formulated in the celebrated Falk laws, so called from the name of Dr. Falk, their author, was the result of two movements antagonistic to e&ch other, yet working to a common end. When Pius IX called the council which put forth the dogma of Infallibility, Prince Chlodwig Hohenlohe and Dr. Joseph Izna tius von Dollinger formed a party among the Bavarian Catholics in opposition, which eventually became that .section known as Old Catholics. The distinguishing plank in their platform, to use a phnt.- n i.'rh thoroughly expresses the idea sougc i to be conveyed, was a denial of this dog m::. In point or fact this denial was ; .y an expression of opposition to the cla f tne papacy to temporal power. It -e de sire of Dr. Dollinger, who was the fains of the whole movement, that the pope should become the spiritual sovereign of the Cath olic world, and that he should, so to speak, modernize the theory of the papacy in ac cordance with the change brought about by the greater freedom of the people. On the other hand, the . Ultramontane party be lieved it was right for the papacy to insist more strongly than ever on all powers ever held by it. As we all know, the ultramontane councils prevailed, and the Old Catholics were thrown iuto direct opposition. Count von Bismarck, in his desire to es tablish an imperial government in Ger many with as much absolute power as he dared give to it, found himself face to face with the movement going on in men's minds in the direction cf greater freedom. lie sought and found in the Catholic church that sop which he might throw to the growling Cerberus of the people in order to divert their minds from what was being done. He took advantage of the Old Cath olic movement to increase the opposition to the papacy, and then to the Falk laws sacrificed the interests of the Catholics who were loyal to the pope. It was skillfully done, and Pious IX was powerless. When Leo XIII was elected, he found himself face to face with , the Falk laws, then in full force. But the oppression of the Catholics in Germany had weakened the hold of all religious bodies on the peo ple, and this in turn had given strength to the propaganda of the socialists. Leo XIII saw his opportunity and wrote his encyclical letter on socialism. Prince Bismarck found an ally where be least ex pec ted one. He was unable to refuse the help offered, and once more the prince chan cellor and the papacy were working side by ejdfi. From this as a start ipg poinj; Leo XIII, as the months rolled by, made ad vance after advance until Prince Bismarck, protesting he would not "go to Canossa," found himself before the castle gates. The Falk laws were abrogated, bit by bit, until they disappeared, and the triumph of Leo's diplomacy was completePope Leo's encyclical of 1891, In which he took up the socialism of the day in America, his action In the case of Dr. McGlynn of New York and the appointment of Cardinal Satoili to the post of papal delegate to America are too well remembered to cal? for more than a passing mention. Pope Leo celebrated two jubilees, the first in S88 in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of his ele vation to the priesthood, and thi cond in 1893 on the 50th anniversary of Ml being raised to the rank of a; ch bishop. ' , to Dally Life, . Pope Leo XIII passed the most of his time, while head of the church, in the Vati can, the official residence of the pontiff. In fact, it used to be said that he never left the Vatican for fear of being jeered by the Roman populace. It is, however, believed Lv many that he drove about the streets by nrght in a closed carriage. A few years ago, when his brother was dying in the Palazzo Barborinl, the pope went to see hid. The Vatican Is an enormous structure. It is said to contain 4,000 rooms. Its mueaum is one of the meat celebrated in the world. IV contains the finest statuary, greatest paintings and the most valuable fcochs, Icth printed and ia manuscript, that its oupants have been able to collect, and many of them are freely thown to visitera. Leo's slsepiii room was a lars, bare apartment, with a high aillnj end tiled Coor, unvexed by covetiaj cf any kind in the summer. ' Its 6ole contents ere caid to haye been ft small lirfi bestead, a. little

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table, a writing ttosk, a prleIeux anil a few chairs In winter time two or three rus were laid on the stone floor, aud the lod stead was shut off from the ccst of the room by a curtain. Leo rose every morning at aboBt'i o'clock, and in the dress of an ordinary priest said mass in his private chapel at 7. When this mass was finished. Another was said by a minor ecclesiastic, to which the pope listened rbile kneeling. These devotions lasted until 8 or U o'clock, when he partook of a cop of chocolate or coffee with bread, and then began the work of the day. He examined documents of various sorts and' dispatched such correspondence as awaited hit attention till IL " Then after partaking of a light broth, which sufficed till dinner time, came general business and the reception of officials and guests. This lasted until 2, when dinner was served accord ing -to the old Roman custom. This repast was not elaborate. It consisted of soup, boiled beef and vegetables, occasion ally a roast, a glass of B'iruitdy and sometimes a dessert of fruit. Traditional etiquette riiires that when in Rome the pope shall iat alone, so Ieo never had guests at his table in the Vati can. After dinner he slept for a short time, and later, I the weather wa fair, until his strength fated him, he used to walk in his garden. During his later, years he . was either carried in a sedan chair ordriven in a carriage. One of his guards always attended him, walking a few steps in the rear. Frequently a bishop or some important person with whom the pope wished to confer walked beside the chair or occupied a seat in the carriage. When the walk was over, such other business as remained undone was attended to. At 8 o'clock he received the newspapers, reading those printed in French and Italian himself, while those printed in other languages were translated to him. At 9:30 be performed his devotions. At 10 he took supper, consisting of soup and an egg, some salad and a little red wine. Then he withdrew to his private rooji for the night. During Lent his life was much more severe than at .ordinary times. He used to rise at 4 and say mass at 6. Before beginning this service he listened to a sermon by a Capuchin monk. The discourse invariably closed with the words "et redde spiritus." As they were Uttered the pope left the apostolic chair, supported by two cardinals. and kneeling upon the lowest step of the; altar repeated three times the last words of the monk. Then, robed in his violet vestments, he said mass. On Good Friday Leo used to pass almost the entire day in the church, and on that day he partook of only one meal, at 12 o'clock noon. Blaster Sunday was the great day of the year. The services in St. Peter's were always very imposing, and most of the ecclesiastical dignitaries in Rome had audience with the pontiff during the day. If there was any ill feeling between any of them Leo, used to make it a point to strive to heal the breach, and on one occasion, when two cardinals had declined to speak with each other for Bome time, he brought them together in a most characteristic manner, thereby undoubtedly averting a serious church scandaL - The pope was very economical In his personal expenses. Of his table it has been said that it did not cost more than fö or li a week. The Pope's Income. Leo's fortune, left to him by Pope Pius IX, was not less than $43,000,000. Much of this was used in purchasing Roman building bonds and in property investments, because the small rate of interest received from the Rothschilds and Blount was not sufficient. The subsequent shrinkage in value of these bonds reduced the aggregate of this large sum very considerably. The running income of the pope comes from collections known as "Peter's pence," Both Pius IX and his successor proudly declined to receive a cent from the $600,000 of the annual revenue which the Italian chambers ordered by the law of guaranties to be set aside for the pope, and which since 1870, when the temporal power disappeared, has accumulated in the Italian treasury. The origin of the name "Peter's pence" is British, for the voluntary tribute4 which the ancient kings of England raised for the papacy was known under the name of "S. Peter's penning." The collection of Peter's pence was not systematized until 1SS1, just after the first dismemberment of the pontifical states, by which 15 out of the 20 provinces wei taken from the pope. : Previous to that time the pontifical revenue had amounted to nearly tH,000,000 annually. Since 1870, when the temporal power disappeared, Peter's pence has been the only source of revenue, and the devotion of tiomaa Catholics throughout the world has tlv. xys been strong enough to meet' the necessities cf the case about tl, 500,000 a year. Though the pope is practically imprisoned within the walls of the Vatican, he ia obliged to provide from Peter's pence for the universal administration of the churches. Ho has to maintain nuncios in different capitals cf the old and new wcrld, to corr rpond with mere than 1,000 episcopal sees in every part cf the world, to cupport jnistionary work abroad, to maintain at Rome tha cor:rc3.tloa end schpoU and ecclesias

tical trTbuLaTs, fo pay lue cardinals salaries and those cf the dignitaries and other employees of the pontifical guard, and to keep in order the sacred churches, like St Peter's and St. Mary Major's, and to proserve intact and even improve the libraries and museums of the. Vatican. It is easily understood from this why lieo was personally so economical. Although the gross sum of Peter's pence is large, it is only by the most systematic expenditure thereof f,uit it is made to meet current expenses. Long before his death Leo notified his relatives that nothing should go to them out of the innumerable and precious gifts sent to him from every part of the world cn the occasion of his jubilee of 1S$. The only advantage he conferred upon any of his relatives so far as reported was the title of count upon his nephews, which helped them somewhat in contracting advantageous marriages. Of the total amount of Peter's pence, two-thirds have come from France of late years. Italy Las not produced more than 15,000 lire (3,000). The offering is free and anonymous everywhere. Collections only take place twice every year in the churches. On some occasions a supplement of revenue comes to the pope as, for instance, on one 1st of January, when he officiated at what wassailed his "Golden Mass," he received more than $600,000 in fees. " Leo as a Writer. Pope leo XIII wrote a great deal dur ing his life, mostly Italian and Latin verse When he desired to write, he used to lock himself up in his room and allow no one to disturb him. His abstraction was so great that he used to wipe bis pen upon the sleeve of his white soutane, and his faithful bodj servant. Centra, lived in morbid terror lest his master should1 be seen in this spotted state, and on days of audience personally examined him, ready to invest him, if necessary, in a clean robe. Much of his verse was of course religious in its character, though not all. In rhythm it is Virgilian, being sauve, elegant and oi easy, smooth phrasing. "His epigrammatic poems," writes one familiar with the pon tiff's writings, "are light, lively and strike where they ought, but they have not poi soned barbs. "One of the verses has this subject: A youth asked one day for an audience and avowed that his life had been too free for virtue. The holy father advised him to retire to a convent for some time and to ban ish from his mind every thought that could defile it "This is a prose rendering of what he wrote: 'Floras, my child, a furious fever burns you; a foul plague softens your body and your souL You have been drinking, and without shame, of an infernal and poi sonous cup. It U the cup of Circe. It evokes in your mind images of animal bestiality. If you care to be saved, fly from the siren's song and from the inhospitable shore. Take good courage and fight temptation while fleeing from it. If jou do, God will fight for you and look on you with a favorable eye. Already the hideous serpent, full of rage at the prospect of defeat, plunges into thl black waters of the Styx. Floras, my son. be saved.' " Stories of Leo XIIL Joachim Pecci was of a most impressive presence, even when a young man, and in his old age, when pope, be seems to have been positively awe inspiring. Most read ers will remember the reports of the meet ing of the pontiff and the young emperor of Germany a few years ago. The Teutonic monarch, who bad never before been abashed, so far as the records go, was as timid as a schoolboy before the serene, white haired old man, who, though his rule was entirely spiritual, was the acknowl edged head of the greatest division of the Christian church. His personal appear ance i3 thus described by one to whom anaudience was accorded in 18Ü3: "He was tall and slender to attenuatioa His visage was an almost flesh less mask, his complexion of a waxy pallor, but his eyes were clear and luminous. He would be ascetic of look under one aspect and penetratingly keen uuder another, but the general one was of sweetness -and kindli ness. Judging from his face and general appearance, the first impression given by him was that of a man largely endowed with common sense. The full, broad brow likewise indicated a brilliant intellect, and the passing smile which occasionally flitted across a countenance worn as if with much care spoke rather of melancholy than of mirth." At an audience described by an American who was present all fell upon their knees when the pope came in, but at a sign from one of tho monsignores, who acted ascbam berlain, all resumed theirnlaces. With a me chanical air the pontiff, after bowing, began talking with the man who sat nearest the door. Individual intuitions were followed as to etiquette' by all present - When the pope gave his hand, some raised it to the forehead and others to the lips; others, fall ing on their knees, kissed the cross on the pontiff's foot One man shook the pope' hand heartily. There was no talking except between the pope and these to whom he found time to give attention. No one was passed entirely unnoticed end in one C"i3 in which a pcyj

woman cried with a sob in her voice. "O holy father, give your blessing to our son!" T iwi'u itrou Tv lira rnfTncvl n-itVi Idiif snil YiM

bent over her and talked for some time. One woman tried hard to impress him with her own importance by declaring that the cardinal in her town was a great friend of hers. When the round of the room bad been completed, the pope stepped into the center of the apartment, and making the sign of the cross in the air gave the apostolic blessing and retired. The audience was at an end. Leo was often annoyed by anonymous communications, and it was his custom to give to them as little attention as possible. On one occasion, shortly after he was made pope, he received one in which severe criticisms were passed upon the papal bodyguard of nobles. He had not read more than half a dozen lines when, calling to the officer on duty, he handed the letter to him, saying: . "I have not read It through. Peruse it if you like and then throw it in the fire." Great alike in great things and small, the late pontiff had the royal faculty of forgetting neither persons nor things. InlSS7all the old pupils of the Convent of the Sacred' Heart at Belgium, to whom he had distributed prizes in 1S43, when he was papal nuncio at Brussels, united in sending him an address. Glancing over the signatures, he recognized the name of one who, when a girl at the convent school, had won the "ribbon of honor," a very rare distinction. At once he made inquiries about her later life and sent her a kind message recalling her school days and her reception of the ribbon of honor. i us TOE VATI CAS. Leo was noted for the attention he used to give to missionary fathers who went to Rome from their distant fields of labor to obtain audience with the bead of the church. His information regarding the status of the Catholic church iu the United States was notably full and accurate On one day he gave audience to a bishop whose diocese included a large portion of Alaska, a priest whose work was conducted under the burning skies of Borneo aud a native Syrian, newly ordained as a priest, whose lield was located not far from the scenes of Christ's life on earth. Of the details and difficulties of the labors of each of thee three fathers the pope informed himself accurately, and to each he mode suggestions that were of much practical value. Rome, July 21. Pope Leo XIII Is dead. The last flicker of life expired at four minutes past 4 o'clock yesterday afternoon, and the pontiff now lies at rest The pleuro-pneuinonia with which his holiness bad been suffering was scarcely so responsible for his death as that inevitable decay of tissue which ensues upon 03 yea: a of life. The tested steel which had fcent bo often before human ills was bound to break at last. The emaciated and lifeless frame which held so brave a spirit lies on the bed In the Vatican beside which almost all the world ha3 prayed. i Was 'ot an Easy Death. Pope Leo's . final moments werv marked by that same serenity and devotion, and, when he was conscious, that calm intelligence which is associated with his twenty-five years' pontificate. Iiis was no easy death. An hour before be died, turning to Dr. Lapponi.and his devoted valet, Pio Centia, he murmured: "The pain I suffer is most terrible." Yet his parting words were not of the physical anguish that he suffered, bet were whispered benedictions upon the cardinals and his nephews, who knelt at the bedside, and the last look of his almost sightless eyes was towards the great ivory ciucifix hanging la the cleats chamber. Practically all the cardinals now in Rome, kneeling at the bedside, watched the passage of his soul.' Earlier In the day Cardinal Serafino Vannutel'd had impressively pronounced the aofcolution in articulo mortis. The condition of his holiness varied from ago ay to coma... Wishing to relieve him Dr. Mazzonl suggested that morphine should be administered, but Dr. Lapponl did not agree, fearing- chat the end miglit be quickened. During his closing hours the pope's mind lived in the past, except when he had a lucid Interval. At one time thinking of some grand ceremony of the church, apparently, he said: "What crowds! What devotion! My dear people!" Then recurring to some time when the weight of official care was heavy he murmured: "Oh, the weight of these robes. Can I hold out until the end?" Next the close of some controversy seemed to come to him and he was heard to say: "The consistory Is over! They can reproach me no longer! Howmany faces of all kinds! How many foreigners! The church is triumphing!" To Oreglia, In a moment of consciousness, he said: "To your eminence, who will so soon seize the reins of supreme power, I confide tbo church In these difficult times." This was his last utterance, except that when' Blsletl asked his blessing he granted It and added: "Be this my last greeting," Of the death. Dr. Lapponi said: "It was resigned, calm and serene. .Very few examples can be giren of a man of such advanced asre- after so exhaustive an ilncss showing such supreme courage In dying. The pontiff's last breath was taken exactly at four minutes past 4. I approached a ' lighted candle to hLs mouth three times, according to the traditional ceremonial, and afterward declared the pope to be nrw mnrp T t h nrv on t tr Infot-m fur. dinal Oreglia, the dean of the eacred college, who Immediately assumed full power." ; ' :