Political Beacon, Volume 4, Number 18, Lawrenceburg, Dearborn County, 13 February 1841 — Page 1

Ii f if TED OMTICAIL EAC l: v PUBLISHED BY MILTOX GIlEdG. I volumh iv. LAW 1 1 l XC E I) URC 1 1.5(1 A -STAT UIl D A Y, FEIiHUAKV 1 1 I ivumheii is.

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tiikms. ro Ioi. i.ARs ill ndx.mre or within three twrniths nfirr the roniiiiiirim,Mit ol" the year, or Two D.ii i ns nml 1'iktv Ci rs, within six ni nul,., and Timkr (oi.i..r after the expiration of the year, will he required from Country Kuhst i tiers, anil tlne who receive their papers by mil. TttO )o t.kRS AMI KlFTV Cl.TS in ndv aill'C. pr within three in mt'n after snli-rriluii, fi.nl Thru--. Ioi urs nrter the expiration of tiie VU, will lie exerted 1 r.uii town subscribers. .o s it,rrijni in Liken for 1mi:iu six months.. A f tih.re in n uifv rt lisomnniiance at the end ftli tpi, snWnlicI for will In- roiiMdcrrtl as a new enga -pimuit . Ali'.cttiT-to IV IMitor must be post paid. TuilMSnK A In I R 1 ISl Mi. Tw i' o 1 ims or les, three in-rnnnis, one dollar, and tw muv-fn rents for r i-!, ahluinnnl ini'iion. ItOiiiT al. f ni sconcnt s in tin- same proportion.

MT.r.c ii or mix. . ii. s.iu rjs. or ivihaw. .1 IMMU II AMI lTl. Mr. SMITir, ofln.li.tnn, s u'.l: Whilo t!. oricinal hill sraiitin; pre-emnt iott to aetn il ;

Mt1er the onlv giic-tion heforo thu Sen-! Senator Iroin South Car jliu t (Mr. Calhoun) ; tl!Slied ; tnaklllS Ml t!iC nU legale one IilJtlntp, I felt no deire to iy n w ord upon il ; j il' predicated a portion 'if his remarks upon i tired and sixt v-tl;reo million the hundred lint inee the proposition of the sri,:,t..r I ,,,,'t ':J ,,,r l,",l''"4- ! re aicain I am eotn-' thousand arres. l'rom this deduel for from Kentucky, and the amendment to that , P--.,ed ..d,.. .t .a M Iron, the po-itio,,s . is pti t ocl prants, many of which are hrce erooo-ition siihn.itted hv the Senator from -" ttiiwtf Senators. Itseeni'to rue I i .1 1. e.i . 0 '

k,tl, Cri:.,:.. have f,-i,lv l.,.,.., l.,-.,r.. i the Senate for discussion the whole subject of the public: l.tn 1, I have come to the colirlusion that it mi rht he rj t ied of me to take some part in thr debate. And, sir, permit tut' to ty that 1 enter upon this disrusion with the more pbvinirc, because I !iaa not the lrtsl idea that the ipie-tion w ill be ett 1 at thi- esion, now half t r.pired, mi I b-eaiisn I fee! not only w illing but anxious that tit v enliiaeiit shiinld be fully know n by the lYo;do of my State before the tictl ,eio'i of t'onrress, durin which I hop to "e t!n w !ioh s.hjeet ami.' ihly an 1 fin illy arranged: fi', -ir, if I know myself, I de-ire to represent, en this oeeaion, and upon all othr siihjeets, hoth the interest and w ishes of my St ate, aid to tiling wishes nn ! that interest I will al all times, on all 'piesiinns of ctpcdienei, conform lay own action hrr. as hir re pre -en I ili e, w ith irre it ti anre. 1 have ai l lhat I consider the hill an 1 the proposed .mini dments :n hrin.--itiif tl hole siihieet before the Senate : for. . s"- 1 ir, cannot n rree with the Si nator from . .Missouii that they are ine I'lurrnons ; I ionsidrr theni entirely yrriieiin, and leiritiinate-; t connected, both for nr-.et.t and lot.,-, la,,o,L The h.,le subject may well hour-. ran-.-efl in a m , e bill ; an-l ns the b i-i' of such h h II mii't inelud the priiieip c s o!

onsn, h-th of the prop-el amend,,,, nts. it;;'"- ""i I.U..I iUestioll ; is entirely proper that t'.ey should be .Us- , ' h? ci.s-sm w Hi thrt ori.'inal proposition. , !!, tn t l it i eisS d Stales. I lihcts iire . Previous to the views which I intend to ! foliowi, upidlv; and in a f,W Veals more , .i.bmit upon thi, snhieet. the Senate uillall t he P, es, nt S1 S'ate in the valltfv ' i l t. ..t;,... the elosin - remark-of c , ! ill i, :. ,i

mrdon in if I ti.it ic" the rl.i'in; remar-i-ol T thr Senator from Arkan.is, ( M r. St.vi lrO , who bit just taken bis eat . That !"enator, i tkiu4- as be cener illy .docs, rlear, cm".,- ' nion-e.ne view of the rel itioti between j rnne aud effect, has ju-t t'dd n- that the in-coining party inisi no somei mn io meec th etoeetat i.u.s of the Peoide; that it must lirine n; and snpporf new- measures ; that it ; tnut not sit down in the seats of the ont-iro-in; parly an 1 foi l its arms; lhat the People hare been led to believe that new measure were to be adopted. ; that the doctrine of the out-toin,.' p irly were to dep irt with tie m in their retin l ie il ; that the measures iim l. r v hi h li e (Joveraiie nt In been a imini-t. red were ho-tiie to the interest of the People ; and. s-iys the Senator, if there shall bete. r.hn-e, the days of the in-comin or II mtis ei putty are nnmhered it will so out at the end "of four year- by a I.tr.er majority than it came in. I enliri 1 V conei. r w it h t he Sen itor in his po itio-', an 1 thank him for the honpty an 1 candor of the adnii--ion he has .iiade;h.' has hnne-tly and eo:i bi-ivi ly mlvd the mystery which surrounded the resent result of the piliti'-al c imp ii.ll in the miu Is of some Senator", aril esp.riaily 1:1 that of the honor tide Senator from M I- -I'lri. (Ml. IIimi.s. ) w i,o .1. 1 ired, a h w d n-;iu". that the rv s,l: w a a to sti rv l.e i en! I not iiu.b r't i. id. Tb'1 Senator from Arkan- iperle. tlv un b r-t an 1- it, an 1 I iie nr w ith bim that, if tl..' in-' omia ; p irty p-irsii. s the same line of i-.-ner il pohcy that w i the rulin,' policy of Mr. V-n I! ir. n, i'- days will be numb-red ; it day . mi.'l.t lobe nnai'orr I. The People h iv condemned that polithi V 1 ne w 1.1 .1 tiiat tl.o-e w ho s,,part it '! .11 no loll., r Idl the 1,1. In -l o... es i :.. i .1 I r v i;i v . i i . I. 1 in at a lifT. r t.t o!i. y -h ill prevail ; they have s,.. b . ted th. ir a.elits for the J l.-po-e iiiv- out a d ilh'i cut p .lie ; th i a r. 1. . ... f I., .lo .... and it would lo ol arr -nts -t in I a direct Violation ol t.t it I. to the Peo lo to r. I'.se to . .ml. .mi to th. ir w .11 It would be sin h a t r i h ol la it I, a, on sd.l to number the days of tho ' who should pn -llllie Upoll s'l.h a din-.r.us ilp. rin. .nt I tru t, how.wr, II, ,t th.re i no c in-e for alarm from au

r thi i-.t. I ...... Iv ....tici"- ,'l """. .s ...... th. r.m.rk ... the . nat-r tos.y that 1 h..,r-i I"""1 "' " !" ' - ' tdv.mi.ur with h. ,. and, -."tar as I am j ''ce, " 'r as havens yet heard

on. i rn d, th h irn lo.Il haienoappliea - ti..n. . ...il rli ..f the Senator I mu-t l.ri fly let ice ns to i ni." ti r ill I'" i am in i '"i . . ... r. ...1 1. 1. 1 1 I understood 'be m ti ii ir v y that the S. nator. from the old Statehad u.iilornily voted -low., every prop". iti"n from the tie w Stales in w hu Ii tbey " ll any int. r. -t. .-1 i... i. ...i I Hi re Mr. Sr. im rose an , S 1 IH II' " e m: Ic '. Vi r ll I xre.tioh I So I und- r-t.iod the Senator, but I do not f.. ili.p.i. d to bt the remark pa-, evil with the rn . pliotis, as I do Hot think it do. -in. th e t.i the ri.at..rs It on the old Stat". J ...

ns they are rail. .T."'tlww man;- ."i''":,,"r ihe bill of tho Senator from South Carolirmnpo fhi b'.Jv. ir . ."I he a n- . i. );( j(;, ,.,,,,,, : , ,., 'phis extract w II two; of that ti'ifliher osily tirt ti-.-ti t- fr,,mL(,,,w t. ,,,,tv . I" the public. hnrUove,

thr Iiew States- o rullnl. VM -ft. "ir, ''' not Ihe Sfnat..c..T..id. oth thr. pre-",..p lion mid graduation l!U WfM. rn n.ea'.irc ! Ar.) l.nw ronlj tl ri-w Mulf, .'. "bur

ei .-htecri t;n mbcr--, ., c p-.ssed any hill on riltu r of t(i.io subject without tin- vote of S .inters from tho old State? And still these hills have again ami again passed the Senate with the votes of Senators from the ol I ami in w States. An.!, sir. I . ami it lot tlir nrrii!i,i pan w ,'t!n.iit iloin : to Senators

Ironi (he old States jn-ti.'e o l.ir a- tn v t it, ! i. e oi. erned. I lino fie.pieiitlv. -in. i hae I een a ineiiiher of this ho ly, f. 1 1 t he ! kin.t ai l an. I -upp.u-t ol man v of t he Sen .- i.ms iron, ine oi i m s on -a'oei ts ot vital .. .... i .i . .. i. . ' . .... ."ion1 a. i i iit-e p one e-ii ip to mv S.at., h,o. : .., S,- :, ' i ' " 1 come from Senators from the Soulho-ti ra States d. situated aj low St ites. It allords me crreat ph a-ure to ecopt front this remark tin Senator from Ark.in- i. So, ;li n,. of the repre i tit itixes of cue (.f t h(. nL,v , St ites, H iini no eartieio if ;.m ii,.,

. i "' "i i i.oii; iii.ii . 'veil .i , iiirrcw ! I II ....K.ir.n ii pheatton of the remarks of that Senator. p.,oars ,!1:,t, on the first of Jann.iw'L"'I tie Senator Iroin Arkansas alo intimated .1 :. . .i s-.. f . ,

!,... ,i . ... . ,, , ; that the new States would he str-ni' i iiough to make tlirir own law on tliis sulih rt, Avithotit the aid of (lie other State of this IHion. This he thinks may taUe 1. hire . ' :r eiclitem hiin.lrc.l ami lift v. l i e thai the Senators overlook a most imnnrl.nl ! .. . . . r - 1 10T tit. i .... . in 1.1,1, 1 in ,irrie ai tneir rone uision ; hat is. that the St ilea are becoming old ; fister thin new; or. in other words, "that ! the old St iles are increaJinrr faster than t lie new ones, I use the words, "old" and "new" in their con'int d acccntat on. . .... . If t!ie .Senators consider r.ll now k'j:..tns ! that have I, en. and that inav be. admitted into .he Tnion since the ..doption of the Federal Constitution, U.rv are ripht: l.ut1 that s no! the u. they .lesire to tnakc of the terms; they refer 'lo Slates havin a i border intrresi' i ..,.. .-r,. ;.,, itorder interest in common. ol tneir frontier situation, and tiie ijuantity of public I mils within their limits. In this sense, dues it not strike those Senators that the danger is the other way? that tiie old Slates must increase in tin; proportion! and tint tiie pow er to control legisIition on this subject must ultimately, unless settled soon, 1 e with thorn? It looks so to 111', nil i I have heard no argument t, shake til S Vi",.Vljf the caSO. How .., Ml . ,e (.aS(, w ; t j , ();,;0f H:w wilil , ,- ? .... , , . . . , fr',.Phri to , 1 1 1 1 j i i.. Him W:i9 , ; . .,',;.' , , , c hind iiuestion (re of toe t in led Snitcs, and not even,. tho Westot,n of ihe old States, iivliie sfonsc I am thst'iissiiio the subject. Is it, then, wise in the Senators from the extreme frontier, oT ihc Stales called the new Males to r.nso any question lounuou upon local considerations exclusively, ol, this ' oreat I tnd m slum : I sab, nit these re- ! miiks in a sp lit of kindness, for tlu-se Senator-. o::: iai,l a!I, know thai I have ever si. mil by them wie n tho inlen s! of t'l.'ir Stall s was in ipiosbo'.i. 15 l', sir, I m is; be pir l.en d for s iyin' tint 1 never hear those local an 1 d.-c 'tninating ipiest n!'S I.it.-.te 1 here or cl.-i W !ieie, when i!ev can p-i-s b!y he avoided, wit', out a ib-ep sense ut'the .uip! i eu iety i.flhe course. I. ei us reni' in'.i1 r tint we are brethren of the si.i.e family, emhaiked il, the same yesisf , In.' in. I to the same p., id. het us ;i"V r forgot our mnlto. "United weshuid, divided we fa!!!."' We must have confidence in each t.tiici'. Deriving out c.vs'rue.1 fiom tho sune tare, united by the -f;ie p itiiotie hive of cottntty, acknowl-. edj no the same Supiene; lh'.no, and eiicish'mo the s itne free cons; it utiouai I'm in of government, sliould we not hive lull coiiii.lonee in oach other, and should we not avoid every thing calculated tn excite angiy fellings or engender section., i l.i.siihto s t oi ay not become me lo lector" older S ui alius oi, this subj.'i t, but I s'i ill ,i st tny defence on tiie imp. nt ' nee i f the po-'t'on, and the inipn ss on it h is made mi my m nd. I will d gi'-ss no further, but take up the subject und' r con sider it on, as I had originally intended hebee was decoyed I'm,,, the path by the ' remi.ks of the Senator fiom Arkansas, ' whhh I h ive thought proper to notice. ! While we d lV- r upon many points runi necled with tl,., !?nd question, we all concur in the magnitude ...'"the subject, and There is r ; -'imnm, . .v ,.. es,, , t.i.u t, in-.- p-

ety, nay. more, Ihe necessity, ol settling... ,.,: ,,,u , ..mnteil hv these

the whole matter so soon as it can be done : .... r ... . i ... . 1 1 i i ... i saiiSLicioi uy id an. t.pon I no mag in i nun , ,)10 sll!,1(.et am , ronscuuent connex ion with tho legislation of Congress, and tho diversified into, ests of tho Slates in all their varieties, the Senator from South I Carolina commented at hi rue: and, as I do i-i . n it ilesign travelling over the s um ! giOllll'l lint other Senators have o cupied, where I concur with tin ,n, I shall content tnvsi If hv rea.bn.r all i'tlr;ul Iriini tho rion.t ihe Committor on I'.ibbe. I ,auds, tn w hu piaiitity I me wh't'h ur legislation extendi. And ! toad it to the Senate that it may be fresh i:i the recollection of Setntoti when I al-

hide lo it in my remarks. The report says: "It appears from a report of the Commissioner of llm General Land Oflicc (see Dor. !(,, 3rd Hess. --..th Cons.) that the whole quantity of acres of the public do-

mam on mo .tin'i ep(em her. to 1 , v!.i -a the liithan title wis not extinguish 7 ed, a up ui iited t o seven hiifulied and.sixtv x millions ill round numhers. There wf-rc at the sinm tmir, as appears ly the; . . i si . ... s" rPt. in the States ami Torrm.nrs tire l.tWKtic.l and nineteen millions of aor.-s to whVh tlic Indian title was CXlin-j "ii. .s making the whole puhlir. domain j i l the ao'MO "".?' O Of 'll'lt limc to he ten hu nd red and eioldy-u'r" million1? of acres, It.. .1.1 1.-7.1 i -,,.t ' ini n: wilt iii un,. oc w r ates one litllK red -i r r n- n ""'- ...i.. t.i'i-.'.i in llilin HI .M ils! Ill I I'M t!ie In dian i ;tles were extinouislied, and tlilll on fun linndird thousand acres ' tue Mid an title w is not extin- " " '"".V 1 ' 'C 1 'Ovrimcnt may ..... nnf lr established, three millions and a l"lf f"cs; wl.icli would leave one hnn,,rt:(I nl si.y millions subject to the opernimti hi ihi& hi I I . r '.. I ration of th.i hill, (Mr. Callioun's amend mont;) being less tlan one-sixth of the whole pnl.Pc domain.' W ..riii rend the above cxtracX. and . . . f : . . "r . tnajrn.tuue ot the s""f rt . n,,tIrr O"i''-'":oii? I listened ! ,c b'-"a"r , Sol,,1, rolina, (Mr. wI"' I"" lr ;,.vl"- ,IC i"Prtancc nf 1 ',r subject, will, the attention due to -Mntor as Well as to myself des'rons as I was to heat the whole argument : and, sir, I had the pleasure ofconcurriui; most fully with thai Senator up lo the point of his argument where he declared tint the pre-emption, graduation, and distribution plans all fell short of the desired object of settling tho question up in terms of comprom'.so upon which I deSire to see it placed; and urged as the only panacea, or lemcdy for the disease, his; amendment ceding lo the Slates in which t ,- .i . i - lc) ' ' '"eir li.n.ts. upon certain tunns an, conditnms. At tms! :'?int I was: ci oi.'ielled tn I, p. y ; ..r, ,..;mrvr!- I n V of the Senator. 1 could not concur " co.S that I wa su- rised '. ear the i i .i . i i n,,'r i71;V'C ' Klt ",!i,,1C,,',1' "r, Wa? C!l'i',,J ' U.ehind q'lestiui. by, sir, does not the Sena- . .1.... :. en . .1.. ..i . . i- - '., , . , , " ' , , ... ing iiiu uesueit onjeci f v.an lie snut ins eyes to the fact that the garment lie has made is entirely too small for the body he tlesions to put it on? His bill applies to i the lands lying in ihe new States alone 'one hundred aud sixtv millions of aces; while the whole quantity of the public lands is over ten bundle:! millions of teres, as shown by the report which I have read. The oieat objects of the Senator, as he has dei hired are to gel lid of this agitating question ii, Cong, ns-1, to withdraw 5'xcctitive patronage, and, finally, to settle the land question. I low will the bill t'.i.. S.. nator ed' i t result As 1 have siid, it touches less than t ties' xlh of the public domain; the land sys tem. Willi all its p",r --.pi, email a, must si be kept up; Congress will lave just as i much leg's!-t'on, and the patronage wi be about the samo as if no such bill had been p issed. I'lit.sr, I foil, ear to push the argument of ihe S'enatoi's bill failhei at this mmnent. 1 shall have occasion to examine il in its proper order in the course of in y t"iii ai ks t )nr land system lias been ju-tly eulogized by Senators on a'i sides of the Chamber. When we compute it w ith the systems of other countries, how high does it stand in the compiiisoi'.; or even contrast it with tiie manner of the d -position ol the public lands, by granting la, go tr-i'ds, upon credit, to individual companies, as was first adopted by tlustioveintneir. and how pre-eminent does our pie-ent svstem stand. Still it is beeom- ' iug loo g.eat in magnitude, ton extensive ' in ils demands upon the legislation ol Congtoss, and too much connected , with the vaiious alTaits of the nation. ! There seems to bo a universal disposition ! and desire to make changes, either in tin; manner of the admiuistiaiioi, of the lands or ill the disposition o, tiie unuls nroiTi"'" .t. ,rm ,,;ir s;,ies. Tho debt of Ihe - Revolution l,aS !..1'U, extinguished; the nn , laiMIs ceded by the Slates have been liheri .......... ;Ue(1 !lom,,al charoe. and a new state ol considerations. I propose to ,i( t'co he different propositi, ns that have been made for the di -po ilion of the-,, lands in . a s brief a manner as I can, : to I show how iney statul. A I llie conim. neeen nt of the la-t Cmiirress of the Adminis! r if ion of Mr. Adams, took my seat as a nn uiber of t he I louse ol Iteprescnl a t ives. l that time the nueslions of cr,.du ition and pre-einp, ion were the favorites nr discuJion nfi Well, sir, pre-empt ion la ii some sna pe. rive hern nas-ed Iron, that day to (Ins, an. I we now have one belore us 1 i fVe rin somewhat in character Iron, any former law, ol whi'h I will sj,..:,k hereallcr. lint, sir, the trraditatiou hills have shared npt ry dill, rent fate. Not n set-iiill ol ( oiiu'y' -s has been hil l without discussing or at tin;; upon :. Brnduntioti bill in soma 'hapn or clh; r. ("un.

Jackson came into rnwcr on the tide of un-! i 11 , 1 .. .. oi un hounded popularity; hi friend- were devoted to his p.rson, and hi partisans sustaincd his measures w ith irreat unanimity, lie

Avai most dteidedlv in favor of -raduution lie held it up, as did h dhcrents. ; tiM. rjt as the a 11 1 a ironist mea-nre to tiie .1 tiihution principle a carried oiit in A Clay's Land I'.ill: and whi n the l'r. m .h. defeated that hill, he proclaimed L-:a.ina:i a- the proper measure. V, el!, s;r .r it, ti e -tati.ui lor iidit vear-: and al tl pir.aliott of Jo"-- term Mr. Van !:;'( n into pew it. Like his preiieee i.e. too. rnrrrn lunliilnd i-pi iui-i t 1 l.n ....... . ..! the 'I reasury favored it as a nn'an. i ll i.'.. sure: his parti-ans in the Wet held it t:p to the l'e"ph; as an Admini-trntion mea-ajre. ! "A 1 ' 1 cd tl: act session of Congress the hill pas-. enate tihoiit the same time tl.o nreemptnm hill did; they went to the !'use f.os'.tlicr ; f he pre-emption hill pa-ed, and the cradaa;!"" hil! sh pt on the tahle. 'fhere was power cnou-h to pass -oh-Treasnry : hill and the pre-( unit ion hill, hut the u'raUuation hill w as for.-otlen. Thus, sir, twelve years, inelui(inr; the Adinini-trations of (Jen. Jackson and iTlr. Van Huron, have paed ; away, and the iraduation bill stands preci'sely where it ilid when I came to Congross iirst. I nun this I am led to believe either that there never was any serious intention of passim,' it by those w ho clamored the loudest for it; that it was merely held up to tiie tru7c of the People as the opposition measure to distribution for the purpose, of defeatimr the latter measure; or the Peo i.i.iiple wire opposed lo it, and the dominant party knew it and were afraid to pass it. ! And let mc say to Senators now, lhat I have I not the least idea lt-evcr will pass, unless it I shall be connected with the pre-emption and i dinr:i...e J. .crmJ of colll. , promise of the w hole snhieet. The ohieclions that .-ire r-ed nf-ainst the s...o,......o.. ..... .us,, ,! n ., the land policy; secondly, it reduces the price ol the real estate ol the country ; thirdly, the principle of graduation, by llie.timc' the lands have been in market, is arbitrary and utytisf, inasmucl, ns the tables of sales show that lands which have been lona: in market still find purchasers at the minimum price of one dollar and t vcnty-five cents per acre. These objections arc entitled to due consideration; and although I do not ex pcl t f o live Ion.: enouijl, to see a graduation law- slandiie upon its own basis, I will brieily notice them. As to the first objection, it will depend entirely ou a prior question, that ,s, would the change be for the heller J I f so, there can be no objection on tii.tr fount! i as I'rcipietit thaiui. have been made, and the land system has been much improved by them. Instance the subdivisions of the tracts; the introduction of the c.h for the credit system; the reduction of the price from two dollars, which was the minimum, to one dollar and twenty-five cents, the present minimum. The second position is, that it reduces the price of the real estate of the country. This assumption I think rather specious than substantial ; it would certainly tend to sell the land, and cause it to be improved p.t a much earlier day that, it otherwise would be; and as the value of the improved land depends upon the state of the improvement of the country, it follows that the cultivation and impro' ement of these lands nt nn early day must j tend to increafe rather than diminish the value of the other improved lands in the sin',., section of country; at least, the effect j would not he perceptible a.jainst this view, i In the iieja place, it is contend, d that the principle of :ri aduation by time that is, the !eu.lh of tone lauds have been in market is nibitarv and unjust, heeau-e lands (hat have bee!, ioie; in market tii'.d urch is- ! ( rs at the minimum price. This matter i , . i.i.i-o ,o i- 1. 1:. in am sinm e o, so o lion. . , ; intrinsic and a relative val-, ue. A tradu ii ho. bill by time only applies to the intrinsic value of lands; they are sold j by their relative value, by which I meat, j that the locality, quality of soil, water priv ileges, timber, and many other oiiaiities, j coiieiosc the intrinsic value of apiece ol j land, ami for "' ic!' i' lecnes an early pun baser; while lands waiitin.: any ofthese .jiialilii s would be passed by the settler in the lir-t iii-talice; but, alter the caiun'.t;. around becomes settled and improvi '.'a-i-i: lands, thus passed by, become i . 1 C, 1 ( i y valuable in t oiiseoueiicc of their loc.iiuy, and not their original intrinsic value; and thr: relative value finds for then, purchasers. I have no doubt but thai at least one-bail of the lands that are now called refuse may in a series of years Ik: forced upon purchasers at the minimum pi ice. Ties is my view of the matter. It looks very plain to me; and yet it has excited a long debaic to account for tiie apparent phenomena, how il could ho poasibio tie.! these lands co, ild be inferior lands, and still tinJ purchasers. There are connected with this "an of tho aroument two important rpiestions: First, rg1!' f'Tthe (iovern.nent to held no these lands at a price above the'r iniiinsie. value, until they are sold by their relative value, and thereby avail itself of tho industry of tho purchasers of Ihe surrounding lands lo give that relative value? Tho other is, sliould the settlement of the country be retarded, and the States piohibited from taking the lands, urn. i that relative value shall have been given to them by tho surrounding improvements? I have" herctofoie thought thai both of these questions should be decided in tho ii(orative,i,nd have voted accordingly; and, as I have heard no complaint ol my votes, I shall in this instance take the same se. though I led quite easy about it, and would willingly conlorm to tho will of mv State by voting either way. or make a reasonable compiom.se ol l.ie whole matter lo secure greater benehls ... tho final adjustment of the land question. 1 ruin? now, Mr. President, to the more

. .- ,tnp. mailt nuesKu o pre-eiimiicii as; i tn I . ' , . ', . . . . 1 . , I L.aCV ' '!' ,,iM,' As 1 h:" ! jl'lc:u'' said, laws on this su! jet t have

' ' " l"' -LU "m ii'' litnr. : ; n 1 1 iijjt (l soiiin pari:eul us iieiii t!.o I ill Indole, us. vincii i win ioui. into as 1 pn.jress -with i iii" ar.'.'iiment. . j lint, 1,. fuio I uive my views upon the! 'l"i -lion, I desire to siy a few words !ii rel ilioii lo my vide against an ;itnetiii!!i' ii; ( to the oi' oiii il bill. which excludes i.n.i,n-cr-: Iior i the hem lils of iie-emption. il 1 lias been arqued .y St ii:it is that li.e re-; i-i:i;ji!f;i si;on!J have been incorporated in ; liu hill; I hey contend I hat p. rsons u ho ; have ):o iuteresi in our ( ioveriiineni. and ... I V. I I . I I 1 1 ... who owe ailepiancn Id a for reii Power, not to have the heneliis ol a I.IVi v. i.ieu they contend grants exclus ve privileges. there is much force in the aii:uri:e!it. and were there not countei vai,,'ijg ccr.i'idcralior.s, I should he disposed to o with them; T, ho lotncmh eretl 'hat, previous to obtaining the benefit of the law, residence, improvements rn and cultivation of the land, am Kiprsiic oil thn rri ,,l'il,n n,ii.niinr. il, I .1. r .i .' cd tantamount to a uei I irulii .-i of a bona fide intention on the p::ri of ihe seitlcr to become a citizen of" the Cited Stales; indeed, il is one of the most couch-ivc evidences nf that intention lhat could well be conceived of . Still, 1 voted lo requiie ihc declaration to ho made in vvr1'"::: !.- ',ro tho nre-omntioii nr,t ooer.ife I ran. not ;mcc with Senators who think there ;., rn,,, ,.,,., f .1,;. ., r , 'S ."f V1 'f '"'Cig-ers ',vt'' "r""'g or injuring ,hc Government, ,!? lr Vl,,PtJ c;r "t'lCt wise. Sir, let me ,el1 'natoiS lhat this IS Hot the class of r t . I f mm whom danger is to bo upprc-1 hended. '1'hese arc honest, hard-wei king, j industrious men. who simnort them.-ielves I

' fl -s-- .iiv t-i..'-' i. u mi. ooiieillilHUII 1,131 Hrilk tind families by tho sweat of t.hcir brow s : I into operation, whether the power might men who attend to their own business, j not ft ill be e.-.crciscd by the States, subject and not the concr rns of the public; thev ! f" 1,10 control of Cm, press, so far as lh are not the class of political foreigners j W'at'on of the latter extended a the tuwho hang around vour sca-poils and the ' ,r':'.'- 1:1'v' -v, t tll P0"',r is now firmly e-

suhurhs of vonr h.rnn ritie .onl. in., !;. mo noil ties their trade, preaching agrarian and locoforo doctrines in the daytime, mid lighting locnfocn matches r.:-! rioting at .ooht ili '"vcieis down, because they cannot level up. Men who do not betake themselves to honest callings for a livelihood, und who are the enemies of thi-sc who do; these are tho men you may watch; but when you see a foreigner tahc his family into tho Wester:, couulrv, teitie dawn on a piece of wild hu'.J, commence his little impreveinent,urrounded nnd aided by his wife and childitn, vou may rest satisfied that you have nothing lo fe;:r from him; he is of the useful class of foreigners that ultimately become our best cili.ep.s. J o - " I'he Stlilit that nromots lorn lo !.riiiiirr property will induce him to protect niici J defend it. The other her class are not allocted by pre-emption laws, for they would not cultivate and improve the new lands if VOii would give them the piivHego. free of cost. I have seen many of -this class in the West as well as in the Tast, end I have never seen ono of them claiming pre-emption piivileges. The other class usually apoly fur t. benefit of our naturalization laws, and become citizens at the eaibost period possible; they are good members of society, and I desire to g ve them all 'he encouragement I can consistently with the provisions id tiie Co:i:oiluf on. During t ho discussion of ill's question, the argument was pushed furlhor than was called for hv the provisions of the o'dl ; and new ipicslions v. ere siaifed, r rain. sprung Upon us, one ol wnifn, Deing important one, I am not 'Jispo,-:cd to let i piss without a irn contended that '', ot ice .has In. en .i" .--Uui.'S . avc the pou c i tn comer ' " r wi.iil--, ciiiens! standing th.; nis ,: ns. or, iii i t oer p. on f. 0 eigneis, iH.tw liist.itutiou of the Cilm! I 'liieis have con tended thai this can only be done in tin absence of tiie oxeicise of the power o pass I natural zation laws on the pail o! i . Congress. I heiiid these opinions advanced by distinguished Senator, : bd I coni'v-'ss I thought at the time that both were wrong that those who contended for the first of these positions were clearly and wholly mistaken ; and that those who udir.it tho power in the Slates, in Ihe absence of the exercise of tho power by the I'c.'oral ( iovei nment, had taken giound that coio'J "ot ho maintained. I supposed the whoi power to bo exclusive in Conotess. and that XV. no case, under no circumstances, cotild the States, or t-,.. er of them, exercise it; and 1 find, on consn'tiii'r a l.'nh authoiitv. fStorv on the. OonsiTtution,) that I was right. I "'" read to the Sonato what that learnctK'"'"' mentalor says on the subject. d vo1Commentaries, chap. (, ho saw-" 'The propriety of colilidin- the pow er lo estahli-h a uniform vule of riaturali.atioi. to the N'ational (invi riiment seems not to have occasioned any doubt or controversy in the convention, l or amdit that appear on the journal-, it was conceded without objection. '( nder the confederation, the States pos-rss. ...1 iU ..1.. .i.illiorifv til I'MT.'l-H till pow e r. l-,l nn: s.1. ... .. .. s - -j nml ihe dissimilarity of tin; sy stem in (lilb r. ent States was L'cnernily admitted as ;i nt defect and laid (he foundation ol proiin.ii ma.iY ocncaie aini i".". '..""" the tree inhabitants of each Stale were entitled to all the privileges and iminunilii s of citiPin it, all the other State-, it followml , , . i :....:..... .i.,.,..:..,.u s

that :i sjijii. St:i((. possi.ssf.,1 the powor of lorcint- into every other State, with the enjoyment of every immunity and pririlepe, any aliin whom it nnirht choose to incorporat into its ow n snei. t , however rrpuirnant -u h admis-ion miirht he to their polity, coneniem;e, and even prejudices. In etTect, ei;y state po-M -sed the power of Illllurnli.iiiu' aliens in every otlior State a power is no's. , ;( von- ;,, tl!lttr(. ns n wn4 jridiereet iii is actual exercise. In one State, re-i.h nee for a e-hort time tni;ht and did con:, r the rights of citizenship ; in other-, . iiialii'.-at ions of greater importance were required. A n alii n, therefore, incapacitnt. d lor the po-se-sion of certain rights by the laws ,,f the hitter, niiirht, hy h prrviou ri s,denre and naturahVation in the former.

bioe at tdensiire nil their salntnrr repnln " " s.-w . tiOllS for ell'-nrof ei-t ion .mil it fine hnun rn. markeil, with npial truth and justice, that it was oninc to mere cii.nnllv that th.. evercise of this power under the Confedera'ion did not involve the Union in the most tenons embarrassments. There is creat wisdom therefore, in confiding to the National (Jovenvi.oiit the power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization throughout the United States. If I. ..r,',,.j deepest interest to ..." Vi hole Union to know w ho are entitled to etiioy the ri;;hts of citizens in each State, lure fl.ev hereby, in (fleet, become entitled to the rights of citi ens in all the Statef. If aliens mii;ht be admitted iudiscriminatelr to i nioy- all tho rights of citi '(.ns at the will of a siiiTln Slate, Ihe Union it-elf might be endangered by nn influx of foreigners hostile to it . Institutions, ignorant of iii powers, nnd I'noapablo of a due estimate of its privilege." "It fellows, from the very nature of tho po-.vcv, (hat, to he useful, it must be exclusive; for a concurrent power in the Statei, l. o"!d hrinsr back all tho evilj and embarlit "IMC tl;tll,;, co'riiii, ras-meiito w h;c:i Hi" uniform rule el the conu was designed to remedy. And,ac- : 1 ! 1 tin:i"!i tlicru wiq ti rwtt m in n 9 r .,..;.,':..,. ., i.. .i i, -.. I tubii-hcti to he exclusive. '"'" '''"" ,,c excius.ye. i tie l ecltraJist, indeed, introduce! this very case as entirely ck.ir, to illustrate the doctrine of an exclu-t-ivc power by implication, ari-ing from tbo ropnenaney.cf ;t similar power in the Stattn. 'This power mu-t necessarily be exe!cive,' say 3 the author, 'because, if each State bad power to prescribe a distinct rule thera could be no unifi rm rule.' " The doctrines hero laid down Ly the learned commentator, tire fully sustained by tin: conducive authorities to which ha refers, and sustain She two posiiiens for which I contend Fust, that tho power over the subject of naturalization is vested in Congress, and is denied to the Slate;, and :s consequently exclusive ; and, secondly, that no SlMe can create an alien a citizen of such State; as bv that ineans. person, wouid, in eiiect, nccome a t oi every oinur j inr.e inoi.gui proper, He. President, to place this matter distinctly before the country, that it may be.-"e.dr.rgforul, especially as it has been raised in this debate," and different views have been presented by distinguished Senators. It will he my purpose, for a few moments, to call buck the attention of the Senate to the pre emplion bill at the point where wc leli it. Tho ohjt ctions lo the pre-emption bill, so far as I can understand ihem, are: First, that such a hillencour-;i".-s iiorsor.j to lcr.vo i::o eh! C;r.!-s nnd settle in the new. To this I would say, that sure Senators would not rieorive iiieit brethren of the privilege of bettering their condition in 1 fe, if they think proper in dos". Weaioi.'.i in put.. nit of happiness, and if any portion of the citi'cens, of the old States are willing to leave the homes of their faihers and migrate to fho West in seau li of a heller hojne, haid would he that heart that would prevent them: and hauler st'll would be the heart of those who would not receive them with open arms. Ours i; a common country; and let us never forge! that neither our ii-iUdions lor each e.ier. nnr our love of country, -noun, m i". bs..0 r IC.I1 III Ini'.MHlariC'S M ni.ii- mi. s-. oi.dlv tt is ohiectril tun ine princil.i A. .1 . - ts exclusive juivilciros to n class of men w he ru-h in at K-iiicrm civilization and seize ;. m, the public yroperty, and it bat i; it iieeli sui S. steU t - . ..ni;, is ...... 1,,- li.e :il .i,on of the (iiivcniment. To this I would si-; , that legislation should always ,lapt ell" lo the cotiuitwn of ffnir. We ni'-1 inoli ;,t tbiiics as they are, .i.i- in I. .1.1 hu snoooif.il to hf. or am we I not as j -"i i - - - -- le-isp-ic for a supposeil and not a real things. mat spirn. oi eiiierpTi.s. slau " -.-1 .. . i : r k ami . l-COV trV W lUCll is l Mil rue i k: -.is- i-i sua A ,i:hi-Saon race tluit spun uiai nuiiiinii il... r; .n- .ns. a. ul me ursv seiners iii .fanes own that spirit that prompted a lioon, a Clark, and a Kenton to penctrata the Western w ibis und e , counter and overcome the perils that surrounded them that spirit which fired the early settlers of th West, induced tin in to leave the peaceful homes of their lathers, aiidb.ave Ihclivniru ride and tomahawk to li ttle a new country, 1 say that same spirit is impelling our people onward ; the tide that commenced rising and llowing west from tfco shores ol the Atlantic, is still rolling on, nnd can only be arreted by the waves of the Pacific. ur people are already settling beyond Ihe Kocky Mountain", and in a few years more there will be a nation o. our n.i.fi.t in that region. You need not talk of ane-ting this spirit ; it forms a noble trait in our character, and it should be provided for. '1 ho privilegp granted tire those of re.

I - -- inOlTB in 11 IIIO wum o -. , . , i . . V

. .t-..,l,..t'rthnl.inl Tilterervtof rr;a (ia'r?tte.