Public Leger, Volume 2, Number 76, Richmond, Wayne County, 17 September 1825 — Page 2

sumption, that the Deity intended Oic soil for cultivation; but the Drity also created the Indian to enjoy the soil after his manner; and unnecessarily to deprive him of his limited enjoyment, would not only he unjust, hut cruel. Such are the great and immutable principles of morality and natural jurisprudence. If, then, we could nut, when unshackled by treaties, expel these people from their possessions; surely we cannot now, after defining their boundaries, acknowledging and guarantying their right to this land, encouraging them to quit their vagrant habits for those of cultivators, and when we have land in abundance without interfering with them. Should we not, by such an art of coldblooded, deliberate unnecessary pertidv, justly incur the scorn and indignation of mankind? This question is not

answered bv a reference to the articles of agreement between the United States and Georgia. The United States only had the right to purchase the Indian title, when th were willing to sell it, and this was nil they could transfer to Georgia. On the other hand, this right was encumbered with an obligation to respect ami guaranty,

that title. The Italians had a right, h

jand stationary people; their right to the

land which they occupy would be an absolute right, not liable to he defeated by any claim of civilized man, founded upon their

original vagrant habits. Civilized Indians have the same right to appropriate vacant lands, that civilized Kuropeans have. But tvhen this right is strengthened by immemorial occupancy, and acknowledged and guarantied by this nation, it becomes a title against which it would be an insult to our reason to urge the doubtful claim of civilized man. Such was the i ondition of the Creek tribes, when Governor Troup sought to drive the government of the United States into a hostile attitude towards them. Their title was perfected by civilization. Their habits were those of agriculturalists and herdsmen, and the mechanical arts began to appear in their towns. The General Government, in compliance with its agreement with Georgia, endeavored to persuade the Indians to cede their land, or a portion of it, and appropriations were made to effect

that object. I he Creeks, by their ac

jcr, bears none of those marks of auluenti- j

city. It is concluded at a distance from the nation upon h short notice, and with a chieftain Who is secured a personal compensation of twenty-five thousand dollars by the treaty, and who is, besides, made the agent for the lands transferred. The very remarkable expression of the

! agents, in their letter to Governor Troup, informing him of the conclusion of the treajty, are sufficient to excite the strongest j doubts of the fairness of their conduct. j"VVc are happy to inform you (they say) that we have just concluded a treaty with what ux call the ii'dion.''' From the expressions of the Georgians, in the correspondence with the general government,we are warranted in concluding, that they did not require much evidence of the authority of

I those with whom they were negoriatmg, i

! after they had discovered their wilhngne3 to cede their lands. In ncgociating, they are the nation who are disposed to accede to the wishes of Georgia; but if the arms of the United States (which Heaven forbid!) should be directed against ihe Creeks, then

treaty, to our protection and guarantv, and jj Cols. Campbell and Meriwether, the

Creek Cniettains declared, mat in coniormitv with our recommendations, they had

knowlcdged reprcsentativos,derlared their l! another set of Indians will appear, who will determination not to sell another acre. (be the nation, so long as it is to be an

At the conference in November last, with .object of vengeance,

to ut assistance in the great work of civili

zinir themselves. Thev also had a right

of property, hv the law of nature, to the j undertaken to c ultivate the sod and to soil, modified, indeed, b our right tooccu- jj breed cattle; that thev had no more land ... Hw..- A,.i i,m nrwl hiitlitb.m snfiieicnt for their purpose: and

i ?m ii imm i iinij ii.i im.. uii M"i ii x i -. - i . - .i - . ,i a : .i : ...1.1 1,t.

mar, upon no couMucrauon, uuuiu n part with another acre. These Georgia Commissioners, acting.

no doubt, with the advice and knowledge;

conclusion next week. J

FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

as to what was necessary for them, their right v;i? absolute, and not to be atlccted by any claim of civilized man. This right has been o fir changed by treaty as to become an absolute riuht, to what is within their proscribed limits, subject only to this condition, that if they conclude to part with their land, it hall be sold to the U. State. Until thry do that, they may use it a-Jointers or agriculturists. They may eve diide it among themselves, and hecoin a civilized people : and this governing, t was bound, before the agreement with Georgia, and is now bound to aid them in effecting that desirable objec t. Georgia, therefore, could not acquire anv right bv its agreement with the U. States, except a right thus limited; and she took it, subject to all its accompanying obligation. We sfloljl,j not have been this minute in enforcing principles, u hich c had imagined to be axioms in morals and jurisprudent e, bad not the doctrines, advanced b tb- Goyernor and congressional deb gatiei of Georgia, been directly opposite to these plain, and what u e mut still coesider. demonstrable principb s. The authorities of that state contend that upon the ex-cu tinn of the agreement of 1C02, the fee sim pb of the Indian land- was vested in the at at Of Georgia, and that the aboriginals, after that time, only occupied the Mil by the

GRUECE. The Boston Palladium con- j tains the following letter from an American gentleman at :rmy ma, dated J une .5. ! Our political news I rum tte Merea is - 1 very discouraging for the struggling Greeks Clouds are rising, which I hope to Heaven ' 1 ! - .. 1 ....... . k . ' . . (lw. . . I . r I

.i T l i n' 1, in.lV OlSL'ei SU III suusiiiiit. .ii.-i 1111

o tnc iiovemor, men proceeueci to --, . . , , . . , . A , A. t-v i ous victory ohtaiued by Admiral 31iauli

llltlUll, !' - UK 1 "limn m. ' - ' - "

&- represented the inclinations of the Creeks

to sell, so favorably, as to procure a further appropriation for that purpose, carefulIv suppressing their declared resolution not to part with another acre. This was the commencement of a system of fraud and misrepresentation.higblv discreditable f all concerned in it. General illiam Mcintosh, a known and steady friend of Georgia, was inclined to vield to the wishes of th state government. He was the head chief of the Cowetau tribe; and the state of authorities, together with the commissioners, determined to u-e him and his partisans as tools, to defraud the nation of its territory. We are sensible of the gravity and importance of this charge, and that it deepiv affect the character of the state; but we make it upon evidence which, we think, conclusively establishes it. and with the h"pe that, by the prompt and energ tie interference of the national authorities, the national character mav be preserved untainted, and justice administered to the aboriginals. In ordep Incompletely secure th iefiuence of Mcintosh, he wa appointed agent

sufferance and at the mercy of the United:! f)f the bind- which were to be transferred :

t)t -tes. This position we have shown to he inde

fensible. The fee simple of the Indian I lands was not a tie fed h- the agreement of 1P-02. The Creeks were not parties ofj that treat. Hence, if the fee simple be-j longed to them, it was not transferred; and j if the United States owned it they trans-1 feried if, subject to the Indian title, and j encumbered w ith all the obligations they

had assume. B it in 'ruth, the United States had no fee, and transferred none. Thev agreed to extinguish the Indian title within the state of Georgia, vhen it could be peaceably obtained upon reasonable terms1 13) this cautions limitation of the agreement, the United States manifested their respect for the obligations imposed by former treaties, and Georgia ordy acquired a right to the land when that title was extinguished, w ith the consent of the Indians, the government of the state well knowing, at the time of making the agreement, that the United States were bound to civilize the Indians and to attach them to the soil as farmers and as herdsmen, and that, as a necessary

j and bv a separate or additional art i le to

this treaty, it was stipulated to give ; .000 dollars fr a piece of land belonging to him, called the Indian Spring Urservatioa price, which to sav the least, was very liberal. A summons was then issued to the Creeks, calling a meeting at these very Spring, Mcintosh not daring to trust himself in the midst of the nation, as he knew himself answerable to the law making it a capital offence to propose a further alienation of lands. This law was proposed at Broken Arrow, shortly after Jackson's treaty, in 1814, bv Mcintosh himself, and formally re-enacted at a meeting of the Creeks at Polecat Springs, in 1824. in order to put a stop to the negotiations concerning their lands. As the Indian Springs were a distance from the majority of the tribes, as the notice to attend was given hut a few days before the time of meeting, only a few of the chieftains met the commis

sioners, and of these, only two signed the treaty one of whom, it is asserted by one of the United States agents, ii not a head ehief,or representative, of any Indian town.

The other chiefs, four in number, upon he-

consequence, a portion cd their land would j jn,r informed that the object of the meet-

ing was to purchase their land, refused to give their consent, and left the council. The negotiation, however, was continued by the commissioners, with Mcintosh and his party, and a treaty was concluded, by which all the Creek land in the state of Georgia were ceded to the U. States. This treaty was signed by Mcintosh and one other chief, the other Indian signers

not being chiefs nor representatives of

towns, and having no legal right tosigntbe treaty on behalf of the Creeks which they did at the instigation of Mcintosh. It is a strong argument against its validity, that witii the exception of Mcintosh and Kt online Tusturmugge, none of the Creek chicftians with whom the Creek treaties have been usually concluded appear to have signed or sanctioned this treaty, so vitally important to their welfare. The custom of that nation has been to forma council of the representative chieftains, amounting to about forty or fifty, and then to negotiate and sign the treaty. This licaty, howev-

be ;dwas retained bv them. The right

of occupancy, to which Georgia would restrict the Creek title, and still farther narrow it by making it temporary, might at any time, even before those treaties have been chair- ed by the civilization of the Indians, irdo a complete right of property. These people an- said to have ordy this right, instead of the right of property which other nations have to the soil; because they were wandering tribes and did not occupy it as a settled and stationary people. They bestow no labor upon it, and when they left their bunting grounds, it was with no determinate intention of returning. In such a situation, their claim to the soil was liable to be affected by the claim which civilized nations might set up to land that they did not use. But if the aboriginals had commenced the work of civ ilization: if they had built villages for their permanent residence, and planted fields, and in fact, show their desire aud capability to become a civilized

over the Ugyptiau squadron at Moduli, in which 20 to 30 ships of war and transports were destroyed, il appears tl.at Ibrahim I'acha obliged Hie garrison of Naverin to capitulate for want of provision.-, and they marched out with baggage and every thing, excepting ttieir arms (100 men). ''Ibrahim kept the capitulation in every thing except detaining the piincipal olh-

cers. 1 cannot learu w tietoer the Ameri i can oiliccrs were in iNaverinat the taking 1 or not. I The loss of Naverin we long foresaw, ; as noted in my previous letter. This of itself is of no great importance, but the di ; mentions among the Greeks is of iar more I importance.

"Tlie Mariots refuse to march against the enemv, unless Colocotroni commands

i them. It this general is true to his coun-

tr, Greece is still sate: it lie is a traitor, I the now desolate groves ot Athens and of! ; Sparta may become still more desolate, for j i .ie is lost, and wc shall see Greece again ! become the laud of oppression and misery, and tin vengeance ot the Tutk will crush , with redoubled horror all those who have ' 1 tiad any hand m the revolution. The Greeks are not oi;!y contend. ng with the Turks, but have to combat much with (wt)uld you beheve it) some of the Continental powers! who convoy Turkish ships ; land Turkish armaments, j Ve cannot learn whether the Ameri j can transport was burnt at Modon or not. We have strong hopes she has been, and that the American llag will no longer be ! disgraced by its being in such a service. j 'There has been an action oil the Gulf ; between the Constantinople fleet and a !

j Greek squadron ; vvc know nothing further i than hearing a very heavy cannonade." I The Commercial Advertiser says: "Wc have had intelligence from the Morea ' somewhat later than this, in which it was I mentioned that Colocotroni was not only in the field again, but that he had gained

some advantages over the Infidels. That intelligence, however, yet wants confirmation. The action olT the Gulf, spoken of in the last paragraph, was undoubtedly that with the Captain Pacha, of which the Greek ollicial account has been published. It grieves us exceedingly to find that Americans have shown themselves so unprincipled as to engage their vessels in assist-

ing the lurks, such a course may an-, swr for the minions of the Holy Alliance; :

but for any American thus to disgrace himself is too bad. (tt-LATER. The loss of life, in the war between the

Greeks and Turks is drcadfult to think of. The fire ships of the former are wonder- i fully destructive and the idea of from 300 to GOO men being blown up at once, is horrible, and yet tins sometimes happens. i One vessel, of CO guns and COO men, was lately thus destroyed. The Turkish ma- ! ripe must be much reduced. It is stated j that there are several Americans helping j the Greeks, ami that they arc much es teemed; but it is also added that an Amor-1 can ship has been engaged in the trans-' port of munitions of war and supplies for the Turks. There is reason to hope that she was burnt by the Greeks at Modon. j We regret to see that, in some cases,' the Greeks destroy their prisoners, without ; stating any special reason for it. Perhaps I

it is only by such proceeding nilM hope to check the cxtirmitmtiotis "cf t7

1UIKS. The employment of Colocotroni, u10 pears to be a great favorite with IL

pie, will.it is thought, have a happy UV( " In behalf the Greeks and if "seen; f ii ni' i

VIIU(.IH lllt Hl i Ul IJ ttlllj lVTYntl"l- , i t At ' "5 9rC"

i iuai ue.u inoj;ei in. in me Irecjiioj r ports of their defeat would have kil t. suppose. It is much talked of that Aius'.

arid Russia think of giving some prirre T

vjicc'ce me sou oi me ex-Kin?' of den, and the husband of the l ite prktttt Charlotte, of England, are spoken vf I'l .. ! i I

i ue pnesis nave ucovrroi!

a certainty mat is,ine "reverci.d ro-'ur

say mt uiai incyrosr, wrucn, not loii' ;i ,Tn destroyed many of the vines. See. nui tC

hcati which schorched up and destroy, . I'll.

laige parr oi inose wnicn hatl stc,,, e frost were both owing to the sin-? of t people, because they had not munhrdl the constitutionalists'. What do such bin. phemous wretches deserve? Brazil, Bi'exos Ayres axd Peru. It j5 very probable that the emperor t.fhr.z will come to an open rupture with IiueiMj Ayres and Peru. The military movcrri( i,ts

in the Banda Oriental have ailordcd a r.r. . i i . . . '

tence for the sending of a consiuVra!

squadron into the Rio de la Plain, arid cf

stationing them in the outer road of Bnp. nos Avres. They examine every that passes, and the admiral has tk'm;u , that the government of Buenos Av res s!i.i!i give up all claims to the Bamla 0ii : t;;!. The former has refused any other rcph h

the latter, than that his forces must he withdrawn previous to any negot ialior. A provisional government h;;s he.cv, c:tabhshed in the Banda Oriental, and Livalb ja has been confirmed in the ccrrrr.:i; d of tin armv. His force is said1 to imiuu:;'. to 3.000 men well armed and t quippe:!. This does not appear equal to the furcr if the Brazilians at Monte Video; but it seem probable that Lavallej;i will L'iin strength, and he able to maintain hii7:-h. A small military force from ISiazIl made an actual invasion of Peru. a:.d on ::- pied the province of Chiquitns ei. Sucre was about to despatch some trofp:'.gainst them, and would, no doubt, disperse or capture them.

The idea is entertained, and the rc-u't

appears probable, that these things

lead to a general war of the rcpnMu-a

South America againgst imperial Br iz !. Monte Vido is invested, and it trade with the interior vvhollv detroyrd.

Manu FACTVnrNC IxTF.r.EST. An idea ft

the relative importance of this br;i: t ;i ,vl industry in this country mav be jritlu'p d

from the following facts. The who! r':nhorof people in the United States, In t' f last census, is 1.G 20,000. Of this ihmi !; ;r,

it is stated that 2,0b.v,U00 are eiigatl' Agriculture, 319.000 in Manufacture.

72.000 m Commerce. 1 tieee euni.u elded together. ma!;e 2.-2Co.OOO. a

more than one fourth p.irt of the tvh.'I lUJl29.00O. From hence it appear, th i i ..- .i 1 . 1 1 hji -i 1 1 . 1 1 1 1-i K iri 1 1 f ( r ( !!m I' '

il n fid i iiir. in lutin i

persons, in earn of inese cias- .. have been enumerat d. Add to t!. f l men, women and children, not ;i cl ul- 11 this estimate, there will be f and r I'f ;n the agricultural class, s.v, 8.000.0: m the commercial, sav 200.000: and :n h300.000 in the manufacturing el (); the three great interests of the c .mrii-Jj i'.y then, manufactures rank the s cond. h also be a fact that "the labor of a n.iti" the wealth of a nation, and that lite finishing condition of a country m y nr ''j mated by the quantity of its uiarr.pl y-i la!)or, being an inverse ratio to that pi tity, then is it not obvious that the ci.o;uragemcnts held out to the manufacture

interest to absorb the waste surplu- ot

li-t!.:

employed labor, is directly pronn-.tiri: prosperity of the country . To yr,(,'.j ral and commercial pursuits, already n) occupied, it is impossible for goveri.R'j. in the nature of things, to offer at,t tional encouragements or prot( ctie

i these interests to absorb a. ..

considerable quantity more of the

the country than they now empi"; this protection extended to iii''-u,:,f will inevitably have that c tlect, and l)"-r. into efficient operation avast quai.ti labor and enterprise, which mu?t una"1 ably be excluded from the other "lteri 'il Kw..,. 11. r niitroibictive t1"1

" n.i :. rrrPi

this branch of industry. 1 nc ., from this simole view of the case Is " .

tilde, that the prosperity of the inseparably connected with the prott

and advancement of the maimlartun

Prov. J"h"

tCTet.

PRINTING. c BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, DU ' IIORSK BILLS, CARDS,

. .... of. rr:l?CfiJ1'

iNeatly executed at this c nice u.. . -

I term?, and on the shortest i.oticr