Public Leger, Volume 2, Number 76, Richmond, Wayne County, 17 September 1825 — Page 1

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FRIENDLY TO THE UEST PURSUITS OF MAN, FRIENDLY TO THOUGHT, TO FREEDOM, AND TO PEACE." Coitper

IBER 76.

RICHMOND, WAYNE COUNTY, INDIANA, SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 17, 1325.

VOLUME .

'IN KDUUND S. BUXTON, f.-u' ftrct jpp'i!e the Richmond Hotel. i , . ... . ... . . ,

TTlF TRICK OF THIS I'AcTJl

n,i ir an-! Fift Cent for rift v -two mini-

, b pill in I'lviiiicc; two Hollars it

' 'vcithni tin ar, r Two Dollars :u Fifty

neen generally respected; and purchases were made 'from the native Chieftains, by the first settlers, of large tracts of land, for which a valuable consideration was given. Notwithstanding the fairness of the public authorities, injustice was occasionally prac

tised !)y individuals; and the ignorant and

-i'. ,(" n t .'Vil before the expiration of the j -untutored savage was often drivon,by these l;;;,l,.iva-nt m advun.-r tua.toth.- mutual j, unauthorized wrongs, into indiscriminate , i ' th dirties that uaxie is fonntru. K -.i .1 . ... , .., t nkoi. Ar ;ts than nix month., an.! Itdities with the colonists. It in the con-

" T, i lor a 1 untinnoo until all arrearages art

, ; 'r (1 notify n iUrontini.mre at t rx rira.i"t". ti.tu' u?"cribtMl fur, will he coie-i!eri ! "(-i'l.-!.'f"i'n'' .!Y' iV ' ' ' ''-'' 'r "i" Aar fc postage j ,- .'v v "' kr ait tn ltd to. TF.RM- OF AnVF.llTIMNG. -..T Jh"S ,ir l,,s fa three insertions One Dol- ' 1 h Qofitii;uanr' Twt n! -f.ve rrrt. . - j ivtTtisuint? ir, the s tmc j ro;rtion. "" " ' I II I I I ! II .....Ml TH3 CREEK INDIANS.

ffr. ni tr t AfH-i rk in vif . j

llicls, their number were wasted and of

ten whole tribes were exterminated one could only lament the hard fate which seemed inevitable. The peculiar situation of the colonists, and the habits of their foes impelled them to that. course. With the founder of Carthage, they might have truly said, ,4Rfs !ura t regni novitas talia cocunt Moliri, In the lapse of time, however, this neceity ceaed; atid the philanthopic men who guided the councils of these States at the formation of the Constitution, deter-

r.iriti'n 'f'fif (' -ntroi-frstj h'Jzcnn Gcor- ! mined to rrnkc an effort to preserve the

ifit; an-; th Lrtrks. I remnant oi the American Indians from the f v cb-i r u le r of the confederacy of tb j destruction to w hich they are visibly hasv j? Si "it i a subject of trrtat inter- tenini;. A peculiar race of men was wastj.. . t t:. present generation and to inj away a race, ditinguilied for many - , iity. Is regarded b t.be coiitend-T noble atid exalted qualities, was dadv di-

. . )::.. .1 .. . .. f 1 .. u ' . . t . , . . I 1... t. . - ... 1 ii.., 1 1 . . ., j

of li er il establishments: ; : the vit is whit h thev had acjuired from :Iuef a i s!t-e sS (lopnd- ; the ex unr)Ie of the Europeans, without a-

loptiiig the political and social system, which deprived those vices of their exterminating qualities. In a few more cener-

! !i-ir.i tor. unsullied bv injus- !' atious, unless some ellort should be made 1 " ! i". 11. 1 ... u.

.3 ; rr- i. I ne inquirer cannot ' uh-h ii -i v.iuuii, inev leu mat iwe

uecess- anoriinais wouni cease lo exist, and me

n t!

r i- :r.;!! ir

ilviMrem s?t, or the temporary ,.:. -e liberal .1 1 ! v . It-tone is not : v' d. : it a m r.d t-aie. It consists

tliat the sanction of that great and god i the second article the United States guar

1 1 r a-

iU the rerords of

.r.) i ': (! iti v ai.i:i: of 1 1 iurnphs

r.ice be numbered with tho-e whose lan-

rj ter rights of natttH. and i gunije and ha bits on I y atfoid scope for the

r.,, Toe o f- r tno-nt of the ration j! speculative iinjuin of the antupiarian. . . !! ' t-i -m, appealed to reatn as Thi derav. too, had commenced upon the . : 'fi, I hv that !mdird it w ill J; the at rival of the E'lropears, ami seemed ;;!: !. A;"' -r a nrof.-srvi t f its pri?,-l to he a co:nir,:ience of their contiguity .

As phi I mthrop-.sts, therejore, and as patnfs, watchful over the u itional character, they wer desirou to resrue the Indian

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-ti oiten 1 ei terat i. It its ciiiin' a t. Tiling to t!

n-nij, preva 1 iraf iio

u; to

pti;a ij l's, r h !r n extinction, and to elevate him to the !j n' . - I 1 MM I i 1 i I I 1 I

1 man to the humane policy of the Govem-

iment may have its due weight with all

who respect the purity and sagacity of the ; ; Father of his Country. By tins treaty the !

Umted States took the Creeks under their ! protection; guarantied to the tribes their land within specific limits; settled the ! manner in which offenders, should be punished; and in order "to lead them to a ! greater degree of civilization, and to bejcomo herdsmen and cultivators, instead I of remaining in the states of hunters," the

: United States agreed to furnish ugratuitouly, the Creeks, from time to time, withj j useful domestic animals and implements of! j husbandry.' This treaty bears date Au-j

gust 7th, 1790. Thus it appears, that the United States at the time offered inducements to the Creeks to become cultivators I of the soil, and to appropriate it for the purpose ofcivilized life, instead of using it as j mere hunting ground. If they yielded to j those inducements, the public faith is j pledged to sustain them in that course. Our government is bound, our national

character plighted,to encourage them in the wise resolution they have taken, to become civilized men, and to preserve the remnant of their tribe under the protection of this republic. This pledge has been accepted, and on our part it only remains to fulfill it. In 170G another treaty was concluded between the United States and the Creeks, and thev bargained for blacksmiths and strikers, to be furnished by the U. States;

t thus plainly showing their intention to ac jcept the humane offer of civilization from j our hands. With these obligations subsist

ing on the part of the U. States, an agree-j

: merit was entered into with Georgia in 1 180 J, by which the United States agreed i to extinguish, at their expense for the u-e j of Georgia, the Indian title to all the lands ; within the limits of the state, "as earlv as the same could be peaceably obtained on

) reasonable terms. The consideration

1 1

1 he path ot no! 01

1 . ti l it Hi O t ! ,s 1 Ot is hv t'. rn -ral !: -tl

anty the integrity of all the Creek territory

not ceded in the first article. This treaty, or agreement, the Creek3 considered as definitive, and as settling the boundaries within which they were to reside as a civilized people, according to the promises of our government. In conformity with that sentiment, shortly after that treaty, they passed laws constituting i a capital crime to propose any farther alienation of their lands. Under these circumstances, Governor Troup became governor of Georgia; and upon his instalment in the exerutive chair he commenced a crusade against the general government, for thf put pose of driving it into hostility with the Indians. The indecorous shle and temper of his note to the late President of the United States, and Secretary of War, would be passed by as unworthy of observ ation, did thev not evince the character of the person at the head of the unfortunate Mate. Tht v prove him to he entirely regardless of public opinion and public faith, and show a necessity of energetic mea-ures on the part of the constitutional aiithoiities to prejerve the quiet and the character of the 0m try. These step?, at the time, failed to produce the expeefed effect. The natior al authorities were neither to be bullied. 1 or driven into measure derogatory t t! c country, and theCieek reolutelv refused to part with another acre ot'liitd. 'I -:ey said they had sold all thev could spare, a d that theyonlv reserved what was sufficient for their comfort and swh-isterce. In this state of thirty. a the executive ofGeorgia threatened to drive the Indians from their possessions by force, it ! atnc necessary to take intoconsideration the respective rights and obligatioiisof the Creeks, the United States, and the state of Geoigia. The Creeks, on their part, had bound themselves not to sell their land, except to the United States, and thev had ficknowl-

1 rtr.U a he rente p. the in : in- ,

t ,v- P a i.ati : i ; a it tn.ix shink' .-if.ti?:,a- d like the m mhrr- ; Mho! ( s!,,..p to .;..- 11, th j 1 - r .

; r ! 1 s( u !ran s j -ipp:-; -Z toe i-f', e!' -s . fth' ir piis.r-s'ol.s. :! i.t the t.'ir. nt the 1 1 1 r t ; -

ii i

. I? - I 1 . At II... . 1 .1 A

r 1 -de of civih! d man. Thev felt tln to U sjven ny vti -orgia on per pan, was me re- edged themselves to oe under the preiec-

iii, ...1. ... c .,r..w ,1 t.i thi.i,- !l huouishment of all claims tothe vacant tcr- H thin of nor ev ernmt-nt. 1 oe U. St.ite9

vn character" hut it was. a i u-t tribute to ' t-r in the- wst ii.c-lutied within !if?r biuri- ( h?id encouraged them to commence the

t ioir ancestors, who had founded this cm- f li u ;cs described, in her charter, the nire of civ ihz d hummitv in the An.eri- j-l,r'' lamations of 1 7G3, and the commi-ion iau wilderness, to serve a a refuge from h to Governor Wright; hut which was laimthe oi.pn-sion ar-d injustice of the ol i jh d, together with the western lands, with

-1,1 fri,..,. 11 ,a.. t w r in me ootinnanes 01 .uassiiriuix'us Vvon-

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fathers -hoiilil be reproached as the rneici les extirpators of tiie aboriginal race.

r . ; i -I ,!, t!,e ii vader of Spain. Thev had no ambition to be larked w ith !a . . ( is . j I ,Jia ; a,j opporturi- ;'i the Goth- and Vandals, w ho destroyed the , itl. i:A even r . t d tl. ui. i- forced jj Roman Empire, with the devastators of Eu- ::. u v n 11 ef.; ,. the United State- j! rope, or with the unrelenting conquerors of

-I the (i ver.c.r of ( tf oriiia.

.i tie- di-po-ition of that qtlestio:. t'lhite ( i, ir.u t, r -f our countrv.

justifuhle measures oi

1 lisp iniola and of Mexico, who laid the

foundations of their w;iv in the destruction of the native inhabitants of their several countries. While thev anxious sought

- r ,,,,

- lave i,f tint state, the National to perpetuate arid exter.d the Arglo-Arner- ... . . i I . . 11

t a cnrim. lp ,j d f nJe or oj. n n an hepuhlic, the were not regardless; ot

H . " ......

j .1' i'

necticut. New York, Viririnia. and North

' and South Carolina, as tin common properi tv of the confederal v, wrested from Great (Britain by the united arms and treasure of f!ie tiiirte-Mi celooies, and ceded to the U. j States when their independence was ac jknowledged by the treaty of P. iris. After the revolutionary war had closed, the other

states iiilluencod by patriotic motives, and desirousof preventing all intestine disputes, as well a to hinder the undue aggrandizement of any one state, followed the example given by New-York during the existence of that contest, and relinquished to the government all their back lands either

v 1. 1 the I di ii v w ithis ; tie untutor d savages withm its limns.

S ' ''"-( rie- a pirtx to tl rir for- Tin v i: tended, it 'possihle, to elevate them r !i .I'll- i,r f( t.r a... iK..ir i tn. ' In -m 11 li 1 1 with 1 1 1 e nur I vs hir fitlord-

. : .... . .. ..-,! .......... I! ii .11 olrt ,S. UilP .fio,,. 1 with or without an equivalent, t.eorgiii.

,-ll.vl.VVJl UK I II II l'r:(.3 I IHL III 'HI lll 1III(T in t 1 r iiiu'. iin , 1

j; ii at ;dl events to preserve them?e I v es in case t ''li';.' thrs, with a free pres,,ard of their extinction, from all participation ir j 'b re.i ! a;-.1, w to it- hrate 1 hastenin" that unhappy result. The liber-1

... .... .-.

M tia m am-i 1 i most defence-; al designs and feelings ol the revolutionary ( irt, ?, jj We u-.'il i, dispose of "ij patiioU towards these unfortunate people,

; 1 'V

'f k l'Ji 1 hei: os d;e cattle

eir u ro'ios

will g

tlte ageiie t!al

- 'v. rid. a d

1 1 1'ieir tn. d dip sl ai, mint ' ' -d I ar li itionai hist r . Lt . ..!ae tne opinion of man-

u I the approval ol our

r lation

tile

V .ii; e uell

nih ihita ts I the Uni0 tie -urvivn.o ahongio;tls,

''v fi'vo a;d ,p t taken to ro

ll' m the lands w bi h

-'Ti.h tl,,"

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ui njH-a

4il s.i'.ii, ,., t

v 0V,,

dk - t.f.t ii

t tit ni ii s have c 'lapsed,!

landed upon the I la v then found the i

' h, the iiiitive tribes of thej 1 ae ri'snfirfi'S of tin eouiif r 1

( ni developed as if il iz d j !Ji ii d tlieir faculties and arts to-

-.rt o ulture, commerce, and!

'4,

may he pl.iinh understood from the agree

merit nrnde with the Delaware tribe, in 177C, whereby the Indians were invited to forma State, and send a Representative to Congress. The Chcrokces were also se cured, by the treaty of Hopewell, in 17C5, the right of sending a Deputy to Congress. These philanthropic otIer3 cannot be mis understood. They speak volumes in favor of tho-e to who-e example and exertions we owe all we value most. With this view, too, upon the establishment of the National Government, they entered into treaties with the various Indian tribes, whereby the several relations and obligations of the United States and the Indians wa re specially set forth and defined. The; limits of the territory reserve d hv the aboriginals were described, and the integrity of their landed property was guarantied by the United States. 'Other obligations were assumed by the National Government; but as the general policy ot the U. States has been suffu iently developed, and as this question relates chietlv to tin Creeks, it will he necessary to confine 011 1 attention to the treaties by which their condition was fixed. Shortly after the acr es sion of the pntt iotic and venerable Washington to the Chief Magistracy of the He-" public, a treaty was concluded at Ncv York, in his very presence, with the Creek

hl iiiuvv this, right to'have '! Nalioa. These particulars are mentioned

" lurw iiiif ,.,. a : 1 :r ;

- -- imu llOUiisil fS II UUIH I 1

urn

! iviliz.ition. This, how ever.

, :u Ut E nope a ia to depopu- ' (-t- lo vacant temtor the

r bad as ;'Oa.l a lioht as the

nut to occupied territorv,

;il'0i 11 alfni to the purpose of

"'J I. ill, tin, r ?,.. I. li.... I... 1

.1 I , "" I IO- II UUIII ll.lli ll ;

' j ;u;-valhia3 that of an English:

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: 1 1

va 1 1

1C' nisiorv C)f the eailv col

more fortunate, or less generous th.in hei j

sister state, delaved her assent to that ces-ion until ICO?," when it obtained more favorable terms than the other members of the confederacy, whose titles to tin? western territory rested upon the same footing as her own. This cession, even if her title had been clearer than it was, Georgia was bound to mike, by motives of gratitude and public duty, to the confederacy, whose arm had achieved her independence almost without her aid. Upon her making it, however, she rcceivedan ample equivalent. 1,250, 000 were paid to the state from the first re reipts from the land; in 1C02 a treaty was1

maue wim me. vieiva, ..m.i portion of their lands was ceded to. the United States and vested in Georgia; in 1 80), another portion was ceded in like nrinner. These cessions, together with the sums paid under the convention, cost the Utdted States nearly C. 000.000 a sum exceeding one half of the expense of the Loiisiania purchase; ard Georgia has received 1 5,000,000 of acres to which the Indian title has been extinguished. During the last war, a portion of the Creeks, instigated by hostile emissaries, and influenced bv misrepresentations as to the intentions of the United Slates with regard to the Indians, took up arms against the viiites,and were severely chastised by the irmv under General Jackson. In 1814, ir tit les of agreement were concluded,with ; he whole nation, including the hostile par,v, hy which peace was restored, a certain portion of Indian territory ceded, and hi

work of civiliz ition, and to relinquish V eir vacant habits; .and the Creeks, in conformity with that benevolent policy, had hegun to put on the character of a civilized people. Again, the United States asserted aright to prevent any European power from purchasing the Indian title. This right was respec ted bv the European powers ; it was -auctioned bv their practice, and the

'Creek had confirmed it by the treat of

New York. But this was only a contingent tight of propertv . depending upon the consent of the Italians. It was mere h a right to the Ultimate dominion of the soil, i. e. the sovereignty, to the exclusion of civilized nati " s. and the absolute property upon the extinguishment of the ! dian title. The colonics, beforo the revolution, and the states since that eVei t, never conceived tli.it thev had a right to appropriate

the soil w ithout the consent of the aboriginal inhabitants. Treaties were ma.'e with them for that purpos-, from the eai best settlements of the country . In some of the provinces, the Indian -title wax considered as complete, so that it might he tra sirred from an Indian to a white man without the consent of the government; and the determination of Androssto subject those titles in New-England to quit-rent or patent tax, caused a rebellion, which ended in his deposition and imprisonment. In other parts of the country, the col nist9 were compelled to pun b v through the governments. But h . vnr e did t! e colonists conceive their title to be good, so long as the Indian title 1 m .ins uih xtinguished. To the honor of the country be it recorded, that in no instance did the public authorities sanction the abotmn abb doctrine, that civiliz ition gave to the w hite

man a right to exterminate or enslave the ! aboriginal, or to confiscate or appropriate ' the property and land of his tribe. These i 1 .J . I i. a' a. ...

Indians, whatever may oe tuougni 01 uiai wisdom of the Providence who so ordered it, were the original occupants and owners of the country. They had enjoyed it from immemorial time. Our ancestors, indeed, had a right to bind 011 this continent, and to occupy as much vacant soil as was necessary for their accomodation; but neither they, nor any other men had a right to drive the aboriginals from their possessions. This right of acommodating themselvt s, by occupyingvaeant bind in a wilderuess,must lie so exercised as not to interfere with tho rights of others. It is founded upon a pro