Public Leger, Volume 2, Number 57, Richmond, Wayne County, 23 April 1825 — Page 2

1

rce of this testimony. What authority can be accorded to the moral influence of a government which insults the humanity of a generous and gallant people, by pleading, in apology for the breach of its plighted faith, that its suhjects required the indulgence of this guilt v traffic! The emperor Napoleon, who re-established this commerce on the ruins of the French republic, also abolished it again, when he sought to conciliate the people of France, during that transient reign which immediately preceded his final overthrow. Congress adjourned without acting on this report. to be concluded From Nilr Wkl Roister. RAIL ROADS. The British people appear to have run wild with projects to invest their surplus capital. Any bubble is grasped at that affords a prospec t of income. The great prevailing notion is, that rail roads, travelled by wagons, driven or dragged by Steam power, is a cheaper and more expeditious mode of transporting commodities than by the way of canals, and it is probable that the. experiment will be extensively tried during the present year. The ver ry great profit which many of the canals have yielded, pushed on this speculation and, indeed, from what we see stated on the subject, it appears very probable that certain rail roads might be made which would be as productive a most of canals if the facts stated about "resistance. "velocity," &c. are true. Several rail ways are already projected such as from London to Manchester, and from Edinburgh to Gl sgow, and the moneys subscribed with eagerness. We intend to give some articles on this matter to shew what is going on; and shall begin with the following, as explanatory of - ...

the principles which are seemingly accepted in regard to it. CALCULATION'S ON RAIL ROADS. "A horse, (says a British publication), will draw. on a well made road, one ton, in a cart weighing about 700lbs. weight, at a rate of two miles an hour on a rail-way, he will draw fifteen tons which may he set down at thirty thousand pounds. On a canal, he will draw thirty tons in a boat weighing fifteen tons or ninety thousand y :!'ls hence the difference is ten times, nnch for the draft of a horse as on a v. m made road. The expense, then, of C'a -parting commodities, hv horse power, rn -iil-n. os,;s 'two tnuJsh ss than on the h .-t constructed road. With regard to V comparative value of rail ways and of : als, the balance in favor is. as to horse ver, three times as much as on a railwav. to which, in the first place, may be set in opposition the original cost and subsequent repairs. Again, this calculation is made on the datum of two miles draught for the hour. We have seen that a horse will draw a-

bout 90.000 lbs. at the rate of two miles an hour. If we increase the velocity of the boat, the resistance will also be increased and with am;.zi g rapidity. The resistance of a fluid increase as the square of the velocity. . Since 90,000l's. therefore, is drawn at the rate of two miles an hour by one horse At 4 m. an hour it would require 4 horses, 6 do. do. 9 do. 8 do. do. 1G do. 12 do. do. 36 do.

Or, at 4 miles an hour, the draught of

one horse w ill be about 22.000 Ihs. G do. do. 10.000 do. 8 do. do. 5.000 do. 12 do. do. 2.000 do. This computation is made that the draught of a horse is the same at 2, 4, 6 and 8 mib'S an hour, but the strength dimishes with every increase of velocity for, as the resistance of a fluid increases as the square of the velocity, the animal becomes proportionably exhausted ii maintaining that velocitv. On the other hand, resistance on a rail-way arises only from friction and the resistance of the atmosphere the latter of which is too trifling to be made the subject of computation the friction & resistance is proportionable only 'to the pressure, and entirely independent of velocity. This gives the rail-way an immense advantage over a canal by increasing velocity on a rail-wav, resistance is not increased. The very force impelling a body, 2 miles an hour may be made to impel it 10 or 12. Apply to a body, to be moved on a rail-way, a force equal to the resistance, and it will not moveC the smallest increase of force puts the carriage in motion. &. if constantly an acting force like that of steam, it might

The following statement will show the rast increase in the value of canal property: Old Birmingham rana!, original coft per share, 140. present value, . 2.840, annual dividend : 100. Stafford an Worcester canal, original cost JC- 200, present value, . 9ti0. annual dividen-i, . 40. Trent and Mersey canal, original cost. . 200 : present value, . 4,600; annual dividend, . 130 and boon- Coventry canal, original cost, . 100: present value, . 1,340; annual dividend, . 44 oud bonus.

be increased beyond any assignable limit. - Here wc see the advantage of steam power. Animal power could never be so applied as to produce this etfect; because, as the velocity of the vessel increases, the draught of animal power is diminished, becoming small, indeed, when it reaches the velocity of 18 or 12 miles an hour. When the vehicle has attained any proposed velocity whether that velocity be generated in the first instance, by the continued action of the impelling force just sufficient to overcome the friction and the resistance of the air. Hence, on a rail-way, the expenditure of force due to a velocity of ten or twelve miles .in hour, is very little more than that due to a velocity of two miles an hour. This is the grand mechanical advantage which a rail-road possesses over a canal. But it is on the application of steam, and on a consequent capacity of maintaining a constant action, however great the velocity of the vehicle, that this advantage depends. Without a steam a rail-way would be of no use; it would possess no superiorly over a canal. Animal power could not have been applied with any advantageous effect, because its draught diminishes so rapidly with an increase ofve locity. From the London Courier. " About a fortnight since a number of experiments, with the locomotive engines, were preformed at Killingworth, near Newcastle-upon-Tyne, by order of the committee of the Liverpool and Manchester rail way. In the first instance, namely, on the 18th ult. the trials were made with an old and imperfect engine, the results of which gave a speed of not more than four miles an hour, with a moderate load. On the

c22il ult. however, a superior engine, of

- -1 i eight horse power, being employed, the di

ameterof the wheels being four feet, fivtt

different trials of its power and speed were made. The weight moved, exclusive of the engine, was 48 tons, 15 cwt. The inclination of the road was 1 in C40 the greatest ri-e in any part 11 inches in 100 yards, 1 in 327. The engine and lad being moved, in both directions,along this inclined plane, the total result must be considered as upon a horizontal plane. The average velocitv was nearly seven miles an

hour, and the greatest speed 9 1-2 miles an hour. As a good deal of misrepre sentation has-gone abroad upon the subject of these experiments, we think it well to state that the above report is upon the

authority of Mr. Jume Walker, of LimeJ

house, one of the sev en engineers who weren

present: and, in addition to the above we will mention that Mr. Walker distinctly states, that, had the rail-way been good and well fixed, "the result would have been higher.'" As these engines were not of the best construction of speed, no doubt can be entertained that, with proper engines, iroods and merchandise mar be conveyed

with a very considerable increased veloci-ty."

BOUBSTIC SUL1XIAIIY,

Important ! We have just received intelligence from Frankfort, that the Grand Jurv of Franklin county have INblCTY."t? tup vniTNfi COURT OF AP-

FOREIGX ITEMS. By the arrival of the Crisis at N. York, on theGthinst. the following was received; The Chancellor of the Exchequer has proposed very considerable reduction of duties and excise in England, owing to the surplus revenue of last y ear, which is stated at one and a half million sterling. The whole excise on wine is repealed which was equal to about 6 shillings sterling per gallon on French wines; the duty on coffee and hemp is also to be reduced one half. The Chancellor calculates on a constant excess, notwithstanding these re-

j ductions, for the ensuing two years, of in

come over expenditure. Sir Francis Burdett had introduced various resolutions into the House of Commons in favor of repealing the test laws against Catholics, with success. A great meeting of Catholics had been held in Lon

don, at which the Duke of Norfolk presided, to petition the House of Lords not to pass the bill from the commons for the suppression of the Catholic Association and others. Manchester. There are about thirty thousand power looms in the district immediately surrounding Manchester, England, which give employment and subsistence to more than trto hundred thousand persons! and these 200.000, on account of materials used, and food, &lc. consumed, directly employ at least as many persons more. It is stated that a young man, (a coachman,) in England, has established his claims to the restored Earldom of Perth. We believe it is not -common in England for a coachman to become a lord, although it is every-day's occurrence for a lord to turn coachman. Nat. Jour. At the grand anniversary dinner, (22d January last,) in Edinburgh, in honor of the memory of Charles James Fox, the following toast was drank, with much applause "The President of the United States; and may there be a speedy union of all free nations against the encroachments of tyranny." Xat. Gaz.

v.n THE YOUNG COURT

PEALS, and those who acted under their orders, for breaking open the house of AIchilles Sneed, Clerk of the old Court of j Appeals, and taking out the papers of the court and also private property of Mr. 1 Sneed. The cry of "packed jury was raised, but on enquiry it was ascertained S that they weie summoned by a relief sheriff. Monitor

"Old Kentuck forever.'7 1 lie urana Jury of Garrard county, at the late March

term of the circuit court, have presenieu

the majority of the late Legislature tor violating the constitution, in passing an act purporting to be a law "to repeal the law nrfanizitiL' the court of Appeals, and to re

organize a court of Appeals." Likewise, Joseph Desha, governor of the commonwealth of Kentucky, for aiding, abetting, advising and assisting, the act aforesaid, by giving his signature to said law which in its effects has obliterated all traces of constitutional liberty and, by nominating four persons to fill the oflices created by said act, who are wholly and greatly inferior to the old court, and who, from the nature of their appointment, must be the humble and willing creatures of legislative will. As also. M m. T. Barry, Jam s IJiggin.John Trimble, and JUzin Dazidge, lor aiding and insisting in this unholy work, by consenting to accept the offices of judges of the court of appeal.-, created by the legislature, and by attempting to exercie the functions of the constitutional judges ot said court of appeals. Richmond Rtp. A printing machine has been lately patented in En gland, which, with the labor of on m:in :uiil four bovs. is capable, it U

said, of printing 2000 sheets an hour. The total population of Upper Canada, as appears by the district returns for l24, is 161.090. The legislature of Mary land have enacted severe laws for the more eflectuai prevention of drunkenness. North Carolina Gold. Five percent, of all the gold coined at the mint of the U. States, during the past year, was of gold found in North Carolina. Attempts are making in Kentucky to prevent the opening of tipling shops and engaging in tit lawful sports on the Sabbath, in that state.

Cotton y arn has been spun of the fineness of 350 hanks to the pound. Each hank would measure 140 y ards, which v ill make in the pound 294,000 yards, or 1G2 miles and a fraction. The Columbus Gazette says "The Canal Engineers have ascertained that there is neither rock nor quicks nd in the Lickingsummil having bored to the depth of the canal line in several places. We are informed, says the Cincinnati Literary Gazette, that our late consul at St. Petersburg!!, Mr. Harris, thro' whom Count Remanzoff's invitation to Captain Symmcs. to join his North Polar expedition, was made, has forwarded the Captain's letter ofa( ccptance to Russia; aird has little doubt that the conditions contained in it will be acceded to by the Count. The workmen on the Delaware and Chesapeake Canal, are proceeding with great rapidity. During the winter COO men were kept at work. The number is now increased to 1200, and employ ment will be given to several thousands as soon as they can be obtained. Excavations have been begun for the lock, at the western extremity of the canal; and the work will this summer be carried on, as it was during the last, on the whole line of the canal. In 1327, the canal will be navigable. A Cherokee, unacquainted with English, named George Guess, is said to have invented an alphabet of eighty-six characters, each representing a sound or syllable, by which the Indians now correspond with their Arkansaw brethren. New-York. The commerce of this city is even yet most rapidly increasing. During the 48 hours, which ended at 12 o'clock on the 11th ult. eighty-three vessels arrrived there from sea many of them

; large ships; and the cargoes of the whole

were valued at two millions of dollars. . Onions. A few fresh walnuts, or raw leaves of parsely , eaten immediately after dinner, will speedily remove that disagreeable taint which always effects the breath after partaking of onions, garlic, or shallots. CoFTER MINES ON LAKE Sui'ERlOR. Gov. Cass represents these mines as exceedingly rich, and almost inexhaustible ; and he thinks they might be bought of the Indians at $10,000, without doing injustice to their claims. The Emperor of Russia, and the Kings of Prussia and Spain, have recently issued decrees relating to the publication of works in their dominions. The Press is a subject of constant alarm and watchfuluc's to the European monarcha.

Hartford Assylum. The SJ!l0l, funds, of all descriptions, belonging ci Hartford Assylum for the education re Honf iiwl Dumb, isstatorl nt Co,. . lta

-v-" oid.ri

rntisiderah e Dortion ol which .. ' J

i aig vails of a liberal donation of KUl(j

he

bama, (23,040 acres,) by Congress. ? ... 1 . . . 1 . . . , . w-w t V w i rf nil rllj i -

institution since its establishment, 'js Averaife cost to the institution. C i o

a i 00 each A m ri wits rrrfTiflv r i m rv , . i 1 . M'

i m llHiu w kvvi.uj """l I IL'U if) i Philadelphia on a debtof2G cents. The bill granting an annuity 0f c fnr fiur vprirs. to the Pirmvli--ir,: i

w. .w. j , j , , Uill,l Il)ljt. tion for the Deaf and Dumb, Uls uj 7 mously passed both branches of the I,

o in

rn.

lature of that state.

There is in the "Philadelphia. Lihrnrv" a Bible in the Latin Tongue, tlei'ti

written on vellum, in the year one J sand and sixteen!

The marvellous. A statement appear, in a number of papers, the substance cf

which is, that the engraited stoc k fr

tree, became tired of bearing

Anr.ciiniinnro nftvlllfh- it l-ie r.

cui - uitj tcr SlliCp produced good apples! New African Colony. The Sirra Leone Gazette, of the 1 1th of September states, that the American settlers have, l imitation of the plan which has succtej so well in that colony, formed a new U wq on the summit of the Cape for the e:a! lishment of the liberated Afruar?, t!jr superintendants and instructors. a.

bout one mile and a half from the-capita and has been called 44 7 hompions tiun," ia honor of the late Secretary of the N.ivt, under whose auspices the liberated A fa. cans now there have been restored to freedom. Bait. Pat. A machine for spinning wool, invented bv Gilbert Brewster, Es. of Com ertin t, is now in operation at the Capitol in Albany, N. V. which, it is stated in a n nmrial to the legislature, causes a :avii gol'labor, compared with the i hi proc ess, of at lebt GO per cent. It can he propelled by va

ter, steam or hand power; it spit.s fn mtl.e rolls, and consequently supercedes there cesity of roping inexperiei red Inns or girls can attend it as well as the must experienced spinner. Nat. Jour. A nice point or law. BlackMone, speaking of the right of a wife to d wer, asserts, that if land abide in the husband for a single moment, the wife sb;dl be endowed thereof; and he adds that tl.is doctrine was extended very far by a jun in

Wales, where the father and ?on were both hanged in one cart; but the son was supposed to havcsuivived the father, bj appearing to struggle the lonutst. wbcreby he became seized of an estate bv i-urvi-vorship; in consequence of which seisin his widow obtained a verdict for h rdewcr. The bill incorporating the Larbiw.ixdi Canal and Coal Company has pass, d both branches of the Pennsylvania Legislature and is approved by the governor. Intrepidity. During a fne which broke out in a store at SandbornlouX on the 15th ult. a man rushed into the middle of the tlames, and brought out a barrel of gunpowder which was under the cuun ter; the outside of the barrel was actually on fire. Efficacy or the repeating cun.-c are informed by Mr. Siai.sbury, wl.o t;iS lately arrived from Mexico, that son tin.e in September last, Major Kdwards, mow pany with another gentleman, fortunately armed with one of Mr. hil eight charge repeating rillcs, in cru"" from Mexico to Durango, were attruked by a band of robbers, which infest tlwj section ol the country , and by covering; tln-ffl-selves behind a tree, after the third or fourth shot, caused such a panic amorgj n-, i.Mt iiw.v M.. r clad to naw

good their relrtat, leaving two ot v gang behind. fVash. Gaz. Galvanism. A late New York says We yesterday witnessed, at a 1 ture of Professor McNcvens on K;i,v a most extraordinary occurrence an 0 worth recoi ding. ... A cat, previously strangled until r peared extinct, was laid on the table. neck was not dislocated nor the ai I . in., .i- .:. K,l l.nt it wai ni .

uciii sciiMiuy uiiiiiiiimii:u, -

the

tionless and apparently lifeless, t" .1 : " r l... nnlt'S O'

uie wires leauing iroin i" r -1 uU1? battery was introduced into the r( 1 the other repeatedly applied to the m The cat was immediately thrown mtlent convulsions, which were renewe each application; the eyes also opene i -shut. In about one minute the an stretched out its paw and began Jo pire; it soon breathed strongly, and in minutes walked about the room, f the complete success of this expcriniein may justly infer, that were this poe agent speedily applied, in cases ol f-.-l ded animation, the most happy re; would ensue. u Envy. A little French girl V1' asked why she no longer liked ncr Her answer ' was "Because it vexe to see her better dressed than mysll-