Pike County Democrat, Volume 19, Number 27, Petersburg, Pike County, 22 November 1888 — Page 4

* The agony. So hope leu mom or balm. Shall tleep at hut. Id licht mJK Cholra. la ltar pert . A JAPANESE Outside It Is Uninvlttnir, But -It Is s Beauty.

*»WI E*s*rl*«*** for « Mraa«M-Tkr Btlk-JipwM CwimtllM B»« fftsh AMH| lb* Moan of a The Ualaha. V i • I have moved Into a Japanese house. How u> describe a Japanese house, where nothing is like any thin;; corresponding to it at home? From tho out- ' •»it is an uninviting big black bom: inside it is a *potie«9 doll's house magnified a thousand diameters, all wood and-wickor and white paper. Tl»e entrance halt is a platform raised m couple of feet above the ground, where you taka off your boots If you are a foreigner. or leave your sandals If you are ,« Japanese. A screen door elides bark and you are in—hut that depends upon circumstances. Sometimes you arc in j one room and sometimes in another. It I may be a general sitting-room fifty feet i square; it may be a bed-room (if you call early in the morning): or jtm may ! find yourself in an improvised sanctum and intruding upon somebody Writing labored descriptions for a far-away I press. For here walls have not only ; ears, they have also legs, and when you j wish to make a new room you simply j “form square'' by sliding enough |«in-1 els la their grooves to inclose the -pace, j or at your pleasure all the rooms can be i thrown into one* inclosed, in our case, ! by forty-six panels. Those forming the ] sides of th» ho.:sc consist each of sixty ! little paper panm. To wet one's linger. | stick it silently into the window and peep through, is thus the natural Japanese counterpart of Occidental surreptitious inspection by the l^eyhole, The floor is of mats; not mats strewed about as at home, but solid structure* of delicate stuffed wicker, an inch thick, j of conventional and regular size, let Into the floor, elastic, spotless, immovable. never profaned by even the daintiest of slippers, t'hairs and tables nrv of course unknown, and the posture of < repose is to seat oneself on one's heels. | This squatting, by the way. is very i painful at first, and like the “blameless dances” la "Ruddigore,” “takes a deal ; of training.” At meal times you squat anywhere and your food it plaited bo-| ton you. When you am throw yourself anywhea^gjMfi,,, g^,,. with no fear of soiUng/^Vi,,^ Uaen •uit When evqjgg oomse you do not chamber, you simply it, by sliding the wails round the you have chosen fdr your slumbers, rough-and-ready way. according to American friend, is to trend around the floor till you find a specialty soft and then lay a few wall* upon it for ■h. A more luxurious one is to have futon or thick quilt spread out and II yourself in a rug or blanket upon The chief draw back for a foreigner that his hip-bone- which is much prominent than that of a Japais terribly in the way. and my [ism not having yet sdvance to tuation upon the plank tied; 1 have learned tho trick of obliterating natural projections of the body, you sleep comfortably in spite of marauding rat. whose immunity |from attack has rendered him equally lInquisitive and harmless, and in the mhrwing when you return from the hath, tied and bc iroom have alike disappeared. It is the story of Aladdin domesticated. . The ball: again, is a new experience. Taka an enormous oval bucket, .holdlag perhaps fifty gallons, with a stovepipe running up inside it. Fill the tub with water and the pipe w ith red-hot Charcoal, and when the temperature is a little short of boiling point, get bodily in and sit down, and you have a Japanese bath. In most eases the next step la to get out again with amazing alacrity. but tho Japanese sits calmly there and perspires until he to parboiled. Being the guest. I am invited to enter first, while the entire household stands round and suppresses its amusement When I emerge, in a fainting condition. my host enters, and he is followed in time by the five servants in the order of their dignity, down to the humble “cook-boy.” If there were any ladles resident in our household they would take their turn with tho rest This bath is. of course, merely to open the pores. One to not supposed to wash in it hut to sit quite still Soaping follows for the foreigners and rubbing for the others, and the cold douche. The when completed is delicious, invuroratiner. and far ahead of the simple “cold tub” of the Englishman at home and abroad. Behind every Japanese house, however small and humble, there to a garden. Id ours there are the hugeleaved palms, the pleasant shady pies, the amusing bamboo, and a of shrubs with odd gaudy blossoms. Colossal bumble-bees go rumbling round; there to always a pair of broadwinged brilliant butterflies dancing together; and every bow and then one of the greet half-tamed scavengiag crows. Of which there are hundreds of thousand* not only tiderated hut protected pul his coal-black head right > room where we are sitting, and us with hto hoarse and comical But the bamboo to the funniest we discern a tiny pointed ia the grass. By evening In

it! 1 received a lesson in good manner* from you.” •‘How can you condescend to come to such a floor house as this?" “How can you. indeed, be so kind m to receive such an unimportant person as myself under your distinguished roof?” All this punctured-xith low bows and the sound of breath sucked rapidly in between the teeth, expressive of great empresseaten*. At last, amid a final chorus of artgatoa, the guests come to anchor upon the floor. Various objects are handed to them to entertain them, a curio or two. a few photographs, any thing, no matter what, for it is de rigucur in Japanese etiquette to affect a great interest and admiration on such occasions. Then dinner begins (1 am describing now,of course, the hospitality we receive rather than that which it is in our power to extend) with the production of a lacquer tray on which iti a smalt bowl of the same materia! filled with soup and fish—a species of bouillabaisse. Having drunk the soup out of the bowl, you eat the fish with your chop-sticks. It is an error, by the way, to suppose that it is difficult to acquire the use of this Oriental knife and fork. Nothing is easier. After the fish comes a laequer dish with four or five little heaps of food on it—a puree of chestnuts. a salmi of some small bird or wild fowl,, a few boiled lily-roots and a mess of stewed sea-weed. With the chopsticks a small portion of each of lh»*se is lifted 1» epicurism alternation. Now sake Is produced in a porcelain or silver bottle with a bowl of water and a number of tiny cups, each holding a tablespoonful Sake resembles dry sherry, and Is always served warm. You never help yourself to sake, but the servants — usually girl >—squatting in an outer ring round the diners (every body 'being. of course, on mats on the floor) take care that your cup is always full. The Japanese version of “A glass of wine with you, sir.” is peculiar. You empty your cup, plunge it into the bowl of clean water, move off your mat and. after touching the cup to your forehead, offer it upon your open |>alm and with a low bow to the person you desire to toast. He receives it in the same manner, with an expression of appreciation, and the servant immediately fills it for him. A ft" minutes afterwards he returns it with similar ceremony. With the actual drinking there is no sentiment whatever in Japan—no “Good health!” as with us. no “A la Voire!” no “Prosit!” no "Skaal!” —the ceremony begins and ends with the passing of the cup Nor is there any of the valor of those who “gioried and drank deep:” you drink often Japan; it hi impossible in an inch of Uquj£ AudWh the valor thsappeajj^jjJ^^q, legends and ' as have clustered about Olaf's drinking-horn and the Teutonic "Beecher” and the more gentle Anglo-Saxon “Loving Cup” And finally, the teetotaler may not set a gain In sobriety Over against the loss in valor and in verse. It is just as easy to get tipsy out of a teaspoon as out of a flagon, and mqch more humiliating.

So far the Japanese dinner in excitant. At the next course, however, most foreigners cry halt. Upon a tiny wire gridiron apjtear several pink and white morsels, accompanied by various liliputian salads and a good-looking na* Those are raw fish, exquisite in it'IMWO bin execrable in the mouth. After then: comes cakes of many kinds, and tea. and finally, when you wish to retire, you give the signal by asking for rice. I shoujd have said that the “tobacco bon," a box containing a small braxi r. a Japanese pipe and a section of ham boo. serving the wnphsasantly conspicuous purpose of combined ash-receptacle and spittoon, is brought in at an early stage, and even when ladies are present you can smoke as many pipes of the mild and aromatic Japanese tobacco, each consisting of two whiffs, as you choose. The feast is prolonged bv ceaseless conversation, a thousand

jests at which everybody roars with laughter, and an eodless series of mutual compliments. Delicate in form ! and in substance, characterued by in- | Unite kindness and merriment, subject to strict and immemorial rules, a Japanese dinner is typical of the Japanese people. Most foreigners are delighted with it as a novel experience, and hasten' to supplement it with a beefsteak or dish of poached eggs. One invariable accompaniment ' to j such an entertainment here 1 have purposely omitted to mention —the geisha, or girl musicians, who appear during | dinner and. dance to the samisen and the biwa and ai-gen-king. liny creatures from fairyland they are. so exquisitely dressed, so wonderfully coiffees, so pretty and graceful and full ol fun. true visitors from Oriental wonderland. These and their like demand at least a letter to themselves. Dinner brings the Japanese day to a close. The guests arise from their mats, and steal away, not silently by any means, and as ceremoniously at they entered. When the last pair ol j sandals has been resumed and the last jinrikteha has whirled array, our servants slide the heavy shutters into their places all around the house, in a trice bedrooms and beds appear.and from the waking dream of being “At Home in Japan" one passes by an easy transition into that land of other dreams where alone every wanderer is in truth at home, however many thousand leagues of sea and land divide him from what ho loves. — fleary Abrataa, us SI Louis JM-Mspmtt*. —A negro in Dalton. Ga., has what might be termed a “fowl mugwump," It is a freak of nature, described as hall duck and half chicken The head and breast are those of a hen. while the back, tail and legs are formed like those of a duck. It is feminine in gender, cackles like a hen. aad wabbles like a duck when walking. It k six months old. and said to be the fun Sliest thing ever seem in a ham-yard.

It to pleasant to know that the prandial repast mil be fo llotved by no penitential pangs. The dvspeptxv to retrain digestion and exile forever the it anifold symptoms that assail him. should begia early ami persist in a course of Hos tetter‘s Stomach Bittern. Then will lie And peace vainly sought before. Biliousness, -oustipation. kidney ailments and debility sro remedied by the Bitters. Tnr sc was »*t much iroflt in stocks when they ire re eu ployed as instruments (if puu- ; lsiimsat.—5<; tmga ! Cot-u us asp Corns. Those who are suflVr- ; mg fiwn Coughs. Colds. Sore Throiit, etc., ! should try flaows’s Bkoncbiaj. Thpcbe*. i So’d <>«d» is In ms. Tmi girt with the aloe-blsck ej-e sees quick enougn —A". tt Ptowaiw. Exriaieioito of Comrhing are stopped by Hale's Honei of Ho rebound and Tar. 1‘ike’s Toothi che Props Cure in one minute. Ir aDicted with Sore Eyes use Pr. Isaac rhouipaon'sliye Water. Druggists sell it- .Sc to make light of a t rouble- > get posseasiou of it and THOGS—(tool to i.'holcr.. SHEKP-Qood to Choice. | FLOUR—W Inter. WHKAT-N JTsSprtar! i I! CORN-toSo-t-.. OATS-dlo, t White.. PORK—New Mess. KANSAS CITY ! CATTLE—S-hipping Steen...» WHEAT—Not Red, OCRN—No.* Mixed.. OATS—No a Mixed. FORK—Mess.. BACON—Clear Rib.. oorroN-HMUUtag.

***»»•**.£ vw>- | oi^pot^ssi^j*, ^“"w«L"*HwnwS‘ ‘ So^sssS MP£

CATTLE. HOGS. SHEEP. H«*!<•■>! market pint pttarameed. E»t»k< II raw*: Kxpoet nat.'m.’v Writ* for Ml ialoemuloa »i tw. wirktt repom. AMnka C. C. BAI.Y * CO.. Un Svwk Comramcioa U.rvkaata, NaiUnal I Stock Yards. East St. kaata. 111.

OUR 14107* FILLED itt olothe you and < ■It the Mew • appliances to lid*.* eat. flab. hunt, wor* or ataj at home, and atylea and quantities rhat la required to <fc ittU'U-UtJuaiw •ch and Bept., It la an oncyt useful inf oraQ who pur. uxuriee or the of life. We go to eO«rO*T*Bll. end ye e oi tho' estimate Of Umi tain# QUIDS, trhioh will receipt of 10 cent* MONTGOMERY U1-1U Michigan A*« Ju«t figure D these things ;an nduhir the BUTSB8‘ he rent j r»t ns»s TOW* WftJl v GRATEFUL—CO PORTING. EPPS’S IOCOA. BREAKF iT. •• By • thoroaah imowied which rorern the njieratK'U! non. awl by a caret*! applk antes of well-selected Cnee* oar break ast tables with a i ernge which may's* re as *>« Ills by the ludicioaa as* e that a c institution may he^t strong enoaah to na Hundred. of sabtle » of the natural laws ’ digestion and nutri»>n of tit* Bhe prop!r. Rpps has provided irately layered bavhearydonors' bills, ueh articles of diet dually built up until tendency to disease. ready to attach whttrayer th setreaweiS*TorttSilVShpe •-“Od! re Heating around us > is a weak point. We an by i repine outs Made simply with beiHng i la half-pound tins, lay time* jAxntmtkcOi.i blood and a proparly -ire Gawffs." •.erormllk. Sold only labelled thus: ■seopathtc. Chemist a lOMWS. B-IS1.SSD. Gold *0 40 WATCH 0 JO PAYAi $1.00 PE By eur /maroree Wnithuni. >nr.n Refer to lay Coat* (week 'tub System. oil It Jewelled mosetowu makes, such aa eld. l; or It ford. he. Uwo Uaad. Reliable A each plan. Write k NIFGELE WITCH Oritmeten of Club Sjsri _2SL«o**k Sir* $? mali _ . KNT VVAXTKIt in alt particulate. f JEWELRY CO. of seOing Watcbft. FOUR BOOK! IN ONE R A Year’s Work Of Prom the caa^mof*^ LEARNED FADING. i In Ten Days. IW S4r--!» April UK. wb . - -g|-- lk Col! _ _Jwi‘ dt rs in Septembet. 11 suddei ordination examination “~ had only t*n (»♦> day* in1 4k*uw recommend n year's anyone »o utterly utprepare tenfhad »o strt*gth«n*d mg to College. and Houghton . Oxford. jmml Oxon..Sept.. m thinking of taking orstride ecelerd notice that my .ttTl nbie to remember and fixe tl remtina it once. I thorefor Han *iu Browne. Me Abet m. d fwtlkl in erern wip of the Bishop of Edinburg know* th "Tiii»S!KH5 Tartar._^ WTKU Sy*tem :i» taught *po«dencCw Cnll or address I MT-VUtt THIS fUtt mn torn J be held in .a fortnight. 0 prepare foe the Exam, eparatioa in the ease of * l was; but your Sy*ml memory, that K was gist of any book afPn end Ughtfodk. Proctor* 4c.. once, and was s*o~ « pagers. The present acts, Faithfully yours, XteMtAlh f*- V] t*» Fifth AkoX.T. eraoaaUy or by correiboxe for pmspectuv NEWES r CRAZE!

6RES0RT S CHECKERS SOLITAIRE

A „ Hay i nuuj iw i..aec*er The same •onMM.H in men change iMm by A‘h other w ittaout movm the board or mo* in*

OX£ HlTiBKCB JPW ttooe tending TO cvmd a TO. Tt»** same matted for TO W^yPI 44 BrwaJway. XKW ; KXC'ITIXG TBAX TB* W ; IT .\AMI WU» r&TtX mo to TKAITo—gtTett areas (Hit Of a p<wiN/ r tv> do it 1T» _IT IS MOKK “IS" nm*.

fkls Origiaal *adWar»4Reae*#ed Preparation to a SnhManeo «■ (SWVAUXD FUKlT* M* MEDICINAL. WORTH. A solid extract derived tv anew process from vert superior growths ofWhcat-nothmginore. h toijMtifM«#»n4tt» «* total: a staidard dietetic mepaejhioi, Aoi h«9 fewd recem moulded »n^,<*rtJ3 ^ 1? •sfS!ZSTni‘SffsssiS‘e® notice, as tho Salvator for Invalids and tho Agoi, r?r^!*£Z\*%l£%SiF remkdlai. AGENT to all DiSeisSWHto.9tpmow.ASP Istestixks (often in instances 6# ****** orer patients whose di^tireorgtifc* w«e reduced to such a low and sensitive con diticrfi that the Granum was the only thin* the uorddbeh would tolerate when hfo iepeadimf M» Its retention', and, whitolt to an lrroxrlkltiJi AUxcn von ivt GROWTH AND FROTBcVtth* or.OTAWl AND children, wo do not heeitatd to no food for tho nursling can at with a healthy mother's yejid of milk:, when however, the mother's muk is insuflctont, either in Quantity or In nutritive substancethe IMPERIAL GRANT* to. ns ban been proved in thousands of (steMSttAnsi fo*®rnlike those preparat ions made front Animal or vinous matter, which are liable to stimulate the brain and irritate the dlgestlveorgat*. it embraces to its elementary composition That which makes Strong •onto nnd Muscle, that which make* Cood Flesh and Blood, that which la easy of Iklsestloit, never Constipating, that which Is Rind and Friendly to the Brain, awl that which Acts aa a Preventive of these Intestinal Disorders Incidental to Childhood. AnC while it would be difficult to conceive ot anything to food ordeeecrt more creamy and delicious, or more aourtohtogand strengthening as an aliment in Fkyrrs. Pclnonast I'oaruAiNgs. Gastritis, Dtsfepsua anc Gkneral. Dmut.nrv. Its rare medicinal excellence to ail iutcettoal discuses, especially to CMrre, Dytmhry, C* rente Pi« rrhmr eml Cholera Jn/'a»«» HAS BEEN INCONTESTABLY PROVEN. Sold t>y Hmsgirt*. JOHN CARLE * SONS, - - Nevr Tort

we cure CATARRH

BRYANT & STRATTON ssSlSSSmSSm Ham! School* St Louis. How Has SQO Stutfeats Yoartx. Gt*hurtn* Meeotsful tit gvttiu* gmiti^iu. Send for Circular* FREE Bv return mail. Fu»l drsrrlptlos r.vtu* iruia tAtfu. • Bluod?** No* Tait»r System Cuttnitf. MtX>DY Jt OX. Cim.imiatu U 6yJttfc »nv»hu^*iM in tfc* w«»rUl fetor m o.itM V KU*. 1 *w* * ie.. Auy««. Mftu*. irXUi. uito .Aft* *n«Jw*!** $5 TO SB A DAY. Sample* worth *».» KRFK Tin«“<n5t »n<ler tHeh 'r»'»!*** >>»? _ IWKSTCK simi BBSWH.H11U, »•»!. hta*. •MAX& law Mt fcil «,ej ismjw aa UAIir MTM. Honk-keep'"*, tVortwanhlp, Arttlv HIliRC motto. Shorthand. «f<- . thoroughl;- tanaM ”” ClreuUra tree wuvrtWyM.lkMi 'l »■ TEL£fiRAPNY."r.rs,K«i"*d.*tXke*Trui.,« tr»ut» tmus _____ • Km,|j r'.:» fcro^h-a». *»* ” WhI *»i aU1^ ■—J» .« ** a »•*. i •* * raja. «o * K."owoat *>•»:«». «• »>'«••< *>*>*; S»»U *«J**a.r»U*toJ A. N. K. a 1214 WHEN w kitinc t» *»vmi»tit« m.«i otalo that j»« uv Ike AJieHliewel la »h»

hryant & S ratton Chicago Business College 1 H SHORT-HAND STITU1 II imUninw ^ i*a ST UvA.Cmukktfue.teti* the-. *eat i •T"2"S “-gg^gj TglSSS'^Sa^;?' THESES Addrvt* U. B. BKV A>T 4 lVspritUro.CIlMim tlL tr&KiL

PATENTS Ptocoi'wJ or ik ciumil AlK Trade Mark*, •te. 'Lena »* —I reference*. B1**>k ’’t l KNt^LiAlr IRKE ,VMrw W. T. r; rtosk ll.*, Attmksci IT Law. 1*11 t s .t ■. H'lSSUSKS. Ik C tf-N AMe tuts rarca ■« iu- r* ma COIR ROOK, &g?S 8a %n<* Colonial Coins. Notw. Cl lM.P^rRAT*D. M.«« »elHa» drices V UU vviwiai VM»«I1N «w». CMtWT* uli^t «l •11-current QoU amt SitTer of Mia A. X. »XITM. Hi** A*e.. Xiumh^* *

The Most Interesting Serial Stories By the Leading Writers of the Country. Illustrated Short Stories Complete in Each Number, Chosen from the Best Authors that Judgment Can Select. Articles on Timely Subjects From the Pens of Eminent Scholars and Divines. Sketches of Adventure.

Article on Household Subjects By Writer Excelling in Their Particular Branches. B: ^graphical Sketches By ttv Prominent Biographers of the Day. Sc lolastic Disquisitions ished Professors in American Colleges. 1 istorical Sketches. l!

Jokes Illustrated bj Humorou The 1/tHgtr will also give muchnraluable information through lite h rawer* to —- furnUh spicy Paragraphs, and through our columns will be sprinkled Muuerous Poems, Pathetic I will seal us from weeds to week much more matter than we can possibly use so that we shall alw select the vkt bkst. Ho expense stands in the way of procuring the best and most popular writers, as will be seet * Drawings. e and Science iufms. The editorial pnge will continue t tads and miscellaneous articles, lb fact, our contributor s have a fresh and superabundant supply from which t ram the following eminent > 1889s

MRS. FRANCES HODOSON BURNETT. . ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. MARY KYLE DALLAS. FREDERICK WHITTAKER. SHIELDS. DB. MeCOSH. UAPT ANNA REV.

JAMES PARTON. MARIOS EABLASD. THOM AS 1 USS ENGLISH. AMT RAX10LPH. JOEL BENTON. * EMMA ALIH'E BROWNE. And M; ny others.

JULIAN HAWTHORNE. MISS PARLOA. MAJOR CALHOUN. JOSEPHINE POLLARD. RET. EMORY J. HAYNES. BISHOP CLARK. !

\per that every father and mother can leave on the family judgment will be exercised in providing matte)- that will be •tinued stories by Stlvaxts Cobb, Jr., and severs! original « stories and poems din ing the year; also some continued of talent, that every department will receive tile particular -> «*»«* will be sure to give satisfaction to the most $3.00 to the FEW YORK LEDGER, rE FREE, ths, - - $i.t /. '/A

THOROUGH BUSINESS EDUCATl BRYANT 4fc STRATTON. Tha i Aiii^viiifi Business arson Streets, LonUrilte, iy. 409 TIHRO STBKKT, fW Cb&a*c*« Aifcw CoU<%* as Abore. MITCHELL’S ACftDEM BUSINESS COLLEGE Evansville, Ind., . ^ • r ' Is a Very Thorough, Practical I Progressive School. Gives Better Advantages than any Like School in Southern Indiana. ttookKeepms amt Businew F^s; »*S Gnunmai, Shortttand and YypeAN rtting. Etc.. Etc. All »» greatly re Addrcat T. \Kfm 214 Main Street, Between Seoood and Third, EVANSVILLE, INBt

R. BERRIDGE & CO., (Successors to Woods & Oanatsey.) PROPRIETORS OP Star Livery, Feed and Sale Stables; CORNER FIFTH AND WALNUT STREETS, PETERSBURG. First Class Bawls* and Safe Harass for ths public at reasonable prices. ed bv tb® day or week. Hive this Arm your natron*re, and yon will reoelee lair treatment. Tbe well-known hostler. Au Karos, will be found always on band. HAMMOND ™=JEWELER GRAND OPPORTUNITY — TO BUY — Watches, Clocks, Jewelry. PRICES ON ALL GOODS CUT DOWN TO THE LOWEST NOTCH TO SUIT THE HARD TIMES SAXiBM Is. HAMMOND.

DRT GOODS. JOHN HAMMOND. N EW GOODS D> which he directs attention. His DRY GOOD? are Brst elaiw, and the stock la tars* Hats, Caps, Boots, Shoes and Notions Give Rim a call and you will bo conduced that ha Is giving BARGAINS on hta entire stock SOLID GOODS AT LOW PKICKS. EUGENE HACK. ANTON SIMON. —Proprietors ol— THE EACLE BREWERY, VINCENNES, INDIANA, Furnish the Best Article of Beer the Market Affords AND SOICIT ORDERS FROM ALL DEALERS BOTTLE OB KEG BEER SUPPLIED TO FAMILIES. On Bale at A.11 Saloons. ISAAC T. WHITE. FRED'K H. BURTON. MARSHAL C. WHITE. KJBLL.ER. db WHITE, ■Wholesale Druggists and dbalsrs in Paints, Oils, Dye Stuffs, Window Glass and surgical, instruments. No. K>0 Main Street, • Evansville, Ind.

OSBOKISr BEOTHJES Bin r*»OT«<J to ttekr K.. Wh*” h"* * «"*• “« BOOTS AND SHOES, For MM. W»»en to* CMldr«. ▼* ktoP and J & BRO., HANT TAILORS, Indiana* it ]$& Sljte if M M, * - „■ '