Nappanee Advance-News, Volume 43, Number 41, Nappanee, Elkhart County, 5 June 1924 — Page 3

{Prepared by the National Geographic Society, Washington, D. C.) Venezuela is to be looked into more closely by explorers; for though the more accessible const regions and those along the lower portion of the Orinoco river are developed, there are thousands of square miles of hack country southwestward tow'ard the Andes and * southward toward Brazil that are wholly unknown. The portion of Venezuela that Is best known is the coastal region due sOuth of Porto Rico. Nature set a barrier In the form of mountains a short distance back from this coast and for a long time all development was confined to tlie north of It. Farther west, however, where the large Gulf of Maracaibo bites deeply into the land the mountains. too, run Inward, skirting the gulf at a distance, and add a considerable area to the region accessible from the north by water. In the am-, phitheater, about Maracaibo and the narrow strip of sloping land that stretches off along the Caribbean the Spaniards built their colonial power, neglecting for a time the great Orinoco valley that lay south of the mountains * with its broad plains and dense forests. Maracaibo furnished the name for Venezuela. About this great protected lagoon which, because of rivers emptying? 1 into It, is practically a lake, the aborigines lived In typical lake dwellings on piles. Ojeda, Spanish navigator, came sailing this way in J4!>B transporting as one of the first tourists to the Western world Amerigo Vespucci, “pickle merchant of Seville," who by a strange twist of fortune gave his name to America. Seeing the lake villages with water passages between the houses, the explorer called the region Venezuela. "Little —Venice,” and the name, though wholly inept to a land of high niounTains, broad plains and mighty rivers, came to apply to the whole vast -colony. Maracaibo Becomes an Oil Port. Because the mountains, rising from a tropical coast, pierce the temperate zone, Venezuela’s most flourishing cities built by the conquerors rose on the highlands just inland, each having ■—tnr'pnrt. , ~- t FtTns -ftararas anrl—VHyteru-ia-came to (imminence, one served by the port of Ln Guaira, the other by Fuerto Cabello. But Maracaibo, on the strait leading to the great lake gulf. Tajiks as .third city, having a population of more than 50,000. It is the greatest lowland city of the republic. Just now petroleum development is taking place around the lake and even in it, for derricks are rising In the water as they do at some points on the coast of California. Asa result of the petroleum—discoveries, the. city of Maracaibo, in addition to handling cacao, coffee, sugar and hard woods, is becoming an oil port. ’ A bar comes within 12 feet of the surface at the entrance to Lake Maracaibo, but inside the great body of water Is 30 feet deep and so capable of floating the largest ocean freighters. Plans to dredge an entrance are under way. It is the extensive Orinoco valley and its bordering plains and forests tuat constitute Venezuela’s land of to- . morrow. The open country has already been developed to a certnln extent. The northern bank of the Orinoco Is In a way comparable to the banks of thy Missouri where that stream flows through the great plnlns of our West; but in such a comparison It must be kept in mind, of course, that Venezuela Is a tropical country* and that the grasses and shrubs of its llanos are tanker than those on which our buffalo used to browse. Orinoco a Mighty River. ■s' Just as great herds of bison roamed our prairies, so vast droves of halfwild cattle covered the level llnnos north of the Orinoco In Venezuela's rolonial days. These oatth* played an Important part in making Independence possible In Spanish-speaking Soutli America; for the armies of liberation and their guerilla forces lived on their meat. These Inrosds almost exterminated the herds, however, and it Is only In reeent years that ttie cattle industry has shown Indications of regaining Its former importance. If It were not hard by the Amazon, mightiest river of the earth, the Orinoco would "stand out as a tremendous

Columbus Overlooking Caracas.

stream for, judged by the total volume of water which It yearly empties intq, the sea, it is probably one of the halfdozen greatest rivers of the world. In length the Orinoco cannot compete with other great streams; the distance from Its sonrce to its mouth is about I,COO miles. It has many huge tributaries, however, which give it a high rank In length of navigable waters, -about 4,500 miles. The river finds its way Into the Atlantic through a huge delta covering some 7,000 square miles. The first Introduction which the river navigator gets to the Orinoco lends him to class it as a second Amazon; for on Its low, moist delta forest growths run riot. One sails between the massive green wails formed by rank-growing strands of tinman inf For rambling‘-vines. Above the delta, however, a hundred or more miles Inland, the screening effect of coastal mountains conies into play, and the. plains or llanos begin. Even in the prairie region trees fringe tlie river hanks, but hack from the stream, where the dry seasons make themselves felt, only Jittle clumps of stunted palms and bushes break the monotony of the grass-covered plains. Soutli of -the river are great forests like those of the Amazon basin, nnd from these tree-covered regions flow numerous large tributaries, some of which are not well known. ItTs in tills part of Venezuela that- exploration is to be pushed. . ■ - Boats Almost Reach the Andes. Ocean ships sail up the Orinoco as they sail up'the Amazon, though. not so far. Cuidad Bolivar, 200 miles from the ocean, is the New Orleans of Venezuela and is the country's fourth port. Here the river is ten or twelve miles wide even in dry season and spreads out amazingly when the floods, 40 or 50 feet deep, sweep down. Smaller boats ascend (lie river .hundreds of miles above Cuidad Bolivar, almost to the Andes, ln fact. The traffic on the river is not nearly so heavy as the excellent navigation facilities warrant, owing to the sparseness of the population. Cnjioes and ...rafU-flua4ing„daa.n.. from rf-mate-Cfc-gions of the upper Orinoco basin tiring considerable quantities of rubber, hnlitta gum, chicle, and hides to Cuidad Bollva r. JBS. .Physiography lias played a queer trick on the Orinoco in the upper reacfies of the river. A stream flows out of the river at one point, carrying part of its waters to the Amazon. This stream, the Casiquiare, is navigable by small hoat\ so that it is possible to go inland by mater from thq .mouth of the Orinoils to the mouth of the Amazon. It Is where the Orinoco system merges with the Amazon system, and In the region generally west to the Andes that Venezuela's leust-known territories are to be found. From time to time during the past several centuries explorers have penetrated parts of this* vast unknown land. But for the most part they have gone by water and have seen only the rivers bordered by their dense walls of vegetation which shut out perhaps interesting secrets beyond. .Legends and reports about this region and Its outskirts nre numerous, nnd where otifi begins and the other ends is often difficult to determine. The connection of the Orinoco nnd Amazon by a natural "canal" was long considered a myth, hut In 1700 Alexander van Humboldt confirmed the fact flint the two river systems merge through a good-sized stream. Many, of huge Orinoco tributaries are said to contribute wnters of distinct colors, one milky white, another black, still another yellowish, etc. In one of the rapids Just above the limit of navigation In the main stream are reported to be “timsioal stones" which, like the statue of Memnon In Egypt, give out sounds when warmed by the rays of the sun. So great Is the discharge of the Orinoco - that It very materially reduces the saltness of the Gulf of Paria nnd the neighboring waters. Tills effect Is so marked that Cofmnhus, who touched near the mouth of the Orinoco In 141*8. spoke of these waters as “the fresh water sea.’’

Radio

(Edited by O. Dougina VY#rdrop, Editor of Radio Merchant!lain*.)

By J. L. RIFKIN When It comes to bringing in the local statlona (which, after all, are the best In the world) nothing Is better than tlie ordinary crystal for faithful reproduction, clarity and naturalness of tone. The crystal has its disadvantages, however, in that it Is unstable and hard to adjust. One must experiment long and patiently in order to find a sensitive spot on the crystal and when after much trouble a sensitive spot has been found a slight accidental jar Is enough to get the crystal out of adjustment lignin. These faults may be remedied by

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How Detector Is Mounted. the use of crystal, detectors of the “fixed” type, that Is, those thkt nbed very litjrfe' or no adjustment. These fixed detectors are o i three general types; a crystal with a cat whisker permanently attached or sealed to a sensitive spot, two crystals pressing against each other and making contact at one or more sensitive spots, and electrolytic detectors which really are not crystals at all, but are made with chemical pastes that have tlie property of rectifying or “detecting’ 1 radio waves. All three types have their dlsadvantages, In the first t’ypß thy perronnenjly connected spot slowly loses its sensitivity and becomes inefficient. In the second type the crystals become oxidized after a time and do not w'ork well. In the electrolytic detectors the paste gradually dries up or is changed by tlie action of the current passing through It. The ideal Detector. i~— Obviously;-* then, the Ideal fixed crystal detector would be one which would stay “fixed” when a sensitive spot was found and which would allow adjustments to he made in the

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The Dowel Sticks. event of the original adjustment losing its sensitivity after t period of use. Such a detector can be easily made by any radio fan from a few simple parts found in every home. The materials needed nre: A small spool; a, crystal; a small dowel stick; two small brass angles; two small machine screws; two small bolts with nuts; 2 feet No. 26 or 28 wire. The spool is first sandpapered until

Efficient Grid Leak Can Be Made on Base of Tube By WILFORD LAHMAN An efficient grid leak can he made directly on the base of the tube, and will give Holding the tube with tlie facing you, having the pin up as shown ln the diagram, the top and bottom posts on tlie light are the grid and filament terminals respectively. A drop ‘of India ink is placed at the base of these

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An Excellent Grid Leak. —-- posts nnd allowed to dry. Several pencil ,11 nos are now "drawn from one drop to tlie other according to the resistance of the leak desired. Best re ; suits will usually be had by connecting the positive terminal of the “A” battery to the leak. at China Cups and Bowls to Make Loud Speaker An emergency loud speaker can easily he made by putting each telephone receiver of a headset ln an ordinary china cup, with the ear cap down. Tlie volume obtainable Is often astonishing. Round cut glass fruit bowls, or. wooden chopping bowls are also- quite effective. If the buUoin of the dish is rather flat, tlie 'phone ■must he propped up hy a couple of match sticks. Working along the same llrfes, picture frames anil window panes can be experimented with. A 'very novel effect can be had by hnnglng a lood speaker unit, or a particularly good earphone, again*! a window, which Is draped with curtains. If an unsusps’itlng . person is then seated

THE N A PPAXEE A TVV A NCF-ffEWS

it Is clean and smooth. A strip of sandpaper about 0 inches by 1 Inch is then rolled into a narrow tube and pushed back and fortli a few times through the hole In the spool. The spool Is then held to the lips nnd the breath blown forcefully through tha hole to expel the sawdust. Tlie dowel stick Is now split in half lengtliwl.se and a 12-inch length of No. 26 or 28 wire is placed between the two halves so that about three-six-teenths of an Inch of the wire projects fnun the end of tlie dovyel stick, as shown In Fig. 2. The stick Is then pushed Into the spool hole about onefourtli of the length’of tlie spool and Is then cut off flush with tlie end of tlie spool. Cilre should he taken not to break the wire in cutting off the surplus end of the stick. A crystal Is now broken Into little pieces by a heavy blow with a large headed hammer. These pieces are tested for sensitivity by the method shown ln Fig. 3. Crystal Sifted Into Spool. The most sensitive, pieces are then pulverized into a course powder with the hammer. Care should he taken not to touch the crystal grains With the fingers, since this wojild spread a thin film of oil over them and render them practically useless. These grains are scooped up with a piece of clean paper and sifted into the open end of the spool hole until the hole Is about three-fourths full. Then another cat whisker Is made from tlie rest of the dowel stick and

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To Test Crystal. another 12-Inch length of wire and pushed into tne open end of the hole. These dowel sticks should fit very tightly, so that some pressure is required to force them into tlie spool hole, otherwise some of tlie crystal grains, may fall out. The two small brass angles are now attached to tlie ends of tlie JjWiT' by means of the machine screws (Fig. 1). The detector is then placed on tlie panel or base and the holes for mounting it are marked and drilled. Fig. 1 shows how tlie detector Is mounted. Ttie wires lending from tlie cat Wilis--kers are wound around or soldered to tlie heads of tlie bolts and connections to the set are made from lugs" placed between tlie two nuts on ttfb ends of each bolt.

When ail is completed the detector may be given a really businesslike appearance by two or three cnatV of shiny black enamel. To adjust the detector, tap the thin part of the 'spool with the end of a pencil. A sensitive spot will soon he found. If. after, use the adjustment loses its senslti\\v somewhat a few more taps with the pencil will again make tlie crystal(“bring home tlie bacon."—New York Sun and Globe.

near that window, and the set turned on suddenly, Ute result is very amusing. Avoid Oscillation The main difficulty with homemade radio frequency amplifiers is that tlie 1 übes go into oscillation, apt! ’in such condition the only, received will be howls and squeaks. The same applies to a neutrodyne set, unless the neutralizing condensers are properly adjusted. In this latter type of set tlie squeals and whistles are supposed to be neutralized out.

SHORT CIRCUITS Single circuit tuners tuny he made more selective by using a short antenna. When the storage battery runs down, Just when company is coining to hear the set, connect a dry cell in series with tlie but tery and you can receive the concerts as well as formerly. By connecting the .variable condensers in tlie correct manner all capacity effect from the operatqr’s hands will tie eliminated; therefore if there is any capacity noted In u set shift the connections to tlie condensers. A makeshift vernier may lie made by using a pencil with a rubber on one" end. The rubber is placed on tlie panel and touching the edge of the dial. By [turning the pencil the dial uill ■Urn slowly. Bit must be,understood that a loosely coupled vnrlocoupler of the three-circuit design is hy far nuiclimore selective than tli* of the close-coupled tuner. A loose binding post on a panel Is a source of annoyance. This may he prevented by 'lie use of small lock washers; which may be put under tlie nut at the rear of the panel before tlie nut Is tightened down.

To Make Electric Soldering Irons Transformer, Lead Pencil, Wire, Wire Solder and Lee Pick Needed. By EDWIN RUST After borrowing my neighbor's soldering iron and blowtorch several times I decided I would not rely so much on his generosity, but provide my own means of soldering connections. I procured a transformer whose output was from 14 to 25 volts, then I took a common lead pencil, some No. 18 wire, some wire solder and the handle from an ice pick and constructed the soldering iron as follows: Tlie lead was removed from the pencil and put In the handle, tlien a piece of copper wire was wound around the lead, in a close coil two Inches from tlie end. The other eqd of tlie w ire was attached to one binding post of the Likewise a piece

At VOLTAGE (no-us; ' l\ IB- M.NOIC transformer X p —'■ tAO WIRE SOLOER^^

For an Electric Soldering Iron. of copper wire was wrapped around a length of solder wire and the other end of the copper wire was attached to tlie other side of tlie transformer. Apply rtux to the parts to be soldered, attach the lead from the transformer to the electric light kocket and turn on either 14, 16. 20 or 25 volts, and you are ready to solder. Touch the pencil lead to the solder and allow it to heat until the solder flows. Do not touch the solder to the wire connected to tlie lead. A clutch pencil may tie used If the wire "ißTtinnecteti" t tlie pencil—and—partof the pencil wrapped with tape for use as a handle, hut the lend in such a pencil usually Is small and breaks easily.—Radio Digest. Number of Turns Per Inch in Winding Coil If you have to wind a coil having sixty turns of No. 22 wire, double covered, but don’t know-how long a piece of tubing you will have to use, take a nail or a round pencil and wind on tightly an Inch of \ylre. Measure it with a ruler lin’d then count the turns. If you find 43 turns in that Inch and you need <lO turns altogether divide 43 Into 00 and you will know to tlie. sixteenth of an inch iust how much

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How to Measure Turns. space to allow for the coll. There will be 1.4 Inches or about 1% Indies.. Allow an eighth extra at least for safety’s sake. This scheme will help you out also wliert you happen to have a piece of tubing, in the -shop and wonder how many turns of wire you can get on it. Sometimes you have to fit .specified space, as often occu,rs when you are making a portable outfit and have a nice cabinet ready to usi> if you can cram the set into It. Using the same figuring as before, you can find nut wliat size ot (VITA'WiII do, and of course you ought to use ag large a size as possible for considerations of sharp tuning.—New York Malt. Wrong Connection of Phones Causes Damage One of the easiest ways to ruin a pair of phones is to leave them connected In the wrong direction on a ane or two-stage audio amplifier. There is a right and a wrong way to connect phones, and if they nre connected incorrectly they become demagnetized and lose their sensitivity. The best way to tell which Is the correct connection Is to "plug tlie phones In tlie second stage of amplification and turns In a loud signal. Tlie phone caps should then be removed and one edge of the diaphragm should he lifted up' about an eighth of an Inch with the finger. When the phones are connected .in one direction a very much greater "pull will he noticed than when connected In the other direction. After this lias beet) determined some kind-of.a mark may be placed on the phone terminal that wag connected to the plate of the tube ivhen tlie greater pull was noticed on the diaphragm, and the phones should always lie connected with the marked e mil mi I to the plate. Wi*e to Mount Tube* in Vertical Position If a vacuum tithe is allowed to limn 'n a horizontal position It will cause (he filament to sag, and tills will change the opiTiiMllt? ehnmcTeristics nf the tube, and will also shorten the llfp nf the filament. It Is. therefore, wise ‘o mount the tube In a vertical position. l.’ushloD' supports made from •ponge rubber should also lie placed under the tube socket whenever pgs slide, ns tills helps to absorb median!rul vibrations which cause noise* "la the receiver.

MARY | SUCCEEDS r ON : MAIN STREET t t t I*.. : By LAURA MILLER

vfcj. iu~v by L,aura Milled ‘GROCERIES AND FEED” MAY SATISFY MORE THAN ONE HUNGER Girls who want to succeed ln business frequently ask whether bookkeeping jsn't a blind alley occupation; whether once proved dependable in handling details, they won't lie expected to content themselves with the petty things as tong as they work. And other girls, hunting an excuse, often, for going in search of tlie ro'tnantle success that they think to find In some big city, insist that “working for father never gets you anywhere. Why, -your father and mother can’t even seem to learn that you're grown up, if you're a girl!’’ Yet father may be In his own comfortable fashion, a “capitalist," able to choose for daughter business connections and short cuts to an established place,- that not one wage.earner in 10,000 finds. And the task of winning father’s confidence by ard work plus some clever salesmanship, Is, if we may believe the daughters- who have tried it, just the same sort of "work plus salesmanship that's required to ahead on any Job. It’s tlie story of the bookkeeper plus the story of the daughter entering father's business that Is Indicated in a dignified letter head reading: Tr-Rr-fcmNAtt© Dealer In GROCERIES AND FEED Sullivan, Indiana “After graduation,” writes Miss Leonard, “I accepted a position as bookkeeper and clerk in my father's grocery store. Soon he begun consulting me on minor details and management. Then he turned the whole over to me to idlinuge: —Later, -deciding to retire frjnn active business, he sofd it to me. Now.l own and operate .one of the largest grocery stores In southern Indiana. “I recommend bookkeeping, store management, and saving till she can go into business for herself to any young woman who has n taleut for detail,or for management." She can sue--seed- and enjoy her work,” continues Mfs’s .eonard. “A clean grocery store, with packages all in on orderly row, with goods displayed to tlie best advantage and j the fragrant odor of good coffee rising j above it all, oftght to appeal to tlie lousewifely Instincts of any girl.’’ CINNAMON AND BRONZE Once there was held a convention of clever business women. Front Detroit, Cleveland, Seattle, New York and “Isewhere they hobnobbed or developed temporary factions and antagonisms. Many "big" women stood out from the crowd. ' One of them was particularly strikng looking. She wore brown, not dead brown, but- “tlie vivid child of cinnamon and bronze” as someone put it. Sports coat, dinner dress, evening Jress, all carried tlie same note. Her clothes siaike of money, of good taste," of that sophisticated something that makes a wotiian look distinguished 100 yards away. By and by some of the distant curious got closer to the stranger. Her age was apparently tlie early thirties. Her coloring was the sort to support and lie Intensified by the clever warm j orown flannel and bronzed brocade. “She runs a hook store nnd makes 110,000 a year," was tlie neit Item of j information that went tlie rounds. “She's very sure "of herself, but not I n the least snippy," someone else contributed. “And did you notice- that when tinnds were pledged fit tlie executive session she Just naturally seemed to head up her state delegation?" another Miss Gossip ahtiouncgd. Introduced eventually, Christine Coffee proved, as the girl said, <*Blm hut not snippy. She had driven her mother and sister up for tlie week —a VKI-inlle drive not all over good ronds —and she had to see that they were amused. That had kept her from making* many acquaintance* conventionfashion. Tho hook store, In tlie West Virginia capital, started as a very tiny venture. It hud grown gradually but soundly ns the shifting population of | the capital proved to want one sort of ] thing, the permanent residents n some- j wliat different line. In Miss Coffee's ■aim eyes, finding out wlmt people want and furnishing It to lhern soeinn Ike doing sums In multiplication. Yet Informative folk often furnish staggering statistics on the number of norchnnt bankrupts In the U, S. A. ier year! Occasionally, from unexpected inurces, some other detail of .Christine Coffee's hook store In Charleston Irlfts Into daylight. None of them •ontradlct the Impression given by the v(Milan herself. . All of them credit ii lersonullty to the little shop as splgy js cinnamon, as richly' permanent as ironze. • •

Sure Relief FOR INDIGESTION IC - H °t water Sure Relief DELL-ANS 254 AND 754 PACKAGES EVERYWHERE

Modern America A woman friend dropped in the other evening to chat with tlie wife, am! was serprised to find tlie husband, enveltqiqd- in an apron, washing tlie dishos. “Where's tlie wife?” the visitor asked cheerily. “Over nt tho barber shop/* cnnie the grumpy reply.—liulitinupolig News. Wrljfht's Tndlnn Vegetable P!11* contat* only vegetable Ingredients, which act genflj as a tonic laxative, by stimulation —not Irritation. 372 Pearl St.. N. Y. Adv. No More “Heathen” Thdre are no more “heathen" In tlie world, according to a ruling made nr tlie headquarters of the Sulvatlnn Army in Chicago. It was decided that "heathen" is too rude a name to apply to nations which have civilization older than the Christian religion.. Hence-, forth such people will be called “nonChristiau." The war has made table linen very valuable. The use of Red Cross Ball Blue will add to its wearing qualities. Use it and see. All grocers.—Advertisement.

Don’t submit to the inevitable until you have positive proof that It is unavoidable.

Hernia*, eertl, eetetaUe. Ueab’ u( I CkiUna • Regalator, formal* m era rj UfoL I Ga*r*atood boa-aireatic. aoa-alcafcaik. b MRS. WINSLOWS SYRUP I The LiW eed CUUne'a lafeletee ■ Children (trow healthy and free --eew. I from colic, diarrhoea, flatulency, Maaeift ■ constipation and other trouble if ■ eiven it at teething time. uEji ; m Safe, pleasant—always brlncere- ■ markable and eratif ytus mutts. B

THICK, SWOLLEN GLANDS that make a horse Wheeze, Roar, heve Thick Wind or Chokr-dowacan reduced with HuHhß dso other Bunches or Swellings. No blister, no hair gone, and horse kept at work. Economical—only a few drops required at an application. $2.50 par bottle delivered. Book 3 A free. V. F. Ymi, be., 510 Lyan St., SpaffcU, Mtae

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Pesky Bed-Bugs , P.D.Q. Try Just once P. D. Q.— Pesky Devils Quietus—as a preventive or to rid Bed Burs, Roaches, Fleas and Ants. Every family should use P. D. Q. house cleaning time to, v guard against the Pesky Devils and to prevent moths. P. D. Q. is not an insect powder, but is anew chemical that kills Insects and their eggs. Each package contains, free, a patent spout, to enable you to get to the hard-to-get-at places and saves the juice. A 36 cent package makes - ♦ million insects and their eggs. Your druggist has it or can get itvfor you. Mailed prepaid upon receipt of price by the Owl Chemical Works, Terre Haute, Ind.

FOR OVER ZOO YEARS haarlem oil has been a worldwide remedy for kidney, liver and bladder disorders, Theumatism, lumbago and uric acid conditions. HAARLEM OIL corr.“ct internal troubles, stimulate vital organs. Three sizes. All druggists. Insist on the original genuine Gold Medal.

Have Good Hair And Clean Scalp Cuticura JJ NkJSoap and Ointment Work Wonders TT 9llf ,Nfir

Wife