Marshall County Independent, Volume 4, Number 20, Plymouth, Marshall County, 29 April 1898 — Page 2

to!d.to do. no one in Washington has the slightest fear.

PRECEDENTS I TON BLOCKADES.

STORY Or TH1

WAR

Revised and Condensed Into Reliable Form, For Our Readers,

Thursday, April ZL the God of Na ions end is a simpler world will have it and the ca::e of a new star in the As oar heroes on the front, bearing

War iflßtially It eg ins. War between the I'nited States and

i .. offii ially beffsn When it will end only knows. Mow it will jn-sticn. The whole learned a lesson from freedom wJl point to f.rmarnent of liberty. Iani and sea pour to

aloft the glorious flag, yet unsullied by defeat from a foreign foe ami still unstained by the avarice of "Commercial interests." they w.'ll he bit owed with the fSSafCIl of nearly all the American people. Spain Takes Initiative. The first official act of war was committed by Spain. Minister Woodford at Madrid was. without his own request, given his passports and told to g-t off Spanish soil. This, of course, was tantamount to a declaration of war. our minister ras r.ot even allowed time to deliver the ultimatum of this jroveriimeiit informing Spain to evacuate Cuba before noon April 22. The Spaniards had already received a copy of it from Polo y Bernabe, the Spanish Minister at Washington, it was after sending this copy that Mr. l'olo took leave Of Washington, going to Toronto. Unt.. where he will enjoy British protection until "the war is over." The Second Act of War. The second act of war was done by our own government. The Spaniards had purchased l.L0t' mulf-s in this country for use hi Cuba. These were being loaded onto The Catalina, a Spanish ship, at Nesj Orleans. About 2 o'clock Thursday IBM Collector of Customs at that port officially ir formed the Master of the Catalina that the moles already aboard his boat should be at once put ashore. The Collector at once sought out the Spanish Consul, who protested, but cooled down when Informell that the mules were under seizure of our government as contraband of aar. The Catalina sailed for Cuba without the mules. m Congress Takes Action. As sooti as it became known that Spain had told our minister that war existed congress at once recognised a state of war by passing an act authorizing the president to prohibit exportation of coal and other contraband of war. This bill went through both houses in less than ten minutes after its introduction. It was Signed a ftw moments before the mule

seizure at JCew Orleans. It was regarded as this country's formal declaration of war. The official de laration is meant for the nations to which we have accredited representatives. Move to Itlocknde Havana. The next official step in the war was taken by the dispatching of the Key West squadron to sail for Havana, and block ade that port. The ships of this squadron set sail from Key West at 2:3." Friday morning. April 22. The vessels of this squadron are: Iowa. New York. Indiana. Marblehead, Montgomery. Detroit and torpedo and dispatch boats. The whole sailed under command of Captain Sampson, new rear admiral of the Cnited States navy. Captain Evans ("Fighting Bob") commands the Iowa. '"apt. McCalla commands the Marblehead. Captain Sampson's white squadron is one of the most formidable fleets ever fathered together in any waters, 't represents the stiffest lighting material that modern naval architecture and the science of the new gunnery can construct. It is composed of BOOM of the biggest and most effective of the war ships in the American navy, and can be surpassed by no nation in the world for the lighting devices with which it is equipped. Without going into a detailed description of the ships that Captain Sampson has under his control it may be said that they are all capable of doing such destruction as the mind reels from when one tries to picture it. aptain Sampson can. by a simple signal, turn loose upon Havana's fortress a storm of projectiles calculated to reduce old Morro's ponderous walls to a heap of ruins. Steel projectiles 1.0M pounds in weight can be hurled from the IS-lnch guns. Every such discharge costs the people of the Cnited States a matter of $700 per gun. Every 12-iiich gun a every discharge gives a pressure of two and onefourth tons to the square inch on the protected deck. Sampson's squadron represents a power worthy of the mighty nation whose standard it carries i to the seas of the enemy. Commanding these boats are some of the ablest sea fighters in the American navy, officers and men alike are as eager for action as the memory of their dead compatriots in Havana harbor can make them. From Captain Sampson and "Fighting Bob" F vans down every man-jack in the fleet Is anxious for work. The sailors in the fleet are just now the envy of all the navy men wearing Uncle Sum's uniform. That they will give a good account of themselves, whatever

DtseaSSSSSI SSJ fJaSStlo Involved in tltc Move on Havana The proposition that Commodore Sampson should estabiteh a peaceatdV blockade of Havana has given rise to much discus--ion of this curious semi-war demand tonigh:. Pacific blockades are peculiar institutions i-o peculiar that most authorities on Internationa last declare that they lo not really exist, and maintain this In the face of numerous precedents t the ei ntrary. The hist Instance in which one was enforced was only about a year ao, when the european powers pacifically blockaded the islands of Crete. It was Inaugurated March 20 by proclamations made by the six powers, which declared "ships Of the six powers or neutral powers may i nter into 'he ports occupied by the powers and land their merchandise, but only if it is not for the Creek troops or the interior of the islands. These hips may bp visited by the ships of the international Beets. Britlssi Authority QnotedL As it happened, no ships other than Greek attempted to enter Cretan ports during the blockade and then was therefore no test of the question whether this blockade was binding on neutral governments or even on the citizens of one of the six powers. At the time Sir Walter I'l illlSSOIt, who is a strong authority upon international law. put the case of the rights of the British citizens as follows: One would wish to know whether the government has consulted its legal advisers as to certain eventualities which are not unlikely to follow upon this so-called blockade of Crete. Supposing that a British ship, seeing a chance of doing a good trade in provisions, sails for a port in Crete. She will he perfectly within her legal rights, and it will be illegal to stop her. We are not at war with Crete or Greece. So it will not be a case of trading with an enemy, and nothing short of an act of parliament can take away the right of any British subject to go to or trade with Crete. Suppose this ship is stopped and turned back. There will be an irresistible claim for damages at the suit of the sufferers against the captain of the British man-of-war. Suppose she is fired at and sunk. The damages will be greater. Suppose one of her crew is drowned. I see no defense to an indictment for murder. There have been repeated other instances, but in most of them no one other than the blockading and the blockaded powers had any occasion to contrave te their rules. Of course. the blockaded powers would have gone to war at any time, in resistance, but in most instances it did not care to do so. When it did, the blockade, of COttrse, became a legitimate war measure, subjecting neutral ships that tried to run in to capture, instead of merely to being prevented and turned back. Hence it was to lh advantage of neutral powt rs not to force the biockader to transform his rights, and the exact question has passed unsettled. Precedents Pointed To. Several precedents may be noted. In 1827, when Greece was lighting for lis ependencs from Turkey, three powers. Prance, Russia ami England blockaded all the Creek coast where the Turkish armies were encamped. They stated that this was a pacific measure, despite the fact that it was Intended to paralyse the Turkish armies. The sultan did not consider it so, and to prevent hostile action by his fleet It was destroyed by the British at the battle of Xavarino. In 1831 France blockaded the Tagus in order to compel Portugal to pay certain claims against her. otherwise peace was not interrupted, and Portugal finally gave up and Prance restored the vessels she had captured. In 18S1 France and Great BritSin exercised a pacific blockade against Holland until she permitted Belgian independence to become established. In 1838 France blockaded Mexican ports, protesting the while that her intentions were friendly. Mexico, however, resented this act and declared war. Practically hostilities did not take place, and after two years peace was made. In the same year France and Great Britain together instituted a pacific blockade against Argen-

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tina. whi. h lasted no less than ten years, the blockading powers all that time continning to insist that peace continued. In 1S.V) Qreat Britain blockaded Greece to compel reparation for certain offenses, but no war resulted. In 1S60 Victor Immanuel, then king of Piedmont, joined the revolutionary government Of Naples in blockading Sicily, without any war resulting, in im::' Qreat Britain blockaded Rio Janeiro, the while declaring that slu was animated oy the most friendly sentiments toward that country. In 17'. Bolivia was blockaded by Chile for three months hefore w ar was declared or even begun. In 1:J France blockaded Siam, quickly following it with war.

Pacific Prassare Disregarded. Yet. despite all these instances.

the

srelsjht Of authority is that while a Mockade. Srhetl effectual, will be respected as a war measure, it may be disregarded by neutral nations when instituted as part of a pacific pressure. The declaration of Paria, of which we have heard so much in connection with privateering, forhids all pacific blockades. Thus it seems that a blockade of Cuban ports instituted by the L'nlted States would be binding only on th United States ani Spain, and mijht be disregarded by other powers. As there seems lo lie little dotlbt, however, thai before ships from other countries could reach Cuba this blockade would he transformed into a war measure, the question is not so important as it seems, merely postponing the inevitable for a few days.

TO DEFEND CITY.

ltlanro Lays J'luns to Kepel t nitctl States Forces. Havana at once began making ready for defense against the forces of the Cnited States. All the papers Thursday afternoon published a notice issued by General Blanco. It notifies the public of the alarm signal that will tell them when to assemble for protection. It also designates the places that will he occupied by the regular Spanish soldiers, the volunteers and the firemen the moment that it will be necessary to repel any attack by a Fnited States fleet or army. In response to a circular that was distributed throughout the city inviting every Spaniard in Havana regular soldiers, volunteers, tiremen ami civilians to make B popular demonstration as a protest against the actions of the United States a tremendous procession moved through the streets. It started at the l'rado and Central Park and moved along Muralla and Mercaderos streets to the Plaza de Armas. At its head DAOsred a band of music and a standard of Spanish flags. The crowd went to

"Betwixt ami lief ween." This whimsical anecdote from Fliegende Blatter suggests that even the "middle class." the strength of any nation, have many grievances: Doctor You ought to take that child into the country for s veral weeks every summer. .Mother O. doctor. I'm sorry to say that we are not rich enough. Doctor Well. then, have her sent by a fresh-air fund. Mother But, doctor, we'll not poor enough. ;eorge'6 Advantage "They say that George Washington was abused just m much in his day as any of our modern presidents have been." "Nonsense: They hadn't got to screeching about Wall street in those days."

A cat may look at a king but she won't do it if there is a mouse iq sight.

THE UNITED

STATES NAVY AS IT (From the New York Ledger.)

IS TODAY.

g Menadnock. 2. Petrel. 3. Puritan. 4. Concord. .". Wilmington. 6. Amphltrlte. 7. AJax. s. Machias. :. Cincinnati. 10. Bfarblehead. IL sfonts;omry. 12. Minneapolis. 13. Kearsarge. croft. II Dolphin. 17. Vesuvius. 18. Raleigh. Indiana. 20. Iowa. IM. Olympia. 22. Terror. 22. Catsklll. M. Miantoncmoh ft, Gusttne. .ti. xorktown. ü7. Texas. 2 Helena. Columbia, ru. New Orleans. 32. San Franc isco. CononlcUS. 24. Comanche. SI. Monterey. 3fi. Brooklyn. 37. Detroit. US. Atlanta. 3!'. Alabama. t& Albany. 41. Baltimore, )". 44. Huston. 4.j. i 'harh ston. 46. im gon. 47. New Yo"k. 48. Manhattan. 4!. Philadelphia. MV I,ehlgh. And Torpedo Boat.

14. Kentucky. 15. BsnZ Msssacbusetta. 30. ago, i.i Newark.

WELL-KNOWN CUEST OF INDIANA MINERAL SPRINGS HOTEL THE PROUD LIAR.

Capt. H. S. Cole Convinced the A. Ivane BSMSSld Bs KadS Despite den. Oregg'a Order He Hun the K:k of Court Martial ami Disgrace, Bal Victory Bases Him.

the palace, in front of winch stood Captain General Blanco, whom they cheered, anil to u hem they pledged life ami money to use in protecting t heir motherland. This demonstration was the most anient sign of the enthusiasm f It by all Spaniards for war between Spain and the United States. Waat to light for Spa la. Chevalier Thompson, Spanish consul in Toronto, has received tsrentjr-thre applications from qualified nu mbers of the Canadian militia for service under the Spanish Mag. while four medical men have volume red th"ir services. Military Guard for McKinley. A military guard will be placed at the white house In a few days. This has heen definitely settled, but none of the details f the arrangements are known. Colonel Binanam, superint ndent of public buildins and irrounds, will have charge of the guard and such others as may be placed at the public huiidings. Torpedoes and mines are i-in planted In the Potomac river below Washington. They are being put there as a safefruard in case of an emergency, anl the exact location of the mines are being kept secret. The majority of the work is being done by night, and is Oeing pushed forward with an eye to the possible contingency of a hostile Meet attempting to shell the capital.

Indiana Mineral Spring-. Ind., April C". 'Special CofTospoodeneei Warlike dispatches in the morning new-paper- -tirred up general discussion among a half coreof gentlemen in a corner of thesmoldng room of the Indians Mineral Spring- Hite! today. Several veterans of the civil war Who Lava boon refraining health by mean- oi the M agno Mud Baths tiud Lithla a? iT here t ok s lively Interest in the discussioa. Many interesting stories of the late con-tii.-t were told. "la the campaign before Richmond in the lat months of the war.'' -aid Cant. H. s- Colo, of Fergus Falls. Minn.. "1 was guilty oi a distortion of an order that, had the battle which it caused beota a defeat f or Ii-, would have had sad results for me; fortunately the falsehood 1 told rosensd US from a perilous position and we won a victory. ' Capt. Cole's regiment was the famous Fir-t Maine Cavalry which by special order of the War Department has seven ui re battles on its colors than any other carried by any regiment in the Union army. The First Maine also ha- the record of having turned more of it- troopers into preachers at the close of hostilities than any other regiment of the northern army, while several of the men w ho have heen governors of the I'iue Tree state since 1865 were at the front with toe Fir-t Maine. But it was w hile he was ou the stnrT of tien. Cua-. F. Smith, who commanded a brigade of the Second Cavalry corps, the heod of which was Ueu. D. Mctiregg. one cf the best cavalry captains In the north or outn. that the incident happened. "Our brigade was in a desperate condition." -aid Cant, Cole, w hen (eu. Smith s?utmeto ask Gew. Mcd egg for re-inforce-meuts. I found the PmnsjITSnis lighters and delivered my me-sage. He thoughtfully stroked his beard. 'dive my compliments to Gen. Smith,' he said, ami tell him he can't have a re-iuforcenieut.' It was the tirst time I ever heard Gen. McGregg swear, and I was convinced that it wa due to the serious condition of his command. I was also convinced that our brigade should tight its way out, so when I galloped up to (ien. Smith I determined to somewhat chauge his superior's orders. li ' hat saeesss V he asked. 'tien. M -( iregg can't eud any re-iuforcenieuts, au 1 desires you to attack." 1 said He was surprised, but the word was given. Inspired by our peril we routed the enemy and gained a safe place. Some time afterward I told Gen. Smith what 1 had done." 'What happened?" aked one of the other veterans. Drinks ou the general." said the man from Minnesota, who added that with a few more Magno Mud Haths he would be in a fit condition to take a hand iu the impending w ar with Spain.

As a Reminder. Albert (time, 11:59 p. m.) Really, I must be going now; it's getting late." Laura (yawning) Well, you know the old saying. Albert What's that? Laura Better late than never. Chicago News.

To Cure Constipation Forever. Take Cascarets Candy Cathartic. U)c or 25c, If C C. C. fail to cure, druggists refund money.

Set no standard for others they may live nearer to the light they have re ceived than you do. Ram's Horn. Hall's Catarrh Cure Is taken iuternallc. Price. 75c.

The aggregate population of Australasia is estimated at 4,410.124, against 3,S09,S95 in 1891.

Coe's Cough Balaam In th" ol.lest nri mmt. It will brak up a cold quicker otui SsytfaSSC el. It Is always reliable. Try it.

In 1893 Japan had 35,000 public schools, with about 100,000 teachers and 3.500,000 pupils. Mrs. WfSSStoSTS Soothing Syrup. Porcäli-lren teething, soften the gums, reduces lnC animation, allay a pain, cures wind colic, tie a tottle. The Swedish mountain Gelivara is estimated to contain about 300,000,000 tons of iron.

Rhen mat ism :nd Neuralgia Cared to stay cured only by uin At It-lo-pho-ros. $1.00 per bottle of all drueiftsts. Most workers in Switzerland are employed about eleven hours a day. N'o-To-Hac for Fifty Cents. Guaranteed tobacco habit cure, makes Tvoak men strong, blood pure. n0e.l. Alldr.

Third class railway fares in India are less than half a cent a mile.

Smoke Sledge Cigarettes, SO for 5cts A civil action a polite bow.

Go to your grocer to-dav and get a 1 5c. package of Grain0

It takes the place of coffee at the cost. Made from pure grains it is nourishing and health) ful. Insist that your srocer gives you GRAIN-O.

Accept do Bawai r

FWä&r -2r

POSVIIVJEL

rti B"st S.idJIe Co.it

Keeps both riJcr and siddle perfectly dty in the hardest storms. Substitutes will disappoint. Ask for i)? Fish Br.ird Pommel Sli, kt-r it Is entirely new. If not for sale in your town, writr for CStSSSgSS to A. J. TOU TR. Boston. Mass.