Ligonier Banner., Volume 78, Number 47, Ligonier, Noble County, 7 December 1944 — Page 3

“Washington Digest

To Business in Future N Reduction in Forms Would Be Relief; Hope %g %},j % To Acquaint Small Operators With N Vital General Trends. R Wj}

‘'WNU Service, Union Trust Building Washington, D. C. When the mysterious Ninth army suddenly rose full-armed on the ‘western front and the First army, beside it, started General Eisenhower’'s winter offensive there was, one question on most people’s lips. Will peace come in Europe before - spring? In Washington, on the lips of many thoughtful people, there was another question, too: “If it comes (or for that matter when it comes) will we be ready for it?”’ In one of the many compartments of government which must be prepared for. the ordeal of sudden peace, preparations are now going forward which, I believe, are both sigmificant and hopeful. | Specifically, I am thinking of a report made by the director of the budget, Harold Smith, a summary of which was passed along by Senator Murray, chairman of the committee on small business, for the consolation it might bring. The director of the budget believes that information needed by the government and valuable to small business is going to be obtained, while the statisticians who obtain it are at the same time going to cut down on the number of forms which the ~small businessman will have to fill . out. Filling out forms, especially the income tax blanks, is the subject of considerable jesting these days. But there is a more serious side to the process if we accept form fill-ing-out as a symbol of the growing part which government plays in regulating our personal and business affairs. That is why this promise coming from the bureau of the budget is significant, especially.when it is considered side by side with two trends to which my attention has been called this week and to which too few people have paid sufficient attention. Expect Government To Take Lead One is the tabulated result of a poll made by the National Research center expressly -for Factory magazine, a McGraw-Hiil publication, and the other is a statement, which I heard recently. It was entirely unofficial and surely an expression of his own view, set forth. by a British diplomat. The question which Factory magazine had asked of men earning hourly or piece wages only (no supervisors or foremen) was this: “Who do you think will do -the most to solve the job problem after the war—the government, the labor leaders, or company heads?”’ Forty-seven per cent of those interviewed logked to government; 24 per cent looked to company heads; 14 per cent to labor leaders; 15 per cent undecided. The opinion ‘expressed by the diplomat was this: ‘““After the war we -can look toward a United Kingdom: where considerable government control is exercised — ownership of railroads, utilities, mines . . . a sort of socialistic monarchy.” 4 Both these opinions together indicate a trend in the thinking on both sides of the Atlantic along parallel lines. The American workman feels that the American government will take the responsibility for employment after the war; the British official feels that the British government will take over several of the nation’s important industries. Wgore ‘‘forms to make out,” if you Which brings, us back to small business, Committee Chairman Murray, and Budget Director Smith, and the promise of more help for business with’ less forms to ‘'make out, and (symbolically) we hope, less actual domination of business by government. : @ iioouco Small Bisineny . = Measure of Enterprise I chose this ‘particular example because I believe that the relationship of small business to government is vital. The people who * have made the most careful studies of the subject agree that the meas- - ure ﬂg: mwgﬂ!‘m;'we terprise, that if small business is crushed in the process of reconver- _ sion, all private enterprise will

BERIEES .. . vby Baukhage

A London transportation company is experimenting with a central entrance bus with a pneumatically operated dog_r__angn _c‘egt‘r,gl staircase. Twelve ships'a ddy are now sliding down the ways in this country, according to Rear Adm. Frederick G. Crisp, director of the navy division on shore establishments and civili‘an/peruonnel.

By BAUKHAGE News Analyst and Commentator.

eventually be stultified and not only those great semi-public -institutions, like the utilities and the mines, will suffer the fate predicted for them in England, but eventually all enterprise will find itself in government hands. : ! Let me say at this point, however, that some industries have already reached the point where they have forced government operation in other democratic countries and even some very conservative minds in this country are beginning to fear that similar conditions are being created by certain businesses themselves here. But it is the purpose of those persons in government and out of it, who are struggling with the problem of preserving small business, to give it the aid it needs to preserve its independence. ‘ In order to provide this aid it is essential that some compromises be made-on the part of the businessmen. They cannot expect the government to provide them with help they have to have to get them over the hump of reconversion without making certain sacrifices—government officials cannot spend the public money without establishing some checks and balances on the institutions which are thus benefitted. Filling out forms is one of the minor afflictions which governmentcomforted economic flesh is heir to.

However, it is refreshing to read Mr. Smith’s report to Senator Murray in which he tells us of how, according to his custom, he has considered the requests of numerous government agencies for surveys and has turned them down. (His job is to save the people’s money by preventing duplicate effort of government agencies.) He announces that statistical services of the government are. going to be ‘‘revised and overhauled” in order to produce ‘““a rounded program to supply the basic industrial statistics needed not only by the government, but by industry as well.” o

Most of the failures in little business are due to ignorance -on the part of the proprietor of the one thing he ought to know most about —his own ‘business.- In the first place, he doesn’t know whether he is making money or losing it because he doesn’t keep his books properly and he doesn’t know enough about the conditions in hi’s line of business, outside his immediate ken, to guide him. This is the type of information which the government wishes to collect and in turn place at his disposal. ‘ , One of the plans already worked out is a census of manufaturers of 1944 covering a wide field of data, which it is not my @ intention to enumerate here for that is not the purpose of these.remarks. The purpose is to note hopefully the fact that here is evidence of a trend which in some measure balances the other two mentioned at the beginning of these columns, the trend toward government control. That is' why I quote the following paragraph, not merely for the hope it brings to weary fillers-out of forms, but because it looks like a hopeful sign in an otherwise somewhat cloudy sky: : ‘““An analysis made by one war agency of the need of present informational needs shows that about half such material would still be required by that agency . after victory; of the remaining half about two-thirds would be discontinued entirely and about one-third eontinued by other agencies.” - i i*= = ‘ Railroads are now handling about 2% times the amount of freight traffic and more than four times the volume of passenger business that they did before the war, the Association of American Railroads reported. . e “They are carrying,” the repdrt -added, “‘virtually double the load of the first World war, ‘and they are ‘doing it with a fourth fewer freight cars, about a fourth fewer passen-ger-train: cars, and . a third fewer Jocomotives than in 1918. The reduction. .in freight cars alone ‘amounts to about 600,000 units. =

Cubans saw their first snow when boxes of it were flown all the way from New Hampshire to Havana last winter, : * * & " Suniflowers may surpass the soybean. which now'brings in- a return of $600,000,000 annually, Sunflower oil sells for 141 cents a pound and the meal has a 53 per cent protein 0 #.sjs_ iy 33

THE LIGONIER BANNER, LIGONIER, IND.

When War Came to the United States

By ELMO SCOTT WATSON IT WAS on a Sunday morning three years ago that war ‘came again to the United States. The story of that ‘‘day of infamy,” when Japan made her sneak attack on Pearl Harbor, is too fresh in the minds of all Americans to need retelling here. But how many of us know of those other tragic days when weré made the fateful decisions ‘which meant that more American lives were to be sacrificed on the altar of Mars? " 'This article is a page from the past which tells how war came to America in other years before 1941. The first war which We, as a naHon, waged was an ‘‘undeclared war,” that is to say, there was rever any formal declaration of war. As a matter of fact, we weren’t tven a nation when it started.

Theé American Revolution began] 1s a rebellion—the revolt of the Engish colonies in America against ‘heir mother country, England. It rontinued as a rebellion and as a sivil war — Patriots against the Loyalists and the regularly consti:uted authorities — for nearly a year defore we became a nation. For the United States of America did not come into existence until July 4, 1776, when the Declaration of Independence was adopted. In the meantime there had been fighting and bloodshed—at Lexington on April 19, 1775; at Concord, where was ‘‘fired the shot heard 'round the world,”” on the same day; at Bunker Hill on June 17 and at Quebec in December. For six years - this “undeclared war” dragged on until, at last, the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown on October 19, 1781, meant that the independence, declared' five years earlier, was an accomplished ‘fact. However, this didn’t mean the end of the war, which was destined to last for nearly two years more. It wasn’t until November 30, 1782, that the preliminary articles of peace between Great Britain and the United States were signed in Paris; two more months were to elapse before articles proclaiming the cessation of hostilities between the two nations were signed on January 20, 1783; and it wasn’t until September 3, 1783, that the definitive treaty of peace was signed in Paris. Thus this ‘‘undeclared war’”’ had lasted for eight years, four months and fifteen days, making it the longest in our history. ; During the next 2Q years we were involved in two more ‘“undeclared wars,”’ both of which brought fighting and bloodshed. The first was with our former ally, France, and was the result of the humiliation and insults which our envoys in Paris had suffered at the hands of the Directory and the attempt of Talleyrand to - blackmail us into buying France’s friendship. Although there was no formal declaration of war, Pres. John Adams ordered commerce with France stopped in 1798 ‘and our treaties with her abrogated. Then our infant navy put to sea to prey upon French shipping and for the next 18 months there was considerable naval warfare, marked by the victories of the frigate ‘“‘Constellation’’ over French men-of-war, When Napoleon Bonaparte came to power, he immediately took steps to stop the conflict and in September, 1800, a convention was signed in Paris: which ended this ‘“‘war.’ Meanwhile American = shipping, like that of other nations, had been suffering from the raids of the Barbary pirates in the Mediterranean and, despite tribute paid to the bey of Algiers, the pasha of Tripoli and the bey of Tunis, American vesselswere being seized and American seamen held prisoners until ransomed. When Thomas Jefferson became president in 1801 he resolved to put an end to this: early-day racket. S

The first two naval expeditions ] against the pirates failed but in 1803° when Commodore Edward Preble sailed against the corsairs it was a different story. His expedition against Tangiers, the daring attack of Lieut. Stephen Decatur on Tripoli the next year and the combined naval and military expedition —the latter led by Gen. William Eaton—which captured Derna in 1805 broke the power of the Barbary states and resulted in treaties which guaranteed the future safety of -American shipping in the Mediterranean. The remainder of Jefferson’s administration was peaceful but by the time James Madison entered the White House, the second war with England was brewing. For the first time in our history there was a formal declaration of war—on June 18, 1812. 'For the first time, too, our

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: Sevenip-secenth ongress of the Wnited States of Jmericn; 8 St the First bession ; ; Begun and held at the City of Washington on Friday, the third : -uquwﬁ-m-‘m : JOINT RESOLUTION Decluring that a state of war existx between the Imperial Government of Japan and the Governnent and the people of the United States ; and making provicions to prosecute the same. G —_——————— ey = Mthlmnrhlﬂcmnmtdhwhumingdm 4 ; Mwsdnrmimhw“«lhmqgth Uhnited States of Ameries: Therefore be it Rexolred by the Scnate and Howse of Representatives of the ] United States of Americs in Congress assembled, That the state of * war between the United States and the Imperial Government of Japan which has thus been thrust upon the United States is hereby : ' " formally declared; and the President is hereby authorized and directed to employ the entire navat and military forces of the United States and the resources of the Government to carry on war against the Imperial Government of Japan; and, to bring the conflict to s successful termination, all of the resources of the country are hereby plédged by the Congress of the United States, : : ; Sm.fthﬂéwm 5 AL R / Vice President of the United States and e ; President of thé Senate. “’ JP—— e 4 ‘o”"—-—/‘/#/ ,6(.10/4‘.9“. i 4 .’7 ]M‘W\_

shores were invaded by a hostile force, and on August 24, 1814, Americans suffered the humiliation of seeing the capital of their nation in the hands of the enemy and the home of their president in flames. Despite this disaster which came as the climax of other defeats on land—offset, however, by many a brilliant victory at sea — America continued the struggle which ended on December 24 of that year when the treaty of peace was signed in Ghent, Belgium, by representatives of the two belligerents. This war had lasted two years, six months and six days. The next war with a foreign power was even shorter than the War of 1812. When the United States annexed Texas in 1845, Mexico (from whom Texas had won her independence nine years earlier) regarded this as a hostile act. There was a series of ‘‘incidents” down on the Rio Grande and. Pres. James K.

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APRIL 2, 1917 — Pres. Woodrow Wilson reads his war message to congress. - s

Polk asked congress for a declaration of war. It came on May 13, 1846, and 10 days later Mexico declared war on the United States. Hostilities began soon afterwards, our armies under General Taylor and General Scott invaded Mexico and within a little more than a year (September’ 14, 1847) they had captured the Mexican capital. The war ended with the signing of a treaty of peace on February 2, 1848 — one year, eight months and twenty days after it began. The next war 'in which we engaged was another ‘‘undeclared war’” for, like its predecessor, it was a “rebellion’’’and a *‘civil’’ war. Just when the War Between the States began is a matter of definition." : The usual view is that it was April 12, 1861, when Confederate batteries in Charleston, S. C., fired on Fort Sumter and'the Union troops in that fortification fired back. At any rate, it was this act which prompted President Lincoln three days later to call for volunteers to ‘‘suppress the ' insurrection’” and which resulted in four years of the hardest and bloodiest fighting the world had ever known up to that time. Just as this war had no ‘‘official”’ beginning, so it had no ‘‘official” ending. But the surrender of Lee on April 9, 1865, sounded the death knell of the Confederacy and organized resistance by the men in gray ended. From Sumter to Appamattox it was four years — minus | dad o - Shortest of all our wars with a foreign power was. the *‘loo-Days War”’ with Spain in 1898. It had its

origin in American sympathy for the Cuban patriots who for several years had been trying to throw off Spanish rule but it is doubtful if there would have been a war had it not been for the event which took place in Havana Harbor on February 15, 1898. That event was the explosion and sinking of the U. S. S. Maine. The excitement over this resulted in diplomatic relations between Spain and the United States being broken on April 21 and the declaration of a blockade of Cuba the next day. Her ‘‘national honor”’ thus assailed, Spain declared war on April 24 and our declaration followed the next day. The overwhelming victories won by our navy—at Manila and at Santiago—and by our army—in the land fighting in Cuba—soon demonstrated what the inevitable outcome of the war would be. So on August 12 a peace' protocol was signed and hostilities ceased after 100 days of fighting. The war, however, did not end officially until December 10 when the peace treaty was signed in Paris. Although the period of actual combat by our fighting men was relatively short (one year and 15 days), World War I was our second longest war with a foreign power. Here is the sequence of events to validate that statement: i

. On February 'l, 1917, Germany began unrestricted submarine warfare and as a result we broke diplomatic relations with her two days later. On April 6 congress declared war on Germany and on June 26 the first American troops landed in France. However, it was not until October 27, 1917, that American soldiers fired their first shots at the enemy. Hostilities ended on November 11, 1918—one year and fifteen days after they had begun on October 27 of the previous year. The cessation of hostilities on Armistice Day did not mean the official end of the war. The treaty at Versailles was signed on June 28, 1919, but when it came up for ratification by the senate on November 19 it was rejected. That meant that, officially, we were still at war with Germany. It was not until July 2, 1921, that President Harding signed a joint resolution of congress (passed by the house on June 30 and by the senate on July 1) declaring peace with Germany. On August 25 a peace treaty was signed in Berlin by representatives of the United States and- Germ'any. This was ratified by the German national council on September 17 and by the United States senate on October 18. 'Then, and not until then, was the ‘war between these two countries officially ‘ended — four years, six months and twelve days after the American declaration -of war back in 1917. T Gl

As for World War 11, it began officially for the United States on December 7, 1941, when Japan declared war against the United States and Great Britain and before the declaration reached Washington by air or cable, made an attack on Hawaii, the Philippineés and other American possessions in the Pacific. Qur declaration of war followed the next day. Four days later Germany and Italy declared war on the United States and on the same day congress, in joint session, issued our declaration of war against those two nations. : - On that fateful spring morning, when the advance guard of British soldiers, sent by General Gage to destroy the stores which the Americans had collected at Concord, reached Lexington, they found nearly 200 armed provincials drawn up in battle array on the village green. “Disperse, ye rebels!” cried Major Pitcairn, but the embattled ‘Minute Men stood fast. Then a shot ‘was fired—whether by British soldier mmu still un-

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ONE WORD SUGGESTION FOR ACID INIGESTION—TUNSE S

’ ABOUT ) RUBBER T ———— The size of the country’s synthetic rubber production may depend not only upon technical progress, but also upon policies adopted for disposal of government-owned plants, in the opinion of John L. Coliyer, president of The B. F. Goodrich Company and a pioneer in synthetic development. : Avutherities expect that about 32,500 tons of natural rubber will reach the U. S. from the Amazonlan region this year. Our synthetic program Is now geared to produce 834,000 long fons a year of this substitute for crude. F i

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May Warn of Disordered Kidney Action Modern life with its hurry and worry, s i rvees it oBt ex an ece ﬂon—tg;;m heavy strain on the work of the kidneys. They are apt to become over-taxed and fail to filter excess acid :lnd other impurities from the life-giving You may suffer backa headache, Xium ess, m: up niz?t:'. leg - pains, swelling—feel constantly tired, nervous, all worn out. Other signs of kidney or bladder disorder are sometimes burning, scanty or too lm.lxnut vy Dosws Pille, Doaws help an’s Pi 's Hd'x:,a&ltopm off harmful excess b& - waste, Tgi, bhave had more than half 2 cent public approval. Are recoms

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