Ligonier Banner., Volume 78, Number 35, Ligonier, Noble County, 7 September 1944 — Page 3

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U. §. War Prisoners Seek Escape’ in Camp Doings

'Yanks Like-Plays and Develop Liking for Soccer e Football, but Letters From H.ome Greatest Source of Cheer.

‘WNU Service, Union Trust Building, Washington, D. C, It is not often that we get direct <communication from Americans in Germany, and so I am not ashamed to say that when I perused a communication from that source, I did not at first recognize what the frequently used abbreviation POW stood for.

Comparatively few Americans know the meaning of those three letters; perhaps none know what they mean to the POW himself. POW is prisoner of war. According to the latest figures I have from the war department there are now 41,234 American soldiers, sailors, marines, merchant seamen held by the enemy!

The officials of the Red Cross know exactly what the conditions are under which those prisoners move and live and have their being in Allied prison camps in Germany or in the more than 40 _hospitals for Allied wounded in the Reich or occupied countries. They have regular reports from the International Red Cross representatives who visit the camp regularly. The Red Cross says in effect: “‘So far as we know, the Germans have treated American prisoners in accordance with the Geneva agreement.’” That is all it says. P

But even if the Germans live up to both the spirit and the letter of the: Geneva agreement, the lot of the prisoner of war is not to be envied. Recently, I studied some of the 'newspapers issued by men in the prison camps. Some have been released for publication. Others have not. Not that those withheld revealed any dark secrets of suffering. Quite the contrary. They simply prove what Kipling said abouf men who live in barracks not growing up to be plaster saints, and some of the humor might be a little, shall we Ssay, unsaintly. : The reason for this is expressed in the word escape. There are two kinds of escape which a prisoner thinks about, One is a safe get-away through the barbed wire and past the machine guns and quick-trigger sentinels. If he is wise, he doesn’t spend too much time on such cogitation. ’lé'he official advice to POWs is ‘“don’t try it.”

The other kind of escape is defined by Webster as, ‘“mental distraction or relief from the bondage of reality or routine; as, literature of escape.” The somewhat highly seasoned humor of some of the jokes and cartoons in the prisoners’ papers are, technically speaking, “literature of escape,”’ — this and the description of things they do to provide escape from the monotony of prison life. Yank Ingenuity Shows

‘ln Stage Productions As always, the drama provides one of the easiest and most effective mental distractions and I am told that the time, effort and ingenuity that is put into the learning, producing, staging and costuming of plays by these men is remarkable. “The Kriegie Times,” issued by the American airmen in Stalag Luft 111, in Sagan, Germany, which I have before me as I write, is perhaps not typical because it was an edition especially for the home folks. But it has a story on page one headed ‘“‘theater”” which begins with the statement which started me off on this topic. It says, “The Kriegie (local nickname for. war prisoner) is assured of ‘escape’ in the theater.” Then it explains that in order to accommodate the whole camp in an auditorium which seats only 20 per cent of the members, five performances of each play are given. And they include real drama. The article records as recent productions - that sure-fire, never-die farce, ‘Charlie’s Aunt”’; “Our Town,” the popular American play, nostalgic and easy to stage because it requires no scenery; “‘Tobacco Road,” a popular, earthy piece with a run longer than the retreat from Stalingrad; ‘‘The Man Who Came To Dinner,” whose ap‘peal perhaps lies in the fact that “the man’” couldn't get away, either; and ‘‘Flieger Frolics,” an original musical comedy. (Flieger is fiyer inng:lman.)' et ‘Female costumes,” it is explained, “are hired through German

-BRIEFS... b’y-Baukhage,

Special diet packages- go to our men in German P?Wi hospitals. : *

As soon as a prisoner is captured in Germany he is taken to a transit camp where a Red Cross ‘“capture kit” is waiting. Since he usually doesn’t take his baggage with him into -Germany,"especiaﬁy if he arrives by parachute, he gets brush, comb, razor and such necessities.

By BAUKHAGE News Analyst and Commen

sources when possible, usually fabricated out of sheets and men’s clothing.” The newspaper (a typewritten sheet) says that ‘‘scenery, furniture and stage properties have been constructed from wooden Red Cross boxes- and burlap, covered with magazine paper and painted with cold water paint.” : e In another item, the paper comments that ‘““the handy man is the hero of the camp.” e Of course, there are sports, but limited ground space makes baseball impossible in this particular camp since a homer over the fence is irretrievable. The boys have learned to like soccer; learned from their English comrades, as a form of what they call “mass murder.” Softball is a favorite sport, and with the arrival of fencing foils, fencing. There are some classes, but they are not dealt with in detail.

Another nostalgic diversion was described although not admitted as such, since no note of sentimentality enters the sheet. It was a baby contest, the entrants photographs supplied, presumably, by wives from home. A “Miss Stalag Luft III”’ was later to be selected from the pictures of wives and sweethearts. The schedule for a typical day runs like this: POW’s Day Leisurely

But Monotonous The day starts at 10 a. m. with roll-call (following a breakfast of coffee, bread and jam). Then calisthenics, showers for the few designated that day (they go in lots of 24), classes, library, cooking schedules (the men take turns at' the culinary arts). Mail (if there is any) is distributed at noon. Last roll-call comes at four p. m., then a few turns around the perimeter of the camp, supper, bridge and poker (for cigarettes). Then ‘‘some good talk, much foolish dreaming before midnight sends the Kriegie to bed with the hope ever that the new day brings peace.” ’ : Of goursey,- in- this-little typewritten journal which has had to pass the German censor there is only here and there a hint of certain inner feelings toward the hosts; one note on the showing of a German film speaks of a. ‘“none too spellbound audience.” It is difficult to get an intimate view of a prisoner’s life from these brief notes or, indeed, from the letters the prisoners write home. But those persons who have read all the confidential reports and also many letters passed on to them by relations tell me two things: one, that, generally speaking, American prisoners in German camps are not badly treated and are not in want; second, the first months are the hardest. Most prisoners build up some kind of “escape’ mechanism and manage to keep up their spirits and morale by adapting themselves to their environment.

Naturally, the question is frequently asked: ‘“What are we doing for our prisoners in Germany?” | The thing they want most is provided for most of them—letters from home. The next are the food packages which are paid' for by the army, packed by volunteer workers and shipped -by the Red Cross from their four shipping centers, two. in New York, one in. Philadelphia and one in St. Louis. Most of the packages, assembled like motor cars on a moving line, are packed by loving hands—that group which bears the scars of war as deeply as the combatants themselves, and described prosaically in army language as “‘the next of kin.” .

These packages go, one for each prisoner, every week. ! The prisoners also can receive ‘personal packages every 60 days. They get books and other prescribed artioles: ~ow

The Red Cross has eight ships of its own which, up. until recently, have been landing regularly at Marseille, where packages have been shipped in ‘sealed cars to Switzerland. These goods went through unmolested. Lately some of the shipments have been made to Lisbon and re-shipped on smaller shuttle vessels. The disruption of trafiic in Germany has recently interfered with the system. Other routes are being planned. @~ :

Many of the German prisonérs of war captured in Normandy have volunteered to help with the harvest in Great Britain, . o e e All major youth organizations are cooperating in the drive to raise an army of school-age milkweed pod harvesters in order to get milkweed floss needed to replace kapok in life jackets for the armed forces.

English Regiment's Colors in a U. S. Army Post - Chapel Recalls Day When Briton and American ~ Fought Side by Side to Win Historic Vicory

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By ELMO SCOTT WATSON

Released by Western Newspaper Union, RECENT press dispatche"s N\ from the Italian fro&re—corded the fact that the King’s Royal Rifle corps was oneJ:f the units of the Seventh Armored Division, which had served 'so brilliantly under General Montgomery in his victory over Rommel in the North African campaign and which was now a part of General Alexander’s British Eighth army. To most American readers this reference to the Royal Rifles had no special significance, although they might have been as interested in its progress in the campaign against Kesselring’s Germans as in the fortunes of any regiment in Gen. Mark Clark’s American Fifth army.

For the fact is that the Royal Rifle corps is intimately associated:with the history of this country. It is the lineal descendant of a regiment which helped gain one of the most brilliant victories ever won on the North American continent, thereby giving to American colonial history one of its greatest military heroes. Known originally as the 62nd Loyal American Provincials, the regiment was later christened the 60th Royal Americans and this was the name it bore when its leader, Col. Henry Bouquet, snatched victory from what seemed certain defeat at the Battle of Bushy Run, marched on to raise the siege of Fort Pitt and gave the: deathblow to Pontiac’s Conspiracy. A New Era in Military Science. One thing which distinguishes the Battle of Bushy Run from all other engagements in our history is that here Colonel Bouquet established an American tradition of “tactical resiliency and readiness to adapt methods to new requirements’’ which has culminated in the military innovations of World War 11, such as the new techniques of jungle fighting against the Japs and of air combat against the German Luftwaffe. In a day when battles were fought strictly according to rule, Bouquet, a superb tactician, dared to disregard the rules and to ‘“‘improvise” on the battlefield, thereby marking the beginning of a new era in military science. :

Bouquet was a soldier offortune} born in Switzerland in 1719. In 1754, at the outbreak of the war between France and Great Britain in America, he became lieutenant colonel of the newly organized 62nd Loyal American Provincials, which was to become the 60th Royal Americans three years later and eventually the King’s Royal Rifle corps. He came to America in 1756, and served under General Forbes in the capture of Fort Duquesne, the French post at the Forks of the Ohio which was rebuilt and named Fort Pitt. Five years later, in May, 1763, the conspiracy of Pontiac, the great Ottawa chieftain, broke like a storm along the frontier. One after an-

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other the chain of British posts fell, either from treacherous attack or from assault by overwhelming forces of Indians. Only Detroit and Fort Pitt held out and if the latter post fell, Pontiac might well make good his threat to “drive the English into the sea.” ;

In this crisis the Swiss adventurer was called upon to save the day—by marching to the relief of Fort Pitt. It is no overstatement to call his expedition a ‘‘forlorn hope,” for when he arrived at Carlisle late in June, he found there neither adequate stores nor transport which he had ordered — only panic-stricken refugees from the west. He had a force of little more than 500 men, composed of a detachment of his

‘The American Revolution Might Have Ended Differently If . . .

“Bouquet was the most brilliant leader of light infantry that the French and Indian War produced. Had he survived until the Revolution, Bouquet would-—is the reasonable surmise—against his erstwhile fellow-officers and friends in the Colonies have pitted his battalions with the ruthless efficiency of the professional soldier.”” — E. Douglas Branch in a talk before WESTERNERS in Chicago, July, 1044, G “It seems a heartless thing to say,

THE UGONIERJ: BANNER, LIGONIER, IND.

COL. HENRY BOUQUET

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Colors of the 60th Royal Americans in the Chapel of Saint Cornelius the Centurion, Governors Island, New York.

own regiment, the 60th Royal Americans, and portions-of two regiments, the 42nd Highlanders (the famous “Black Watch”) and the 77th (Montgomery’s) Highlanders, which had recently been invalided home from the West Indies. ! ,

With this ‘“‘army’” Bouquet reached Fort Bedford, the first leg of his 200-mile journey, on July 25. There a force of experienced rangers joined him and they proved invaluable as an advance guard against ambush. By August she was nearing his goal. About noon of that day, after a forced march of 17 miles through the hot forests, he reached a place called Edge Hill, 25 miles from Fort Pitt. Suddenly there were rifle shots ahead and screaming warwhoops. The Indians had attacked his advance guard. - : The two light infantry companies of the “Black Watch” went to their support and scattered the Indians. But they came swarming back immediately and within a short time his little army was surrounded and fighting for their lives behind a hastily censtructed defense on top of the hill. By-nightfall Bouquet’s losses, in killed and wounded, were more than 60 officers and men.

A Desperate Situation,

It was probably as desperate a situation as any military commander had ever faced. In the dark forest around him swarmed a force of savages three or four times the size of his. Flushed with their recent successes in capturing the British posts and remembering how they had overwhelmed Braddock who had more than three times as many soldiers as did Bouquet, the Indians were iconfident of another great victory. Outside the little circle of piled-up supplies, which formed the walls of his “fort,”’ lay the bodies of 25 soldiers, killed in the fighting that afternoon. Inside there was suffering from undressed wounds and heat and thirst. For there was little water to be had—except for a few precious mouthfuls, brought in the hats of some of the rangers who risked their lives to creep down to a.spring nearby to get it. The hot dawn of August 6, 1763, brought a renewal of the Indian attack. Slowly but surely their plunging fire cut down the number of defenders on the hill. At last, Bouquet, seeing that destruction of his command was inevitable if this unequal kind of fighting continued, resolved to attempt one risky maneuver and wager everything on one desperate chance. If he could get the enemy out into the open long enough to give his Highlanders an' opportunity for a bayonet charge, one such decisive stroke might end the affair. : e Sl

Explaining clearly to his men what he wanted them to do, so thére would be no mistake and no confusion when the crisis came, Bougquet ordered the two companies of Highlanders to withdraw suddenly from the line, retreat rapidly across the hill until they reached a little ravine which ran along one side of the eminence. They were then to advance down this ravine and be ready to attack from it when necessary. Meanwhile the Royal Americans were to extend their line across the hill to replace ‘the Highlanders. ‘As the kilted Scotsmen withdrew, the’ Indians, seeing this maneuver and believing it to be the beginning of a retreat, came. screeching out from their hiding places like a pack of famished wolves. Charging out into .the open they struck theé thin and weakened line of the Royal

but the bullet that struck down Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham, and the fever that carried Bouquet away at Pensacola, did good service to the country destined to become the United States of America; for they were such accomplished soldiers, men of; such talent and genius; that had they. been in command ‘of the British, forces.inthe Wat of the Revolution, that struggle mig‘lh&, have been shortdifferent. They were both young

Americans which began to waver under the force of the savage onset. For a moment the issue hung in the balance with disaster just a hairsbreadth away. Then—the Royal Americans stiffened their resistance—just long enough. Out of the ravine came charging the Highlanders who poured a volley at pointblaxgk range into the flank of the red mob. :

The Finishing Touch.

Although greatly surprised, the Indians faced about and returned the fire. But before they could reload, the Highlanders were bearing down upon them with their bayonetted guns and the red men realized that they were trapped. Then Bouquet put the finishing touch upon his daring maneuver. v a 2

Once more taking a desperate chance, he again broke his line and threw two companies out of the circle on the other flank of the enemy. The flying Indians, retreating before the grim-faced Highlanders, ran squarely into the Royal Americans and withered away before the volley which swept their line. A few moments later the savages had fled, leaving Bouquet and his men in full possession of the field.

It had been a dearly bought victory. Fifty of his men had been killed, 60 wounded and five were missing, a total casualty list of 115, nearly a fourth of his entire force. But Bouquet had saved his army, Fort Pitt and Pennsylvania. It took him four long days to march the remaining 25 miles to Fort Pitt. But the Indians had had enough. They had suffered a loss of more than 60 killed and many more wounded., There was little opposition to his advance and when he reached that outpost and raised the siege, it sounded the death knell to the high hopes of the great Pontiac. Within a year the Ottawa’s confederation of tribes had collapsed and the last threat to English occupation of North America was ended. .

The next year Bouquet scored an equally brilliant success in an expedition into the heart of the Indian country beyond the Ohio. With two Pennsylvania battalions he cut a road into the wilderness of the Muskingum valley. There he summoned the Indians to a council to demand, not merely ask, that they cease their raids upon the English settlements. Moreover, he demanded and secured the release of more than 300 white captives who were'‘restored to their families.

Bouquet’s brilliant campaigning brought him' the thanks of the King and the colonial assemblies of Virginia and Pennsylvania. He was promoted to brigadier-general but he did not live long to enjoy his honors. He died of the yellow fever at Fort St. George (Pensacola, Fla.) in 1766. e

The great commander of the 60th Roﬁ Americans might die, but the regiment lived on. After Bouquet’s death, British troops “in the South were commanded by Augustine Prevost, another Swiss adventurer who had become lieutenant colonel in command of the 60th in 1761. During the Revolution the regiment was in the expedition led by Prevost which marched nonth to the conquest of Georgia and the first battalion took part in the successful defense of Savannah in 1779, against a combined French and American force. . sl ; S

In the Revolution.

Parts of the regiment fought with Logd Rawdon at Hobkirk’s Hill and were with Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Guildford Court House. It was also with that luckless commander when he laid down his arms and surrendered to Washington at Yorktown in 1781. But whatever enmities, growing out of the ‘Revolu‘tion, there may have been between Briton and American they have long since been forgotten. : ' Today there hangs in the Chapel of Saint Cornelius the Centurion on' Governors island, New York, the colors of the 60th Royal Americans (pictured above). They were presented to the chapel in 1921 by Field Marshal Lord Grenfell on behalf of the officers and' men of the King’s Royal Rifle corps,:lineal descendant of the 60th Royal Americans. At that time they were the symbol of a’ tradition shared by the British army and the American army—the tradition of Britons and Americans fighting and dying side by side while, fighting a savage foe in the forests of western Pennsylvania one hot August day back in 1763. Today those colors are a symbol of the same tradition—the tradition of Britons and Americans fighting and dying side by side in Tunisia, in Italy and in France. e 1

enough men when they died .tg have been available for service in 1775. ‘“We do not find such another Indian fighter as this gallant Swiss in the colonial records, and it is noteworthy that the same sort of troops as were found entirely inadequate to the situation when led by Braddock, proved themselves heroes indeed when undixi the cém"?:ian*d of a greater. and abler man.” — Cyrus Towﬁeﬁg%tady in‘“Border Fights shd Wighta. 0

Dose of Laughter Gives - Stimulus and Relaxation

If laughter could be ordered at. the: druggists, any doctor would prescribe many laughs every day. A dose of laughter is a combination of stimulus like that of vitamin tablets plus the relaxation of bromides. Laughter is exercise for the diaphragm, which is neglected in most exercises except deep breathing. . ; If you could X-ray yourself when ‘you laugh, you would see astonishing results. Your diaphragm goes down, down, and your lungs expand. You are taking more oxygen than usual amiéghat oxygen passes into the blood exposed in your lungs. As you laugh, the rate: of exposure to oxygen is doubled or trebled. A surge of power runs from head to toes.

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