Ligonier Banner., Volume 45, Number 17, Ligonier, Noble County, 14 July 1910 — Page 2

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- grorrmly, HE HISTORY of the pelarl and pearl ﬁ' 2 4 fisheries in America beins with the ‘ ‘:4 nliS(‘r)&'ox‘)' of the \x'(*stéi‘:;‘ world by C\j'vi Columbus, who wrote giowing ac- (}’ Q counts to Queen Isabelia of the beau--‘JA-O _tiful necklaces and bracelets of i s vearis whieh he found the Indians @”ﬂf h of the Gulf of Paria aihd Cariaco in . ‘ ,ﬁm[ '\'e'xw;mvl.jx Wearing and which they {'ﬁ"‘ﬂ:"' _§n eagerly r‘\'ch:mng for broken .f’ hi.r.!: of gaudily~decorated Valencian

et VR eWSk I e N PSN N .o ¥ G i a 0 -At e T DGR ORI T T o OR S SBR AC SR o p' tat; : e ; e e oqﬁ e et~ Wiy S e s M‘m%w»we”’ x‘t‘(",*‘,A - o o niate., In the account of his t hird o &y i et RO A}\ d'&Q""“\:“‘l":“}f{‘\r“N"‘\i;\"Q;v“*"\'” . voyage in 1438 he wrate that on en- o SR .TR ee e e ‘ i <y i 1 ol § it A SN Re S A SN S S e " ) : tering the Guif of Paria “the na- q e A»»,; R e Wﬂ:ﬂ« & “}gw.,é\‘&i\w\ s 3 tives came to ti hip in countless . \%-L:I.:?é‘: W{»z&“r se S es e (. ¢ vwYEs came 1o tne ship in countless Humbers nany < o SRR R ST eR R T e S E 3 i g 4 y | e B omo Lt S G ot A " . of them wearing pieces of oo et Lo Bt L e . 5 = s o £oid on| their breasts o R o e : Hf\ 6 i and “some with bracelets of pearls on * their — %:@&@&,Q‘?‘Z‘W"M NG 77 - Mrﬂl}(//y — : L s R Sy gSI g e b= i % . P Tt MR e L o oSR -

arms—w hich they : inforined me 'were -to be preccured in their own neizhborhood.” As eyidence of the truthfulness of his statements he sent the queen an immense Y pearl of exquisite orient, welghing over 300 grains, taken from these waters. When Vasco Nunez do Balboa crossed the.lsthmus of Panama in 1513, ° he - found the Indians along the shorés of the- - of St. Michael (now the Bay of Panama) cok lecting pearls from ovE ters washed ashore dur--Ing violent storms, as well as diving for them a short distance from the- - : : When® Hernando Cortez In 1526 discovered Lower California he found the natives wearing many beautiful pearls taken from the ,waters of the Gulf of California. FHis.. tory tells us that when oA e SR

Montezuma alightéd from his rogal palanquin, “blazing ' with burnisted gold’ and overshad. owed by a canopy of gaudy featherwork powdered with jewels and fringed with silver,” to grant audience to Cortez, his cloak and goldensoled sandals were sprinkled with pearls and other precious jewels. ! 2

The pampered favorites of the rulers of Egypt and Rome valued their précious ‘pearls from the Indies no more- highly than did the Indlan women of the Aztecs of Mexico or the Incns of Peru. When -the king of Spain made Hernando de Soto governor of Cuba with commission to conquer Florida the latter penetrated Into the country of the Yuckees-along the Savannah river in .Florida to their chief wvil-lage;-Cufitatchiqui, where he found their queen wearing. great strings of pearls. The queen in welcoming the Spanish explorer to the hospitalities of her nation even removed one of the most beautiful of her pearl necklaces and threw it around his neck. ' |

Thus the Spaniards were not disappointed in their expectations of finding pearls among other treasure they sought to obtain from the natives of the new world. and such adventurers as Ponce de Leon, Panfilo de Navarez, Cabeca de Vaca, Hernando de Soto, Coronado, and numerous others were lured on by this hoye. ; : A member of Sir Walter Raleigh’s expedition collected from the natives of Virginia over 5,000 pearls, of which he chose “as many as made a fayre chaine,” and the Indians of the Mississippi wore bratelets and earrings of fine pearls, which, as Father Lbéuis Hennepin wrote, “they gave us to understand they recelved in exchange for their calumets from natives inhabiting'the coast of the great lake to the southward, which I take to be the Gulph of Florida.”

For the sake of comparison of the principal pearl fisheries of the Americas with those of the old world, both as to wealth of production and methods employed, a short description of the. oldest and richest fisheries in the world, those of Ceylon, is given. These are located In the Gulf of Manar, off the western shore of Ceylon and to the south of the island of Manar and on the Madras side near Tinnevelly. The Macedenians of Greece obtained pearls from the Persian Gulf and the Ptolemies’ slaves worked the fisheries of the Red sea from where, undoubtedly, the famous pearl came that Cleopatra is supposed to have ground up and drunk in wine to her lover.

The old methods' employed on the Ceylon fisheries and which continued up until a few years ago are the most interesting. The pearl oyster beds are under the supervision of government inspectors, who regulate the fishing. When a bed is to be fished over, announcement of the fact is published beforehand, the season usually beginning the first part of March and enntinuing from four to six weeks, according

Historical Relics of Value

Numerous Souvenirs of the Great ~ Revolution Recently Unearthed ' . in New York. S Dating back to the days when the British and Hessians camped on Washington Heights in New York, a large oollegtiop of relice whictk have been

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to the condition of the bed. Fishing boats and divers from fhe neighboring coasts of Malabar, native Indiims, .Malays, Arabs, Polynesians and pearl mérchants by the thousands from all parts of Iml}a assemble shortly before the appointed day until as many as 25,000 people are gathered onjthe fishing grounds. At midnight, when the wind freshens, the boats start for the banks in groups of 50 to 70, so as to arrive there beforeé sunrise. Each boat carries from ten to twely"e divers, who work in pairs, one diving while the other tends the signal line, and who relieve each other from time to time. At sunrise ja signal gun is fired and the fishing begins.;? The diver usually carries a stone or other welght of about 50 pounds attached to the haul line to facilitate his rapid descent, and in adéitipn»carries a basket made fast to the girdle about his walst in which he places the i)ysters as found. Some divers working in sha{lower water use no weight in descending, but while at work at the bottom make good| use of both hands and feet to seize upon and wrench loose any oyster seen within the limiteq‘l area over which they can work. The diver §who works without diving apparatus and who 1§ called a “head diver,” working in from 35 to| 45 feet of water, which .is the average, can inake from 40 to 50 descents in a morning and can bring up from 15 to 30 oysters each trip. ' The native Indian, Malay and Polynesian diyers remain under from 60 to 80 seconds, a}ccording to the depth at which they are work]ng, but some can stand a much longer sg)mergence. . : At the ﬁrlrfg of another signal gun about noon the|diving is suspended and the boats race ashdre and beach, ready for unloading. On their garriva.l there the oysters are carried into the government corral and there piled into three¢ heaps, each boat’s load being kept separate,| the government taking two heaps or two-thirds of the catch and the remainder being divided among the divers and the crew, the divers usually receiving the largest portion. There are about 4,500 divers at work, the daily catch averaging 1,000,000 oysters, which are often found clustered closely together. |

The government’s share is then auctioned off by thb inspector ‘in lots of 1,000 and usually bought up by small merchants, divided into smaller lots, and resold. Siiie

The true Indian diver never descends without first providing for attack against sharks or other dangerous fish by invoking immunity through the shark charmer’s incantations, a hereditary endowment among the East Indians, one of ihese charmers usually accompanying each boat. Aside from this danger, which in these waters, however, is comparatively small, the diver working under a tropical sun and exposed to rheumatism and often paralysis {is usually a short-lived man:

found in various parts of upper Manhattan will be placed on exhibition in the old Jumel mansion. * The relics—shot, buttons, bayonets and various pieces of rusted metal which at one time formed part of the equipment of ths soldiers of King George Ill—were collected by Messrs.'R. P. Bolton and W. L. Calver, amateur antiquarians, who live in the vicinity of the Wash

Up until a few years ago this was the

lish corporation under a 20-year lease for a stipulated sum per vear, in addition to the proper care and cultivation of the beds under government supervision. ‘ The world has never known richer pearl fisheries than those of Ceylon. The pearls of finest orient and color come from these waters and the mother-of-pearl shell is the largest and most iridescent. It was from here that La Pellegrina came, said to be the finest and most perfect pearl in existence and which weighs 1!2 grains, as well as most of the crown pefrls of European royalty. For centuries the Indian princes have amassed great wealth in pearls and those of the Rana of Dholpur were valued at $7,500,000. & The most extensive pearl oyster grounds of the world are situated, on the northern and western coasts of Australia.

The richest pearl fisheries in the Americas at the’ present time are those of the Gulf of California, centering around L.a Paz and along the outer coast of Lower California in Mexico. These fisheries were discovered by Hernando Cortez when he marched across Mexico in 1526. The principal beds are near La Paz, in the Gulf, Espiritu Santo, Lorenzo Point, oft ,the island of Cerrabro, Los Coyotes and Mulege bay, and, in fact, along the entire west coast of the Gulf of La Paz to above the island of Loreto and Tiburon, on the east side. In addition to those:found along the outside coast of Lower California, pearl oyster beds are found at points along the southern coast of Mexico and Nicaragua. ' j ' Cortez and the Spaniards after him obliged the Indians to work the La Paz beds and to give one-tenth of their catch to the church and one-tenth to the crown. The beds were soon depleted and later abandoned. Over fifty years later, after having recuperated, fishing was renewed, and it is said that a Spaniard who later worked them took yearly from them 300 to 500 pounds of pearls, which he packed on mules and sold by the bushei.

Up to 30 years ago “buzos de cabeza,” or head divers, only were employed, but on the revival of the fisheries about this time modern diving apparatus was introduced and today they are being worked under concession by San Francisco firms, who employ from 800 to 1,200 men and a number of run schooners, which collect the oysters from smaller boats working on the beds and carry them to the companies’ sheds on shore, where * they are opened and the pearls found sorted by passing them through small brass sieves of graded sizes.

In the gulf the season commences in July and continues to October, but while along the unprotected outer coast it commences earlier, in March, it is terminated by the hurricanes that sweep this coast in June. ]

Most of the diving is done by divers using the most improved diving apparatus, helmet

ington Heights battlefield. Although it is now more than 130 years since the allen troops occupled the heights, all the relics found are in an excellent state of preservation. The various buttons used by the excavators, when cleaned, show the coats of arms and other insignia of the regiments to which those who wore them belonged. ! Most of the relics which have recently been unearthed by the excavators have been in the wiainity of Fort

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method émployed in gath-. ering pearls, and the British government of India derived a revenue of from £300,000 to $750,000 annually from the product of these fisheries, but for the Jlast few years they have been operated by an Eng- - .- A | e P L

Tryon and Marble Hill and the Washington Heights blockhouse. The equipment of the excavators is most simple, consisting solely of two shovels, a garden fork and a large sieve, From old maps made by the Americap spies during the early days of the Revolution, and from those madé by the British themselves, the two men located the sites where the various regiments were camped on the upper end of Manhattan island. These regiments included the various Hes-

and ait pumps, and is carried on in from 49 to 120 feet of water, an average depth being 60 to 80 feet. The work can only be continued from 3 to 21 hours at a time, due to the tide, which along this coast has a maximum variation of over 20 feet, creating currents that make it impossible to work- for more than 1% hours. refore and cone-ha'f to two hours after the turn of the tide. One of the great dangers of working at the bottomn when' a strong current is running is the risk of being carried far from the boat on rising in an exhausted condition, in the case -of the head diver, or of injury by being driven against some sharp jutting rock or éeoral formation on which the life line might catch fast. The divers take little or no food into their stomachs before commencing work, as this would hinder deep\breathi_nglm;d make them more liab'e to cramps. A diver wearing 25 pounds of lead on each shoe, rubber garments and brass helmet to which are attached air tubes, signal cord and life line can remain at the bottom from one-half to three hours, according to the depth at which he is working. The pressure is so great at 120 feet that he usually remains under

but 10 to 15 minutes, while in 50 feet of water he might be seen moving about on the bottom for several hours The pearl shells from these waters are not as large as those of Ceylon, but run from 6,000 to 7,000 to the ton. The true pearl oyster, the Meleagrina. of .the Indtan and south Pacifie oceans, varies in diameter from ‘two to eight inches, according to age, six inches being the average. One diver working with helmet and alr pump can secure as many as 15,000 oysters in a season. The greater part of the shell from the La Paz fisheries is shipped to San Francisco, while most of the pearls go to Mexico City and Paris. In 1908 the production of these fish. eries was valued at $5,000,000, the pearls representing $3,000,000 and the mother-of-pearl shell the balance. )

* According to Dr. George F. Kunz, one of the world's greatest authorities on’ pearls, a pearl of the first water should possess a perfect skin, fine orient or delicate texture, be free from specks or flaws, and be of a translucent white color, with a subdued iridescent sheen. It should also be perfectly spherical, or, if not, of symmetrical pear shape. White or pink pearls are the finest, owing to their delicate sheen. Sometimes the outer layer can be removed, ‘;}:e subjacent surface revealing a finer skin than the outer one, and in this way a pearl may {Pe improved. s 1

The Lower California pearls are of a great variety of shapes and color, round, pear shaped, button pearl or flat on one side, baroque, or pearl of irregular shape, and in color ranging from white and pink to blue, green, brown and black. Some very famous pearls of history have been taken from these waters.

With hardly an exception there are American pearls among the crown jewels of every ruler of Europe. In 1889, at the world’s fair in Paris, there was exhibited a set of seven black pearls from these Mexican fisheries, valued at $22,000 at that time, and today worth much more. One of the largest pearls ever found here was sold in. Paris to the emperor of Austria for $lO,OOO, and the Spanish government presented Napoleon 111. with a black Mexican pearl valued at $25,000. i

In Venezuela the principal oyster beds are located around the island of Margarita, which word in Spanish means pearl, and at Cubagua, El Tirano, Gulf of Paria and Coro, Porlamar, Maracapana and Macanao, so that this part of Venezuela became known to the early Spaniards as the Pearl coast.

Of the Pearl islands of Panama bay, Rey island is the largest of the group. The only village of any size among these islands is San Miguel, as old as the fisheries themselves, the tower of its little masonry church being thickly inlaid . with beautiful nacreous shells from the fishing grounds on all sides. From the United States and Canada come the fresh-water pearls, which are produced principally by the Unio, a species of mussel common to all the mountain streams throughout the country, although a pearl may be found in any mollusk having a nacreous interior lining. Pearls have been brought to the New York market from almost every state in the Union and Canada, principally from Qhio, Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan, Minne sota, Tennessee and Mississippi. ;

sian compgnies, the \Weish Fusileers the Third Scots Guards and the Sev enty-sixth MacDonald Highlanders. Besides the many one-pound cannog balls used in the Hessian’s field guns, then known as the amusetts, the ex: cavators have found many of large caliber. One of them weighed forty eight pounds, and another thirty-twa pounds. .

The bayonets, which are the most recent finds, were dug up two feet be low the ground, near Inwood.

A Corner in Ancestors By ELEANOR LEXINGTON Havyes Family

The Hayes family has enough romance, in its history, to stock a threevolume novel The romance begins with the origin of the name, in 980, A. D, and at the battle of Loncarty, when, in the time of Kenneth, TII, the Danes invaded Scotland. At the battle, the Scots fleeing before the enemy, were stopped by 3 countryman, of great strength and courage: and his two sons. Their only weapons were the vokes of their ploughs. The three brave men rallied the troops, the battle was renewed, and the Danes fled, defeated. ) o The old maa, wounded, and lying on the ground, cried out, ‘“heigh' heigh!” which translated in modern language, ‘is the equivalent of “hurrah! hurrah!” ' It is easy to understand how this word became the Hay, I{'a_vs, or Hayes of to-day, after of course, passing :through a process of evolution. " “Let him be called Heigh,” proclaimed the king, “and his posterity forever more” And thus it was, with the gift of as much land in Perthshire, as a falcon should fly over without alighting. The falcon, (knowing what N | :ﬁ\@ BN O \/ ) 0 v t - IRI il Y ,'/ 'k.')[:r"ﬂ/ /\)2') 7 /3\) = T \\ -y . \ ~ “p > ) . - Bayes -~ was expected of him) made it_ exactly six miles, alighting upon -a stone, which is called Falcenstone. The record is quite explicit upon this point. The falcon” was granted as a crest, and three shields or escutcheons—one for each map—were the charges, sith the niotto “%erva Jugum.” This then is one theory of the -origin of the name, and the granting of one coat-of-arms. Forty arms, more or less, have beén granted at different times, to branches of the Hayes, Hays and Hay families. Heyes i§S also angther form of the name.

{ Newporte, Nuport -and Niewport are | variations of this name, or at least, i these are orthographies found in the | records. The “e” was added for airs, { probably.. The Nuport may be called | euphonic spelling and Niewport is also lalrs, or akin to it. Newport seems 'to have been the original, first, and {only form, if we accept the name, :Novus Burgus—the new borough—as | it was called, and afterwards, New%port. This was on the isle of Wight, iand about the-ninth century. Caris- | brooke castle is near Newport, which {ls also the name of towns in York- | shire, Essex, Cornwall, Shropshire and ;of towns in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. [ The charter of the borough of New';port, in Pembrokeshire, Wales, dates |to 1215, and the quaint custouk of { “walking the boundaries” is still kKept lup, and here is the castle of Newport. } Present seats of the Newport fam{lly include Castle Bromwich, Birming|ham. The earl of Newport is one of %the titled members of the family; the :ﬂrst earl of Bradford about 1650, was | 'Sir Francis Newport, the present earl, ;or Viscount Newport, born 1873, mar}ried a daughter of Baron Aberdare. | Earl Newport, who also has the title icaptain, and has distinguished himl self in South Africa, was private secretary to Prime Minister Balfour. i Other notable members of the Newport family -are Richard, who was bishop of London, and Sir Thomas, who was at the “Field of the Cloth of 'iG.old,” accompanying his sovereign. Capt. Christopher Newport, admiral !of Virginia, has been called the first ireal estate speculator in this counitry, if the colony of the London company, with its 105 colonists,« which found shelter 301 years ago behind Point Comfort, may fairly be called a real estate speculation. The actual settlement at Jamestown dates from 26th of April, 1607, when the little squadron of three ships—the Susan Constant, the Godspeed and the Discovery—under the command of Christopher Newport, completed its long ‘voyage. It entered the estuary, be.tween the capes, afterward called Charles and Henry, in honor of the two sons of the king. The vessels took shelter behind the promontory, which the weary voyagers called Point Comfort. Newport News also owes its name to the Admiral, asit is generally accepted by those who have. gone into the local history of Virginia, that it was thus named in his honor.,

Real or Spurious? Marquis Pena Loza, who actually has enough to live on, and who, his friends say, is not anxious to capture an American heiress for a wife, was in Washington during the last social season, and the most startling incident of his visit was his meeting with Mrs. Malaprop. : “Oh, you naughty, naughty boys from Europe who come here and deceive our best people,” said the coy and kittenish old dowager when the youthful spaghetti nobleman was pre-

Hay is the Scottish- form.: of the name, and Hayes in English.. = If there are those who do not accept the theory of the origin of the name Hayes here given, other theories are at hand.. One traces the word to the Sanskrit kak, pronounged in Eng!ishf‘ like hag, or hagh?&lt means to surround, or-gird, apd-from it, are the Latin words haya or haga; the Dutch, haag or hague or heij: the French, haie or haia; the Anglo-Saxon haga or- hege: the . English, haw, hedge, ‘hay; the Lowland Secottish, hag, haig, haigh, hay. All mean a fence or boundary. In Arabic, the word Is ‘haugon, - - . C In Normandy, there were lands and a lordship of Hale, a hundred.years or more before the Conquesf and Le Sieur de la Hay was one of William's' Knights, 1066, . De H:\;:ri, le Hlawe and de la Hayo are old fu_x'nu‘k of the name. Several of the Haves, Hays,-or Hay name were among founders of towns in this country. In Connecticut, about 1645, we find Thomas at Milford, Nathaniel at’ Norwalk,” and Richard at Lyme; in 1680, at Windsor, George, and in Dover, N. H., John. . One of the founders of Newark, N. J., along with the Cranes, Treats and a few others,' were descendants. of Thomas of Milford, and of the IHaves’ name. o . George of Windsor is” supposed to have been borp in Scotland and- a Hay. He add:d “s” or “es” to his name after arriving fn this country, or he had lived in" England- before coming here, .and had there added the extra two letters to his name. George married, for his second wife, Abigail Dibol, or more probably Dibble, (who would be a Dibol, if Dib ble was just as easy ) Their wedding day was August. 29, 1683, ‘As George had three children by, his first wife, he must have been married when he came to this country. He was the proud father of 11-—five were sons. Rutherford B. Hayes, nineteenth president, was descended from George of Windsor. i v ) George Hay of Virginia married a daughter of President Monroe. The coat-of-arms illustrated {s blazoned: Three escutcheons, gulés. - Crest: A falcon rising, proper. . Motto: Serva Jugum—keep the voke. P AL Spare Nought "is the motto of the Marquis of Tweeddale, whose family name is Hay, as'it is also a Hay or Hayes motto. - : The Hayes .of Chester, Eng., were granted arms in 1615, which is blazoned: Sable; on a chevron, argent, three leopards’ heads, or, a créseent, gules. o L Crest: A demi-lion holding a pheon, argent, staff, or: C )

Newport Family

On May 13 the colonists found a suitable spot for a settlement, and the next day the men started to build a fort, which they called Fort James, and the settlement was known as Jamestown. .

Newport returned to England, but came again in 1608, and among gifts which he brought were presents for Powhattan, whom he styled “Emperor of the country.” He wernt again to England, and his last voyage back was made in 1610, when he brought Lord Delaware. . )

20 e A G Ly ; ." & N ‘?' £ s J N ‘;’/"‘s e DN | mﬁ:{, AR ({1 ) i : A AT ( ® 73 | Il "l el PN =3 |l l H: i [i'§ | (| H?i'” ﬂ?l“l , i | u i - Retwpord The first recorded marriage on American soil took place at. this time, and was that of John Laydon and Mrs. Forrest, a widow, who came over from England in Newport's ship. Capt. Newport’s wife. was Elizabeth, and he had two sons, John and Christopher, and daughters, Elizabeth and Jane. To Elizabeth, the captain left £4OO, as her marriage dowry; to Jane only five pounds, “on account of her many and great disobediences toward me, and her misdemeanors to my great heart’s grief.” The captain died before his wife, for we find that Sir Francis Wyatt, in 1621, “set off the land given to the widow of Christopher Newport.” Burke’'s “Peerage” blazons many coats-of-arms for the Newports, and judging from their simplicity they were granted in the early days of heraldry, and for faithfulness to- king and country. The coat-of-arms illustrated is blazoned: Gules, (red), six annulets, argent (silver), three, two and one. No crest or motto is given. ; R _ There are two .arms quite similar: One is: Gules, six annulets, or (gold). The other: Or, six annulets, gules,

sented. “You fool se many of us,” she persisted, “but I want you to be honest with me. If you are a real ‘markey’ I'll give a big dinner for you myself, but if you are only a valet you ought to tell me first. You can rely on me, for I'll never betray you!” , Isn’t he entitled to a pardon if he goes home and writes a book?—National Monthly. 5

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. ® Constipation . Vanishes Forever Prompt Reliet--Permanent Cure C.\RTER'SLITTLE _£i&s LIVER PILLS never 48 ;i.v':f‘, fﬂ- Purely et 48 ERNd able—act sw L 3505 ; but gently oa ' A ' = 3 L CARTER ) the liver. i R ITTLE Stop after SEEISeEE iIVER dinner oMY PILLS. dil"c.—— \ i cure indi~ S zﬁon——- improve the complexion — brightem - eyes. Small Pill, Small Dose, Small Price e e e " When Father Helped. The fond father held the manuscript while his son practised the oration. “Shall we permit the ruthless hand of the hydra-headed tyrant,” cried the youth, “to—to—to—well, what is {t?” The father was wrestling with the manuscript. “Oh, yes,” he muttered, “here it is: ‘to dessicate.” Go on.” B s . “It's desecrate,” cried the boy, ln-z dignantly. “‘Shall we permit the ruthless hand of the hyéra-headed tyrant to desecrate the—the—the—' why don’t you prompt me?” The father was staring hard at the manuscript. “The—the poodle—paddle—poodleum of our liver ties,” he stammered. “It's the ‘palladium of our liberties,”” roared the boy. “Glmme that paper—l’ll say it meself.” ; ‘And he stalked away angrily. ' German Alcohol Stills. An authority on alcohol stills says® that there are 20,000 farm stills in operation on as many farms in Ger many. The German government per-,‘ mits the\(armer to produce a certain amount of grain or potato -alcohol, the amount depending upon the size and location of the farm and the annual demand for the product, upon the payment of a reduced revenue tax. Alcohol distilled in excess of the gquantity allowed is subject to the higher rate of taxation. Denatured alcohol, however, is not subject to any tax. o Authority on Soup. 3 A little boy, promoted to company dinner at the family table, enjoyed his oyster cream hugely until he came to an unrecognized object at the bot tom of the plate. ) “What is it? Oh, just an oyster ™ dear,” respondé€d the child's mother, sharply appealed to. i “Why did Dora put it in?” “Oh, to make the soup good.” “She can leave it out next time,” p the tin; epicure gleclded. ‘;The soup’s good enough without.”—Exchange. Diplomacy is the art of making others belleve you are interested in them, when in reality they make you weary.

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