Ligonier Banner., Volume 43, Number 30, Ligonier, Noble County, 15 October 1908 — Page 2

UNCLE SAM $500,000,000 —1 WEALTHIER ——— Treasury OfZle IZ'Z: Z::“ :m:zr;t Z’OEl;:qﬁncy Currency.

R R SR LTR FFICIAL currency stretchers of the United States government have ready $500,000,000 in emergency notes, - . created by the AldrichVreeland law, which can be put out at an ; instant’s notice to nip financial panics in' the bud. Great progress was made by the treasury officials in getting the monster bundles of notes into shape to be issued at a moment’s notice. . Hardly had the bill which created this emergency currency passed the gauntlet held up by congress when treasury officials were at work to put _——— - T

2 ¢ y i 3 ('l'@';. ®* paper and invoice the ;(.){;S tZ) ‘t:ileﬁiréasun;’ "/" R ; e g 2 department. As fast as the bills were turned | ”‘: )Q QG : 3 = - . out by the department of printing SuperintendW H ",u 5 _2. g eC' ent Ralph, who is in charge of the entire bureau, s:‘ !_ 5?-4 AT \§~ ,’2 4 ‘ < wk- personally inspected samples and ordered them | e d 0 T WP /' ; S } 5 7 - turned over to the treasury officials. They were _ ,n%x;,« = ; / ei B et ,'l then stored in:the vaults in the treasury offices »,'f’l.i"i- :fg“ 7 s :)/ ¢ g N and are now ready to be turned out to - Z . ’ o banks enrolled in the emergency cur- / e &‘ ﬁ? , P : 3 - rency’ agsociations. .@, VA : 7 s L ¢ £ ONE MAN’S MYTHICAL REASON. RS o A 3 7 7 = (Vi i LA A . o S R f?,: u = g = < = TS &' £ : et L 'ZJ Z; i 4 );J:j\’/qy After Several Hours He Remembered < vs{’ﬁ 7 N / / T ,&Qﬁ&}ﬁ\ His Dinner Engagement. L e £ S / TRQE- Y9O s X : ‘9*3«l , ;‘_—_.:__..r__v,;‘ ’ . IR 7)@\ Dinner had been ready and waiting f’““s‘*‘%x 5 _ ~é 77 - 7,‘ = Oﬁ\ . 20 minutes. The wife of the tardy g .\ Y 2~ Hfo )"’l-;};}' U@?EO ' guest was very much embarrassed. RN : p e ; . / (2 7 Nl L) i & i < & Z S / 1,@% /\ S JZ,TP‘ Just to think that her husb'and was | L /< s _’% e oSR =so rude as to be late at a dinner en- «‘““ \ / A }. -;n“// s = (T ‘ \ %\_: gagement and keep all the guests O A } %re"f’w, Jt S TN %g waiting! After a while the belated N \\/ 5 LU PN = «m’o one arrived, redfaced and perspiring. 7 S TOe = = ' { N ) VO = 3 EZ AN . e | LA coormcts ¢0 Q= = g~ 7UO i e ZLD ‘E’K_\—/ ~ Mm&m;asm\??;t-«a“wqu SESNsSESTTTTT 088

the notes into such shape that they might be put upon the market. Acting Secretary Coolidge of the treasury overlooked the work and the bureau of engraving ‘and - printing which put out the currency was in charge of Superintendent Ralph. Each day Superintendent Ralph delivered into the hands of the treasury officials betweer,)/SZ,OOO_,OOO' and $4,000,7 000 in the new style notes. Before the end of summer there was over $lOO,000,000 ready for delivery to the banks on call. < ' ' Congress meets again in December and then the legislators will be greeted by the great outlay of cash. If there. should be a panic this fall, which is far from likely, officials declare, this great amount of emergency currency would be delivered to the stricken districts within a few hours and ‘it is believed the trouble would end with the a?pearance of the cash. : ) Up 'to August 1 only one emergency currency association had been formed, but soon organizations began to materialize all over the country and the interest in the new act was heightened to a great extent. The banks of the District of Columbia had their articles of association approved by the secretary of the treasury about the middle of July and to them belongs the honor of being the first members of an organization authorized under the emergency currency law i The banks in Ne‘v York and other financial centers were not disposed to fully commit themselves pending a de-

termination of the question whether a bank joining an association could withdraw from it after complying with all the requirements of the law. The treasury officials regarded this question as purely academic but they took the matter under consideration and a decision was reached on this point in a very short time. The act itself is entirely silent on the subject. The proposition of putting out such a great amount of currency was one which held the bureau of printing and engraving in its throes for many anxious months, for it was pointed out when the measure finaily passed congress after a long fight that while it was decidedly improbable that there would be a panic this fall, it was certainly necessary that the currency be ready for deliverance in case unsettled conditions should introduce themselves into Wall street’ and gther big financial centers of the country. i But if the word of the framers of the AldrichVreeland statute is to be believed no such conditions can arise, simply because of the existence of the emergency currency act. Most readers of congressional news in the daily papers remember well and followed closely the struggle which took place in both the house and senate coincident to the passage-of the bill. The senate refused to accept the Vreeland bill, manufactured in the lower branch, while the house of representatives could see nothing but evil things in the Aldrich measure—that is, the majority. Speaker Cannon of the house paid several visits to President Roosevelt at the White House. The executive insisted upon work being done by congress, if it were only this law. Finally the opposition forces met in caucus and then there was another caucus, most of the points in dispute being settled. The bill passed the house with much acclaim from those who had aided in effecttite compromise. Ly Then came the struggle in the senate with Senator LaFollette, Senator Gore, the blind legisla-

WHO BURNED MOSCOW CITY?

Confession of the Incendiary as Sequel to a Story of Love and Hate. Historians of Napoleon's invasion of Raussia have for more than a century been trying to discover whose hand it was which applied the torch to Moscow or gave the order for the confla_gration which precipitated the French emperor’s retreat, says the Washington Post. At the time Count Theodore

Cash Must Be Ready for Distribution, Under . Aldrich -Vreeland Act, By the Time Congress Meets— Hotw the CWork of Getting Money in Shape Is Accomplished.

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tgre, 13?(1 tfhelr aides in % TR A e v;g;g;ﬁ:j;?j_—f{;;?f;g:.?:s,ss-:25-E:.:s’l':l-55§f3i55-5:I:‘:-::::55i\-:-;f’:if-;é:-s;ﬁ;?‘::":ﬁ" Lg T e P | . . eT S B minority. Everyone fa- *“;’E’/\‘*’i}:‘ : ‘”**:Z V' mil : ,f‘&vy e boe eQO tary rules of congress D e y K limited in o R B S . e house, but R sERRT - iw}ﬂb} in the senate a man may .« 5w o ; f:’ﬁ ) B ’ b hold the floor for ‘ v ’ ..{ months, providing he \ i 3 ; : //r has something to talk -. N 4‘.“ >' . y |‘ : ‘{/ . about. : ‘ y ' 5R - A - enator La Follette, § - 4/)" e man who takes b i | S A u the Mow- » t little rest from 't\\\ 5 ‘ n , spoke for 18 hours. It was ~ s ’/‘ JENWATOR 1 memorable speech because 'of its ST " "";\WI/ S .JY W ength. Then .Senator Gore took his : i//}" i ﬂJONQ LDRI l place and spoke for quite a while longer e : D(H

All this was done to keep Senator Aldrich and his friends from putting on passage the compromise measure. It was regarded as a certainty that the bill would pass and so the opposition’s idea in the beginning was to keep on talking until midnight March 3, 1909, in shifts of eight hours each. v " v Whether it was by prearrgngement or by accident, few will ever know, but the fact remains that when one of the filibuster aides neglected his cue, an Aldrich supporter jumped into the breach, secured the floor and made the motion to put the bill on passage. It passed and ended one of the most spectacular filibusters which legislative circles of the country have ever recorded. For that reason the United States now has $500,000,000 in emergency currency ready to put out at an instant’s notice to stem the tide which a panic would bring upon the country. / Then came the work of engraving bills of every denomination in the offices of the bureau of engraving and printing. First the rough paper was received. It was cut up into strips upon machines which cut many thousands of notes at one time.

Rostopchine was said to have been the incendiary. In 1823, however, he published a pamphlet, “The Truth Concerning the Great Fire of Moscow,” in which the blame was laid at the door of French soldiers made mad with vodka. Now, however, the granddaughter of the governor-general, Countess Lydie Rostopchine, in a biography of her grandfather, substantiates the

original charge against hi mand says his denial was due to influence exerted over him by his beautiful wife. Just before the city was taken he had sent her to a distant province for safety and on the evacuation by the French he had implored her to come back “to a husband who worships you and who respects you beyond all others.” At the time the count was 47 and the countess 35. In his letters to her he had frankly admitted that he had given orders to fire the city. When he was accused of the deed by

R T TIR A R In the meantime the dies were cast by the engraving bureau. This engraving required the greatest care - for a single deviaticn in lines upon l the copper plates meant that tho‘ bill would be thrown out and the entire plate would necessarily have " to be made over again. Dozens of experts were put to work upon the plates. The dies made, the work of testing and finally printing was entered into. It was perhaps a month after the measure was passed, before the presses were set in motion in the printing offices turning out netes of great and small denominations. : An army of clerks was rendered necessary to keep tab on the plates, I

“So sorry to keep you waiting,” he said. “But I was detained at the office with an .out-of-towa customer. Just couldn’t get away.” The excuse sounded all right and was accepted by the hostess, but it was a myth. . The truth was: Preoccupied, he had gone home from the office at the usual time and found the house locked, much to his surprise. Where in the mischief were his wife and children? he wondered. Why didn’t they tell him they were going away? . He went all around the house and tried the doors, but they were locked. Ther hé found a piece of iron in the backyard and broke opem & window and crowded in. . He crowded out through the window for the evening paper and crowded back. He read the paper, and still the wife and children didn’'t return. : : : At 6:03 o’clock he remembered the dinner engagement. While he dressed and rode 20 blocks the guests waited. But others have made the same blunder.—Kansas City Star.

the French officers she implored him to deny the accusation. The secret might have been buried with him but for a subsequent discovery that his wife had repudiated the orthodox religion and had become a Roman Catholic. He became embittered and morose under the shock, cut her off in his will and left a sealed package containing the truth about the Moscow fire only to be opened and made public a century after the date of his mar riage. This duty has fallen to Count ess Lydie Rostopchine to carry out.

Visi™ Wit REPUTED CANNIBALS | £ ST SERis' oW TIBLRON JoLAND o j,&

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~ Capt. F. E. Thompson of the schooner Estrell has just returned to San Francisco from a nine-months’ cruise in the Gulf of California. He made five landings on the mysterious Island of Tiburon, met Chief Francisco, head of the Seris, at Freshwater bay, also the chief’s son, Ponchita, and 15 members of the tribe, at Fearl Point, set down in Dewey’'s chart as ‘“The Inferno.” Capt. Thompson had with him eight Yaquis, who were listed as sailormen. The sensational feature of Capt. Thompson’s story is that he found the Seris the very opposite of what they have been customarily painted. Instead of meeting canibals and desperate characters, Capt. Thompson® was welcomed to the island under a flag of truce, spent some time in the company of Chief Francisco, and was invited by the chief back into the island two leagues, to visit grazing land on which are the chief’s herds of burros; but this invitation was declinedz» He found the dreaded Seris hospitable, well-meaning and kind-hearted, willing to do him any favor within their power. 'ln return for gifts of beans, tobacco, matches and sugar, Chief Francisco gave Capt. Thompson a handsome bow and arrow, and Ponchita made a peace offering of a queer wooden crown, stained with red and blue berry juices. “This friendly visit to Indians, conventionally written about as head hunters, whose island has long been as jealously guarded from the encroachments of the white man as has been the Sacred City of L’Hassa, opens a new and startling chapter in the story of Tiburon, says the captain. He is the first white man who has brought back a friendly report fram this wonder island in the ,Gulf of Southren California. :

“My object in going to the Gulf of California,” said Capt. Thompson, ‘“was to find phosphates. I went by rail to Guaymas, and outfitted the Estrell there to make the nine months’ cruise on the gulf. I took eight Yaquis as a crew, and never had -the -slightest trouble with them. They are very hard-working men, and have prodigious strength as packers. They think nothing of wading through the surf with 125-pound bags of phosphates on thelr backs, puffeted by waves that would make an ordinary man lose his footing.

“We went to‘Tiburon for wood and water, and in all made five separate landings. I . expected: trouble, of course, but when I came within hailing distance of Chief Francisco and his mén at Freshwater bay, I ran up a flag of truce—a shirt on an oar—and he replied by doing the same. “The chief’s signal was handled by his son Ponchito, who dipped his rag twice, meaning that two of my men should: come ashore for a talk. I went with one of my Yaquis. “The chief spoke to me in doggerel Spanish, asking for cigarettes, tobacco and matches, and I gave him some Mexican cigarettes, also some corn, beans and sugar, and he was certainly much pleased. His son spoke in the lingo of the Seris. I did not understand a word he said, but we managed to get acquainted somehow, and after a little while the chief lighted a pipe of peace. I took a whiff and he grunted in frontier Spanish that we would be good friends. Of course, I was a bit suspicious, for an Indian may@e a good friend to-day and an enemy tomorrow—but I let it go at that. “The chief showed us where to get water, and sent some of his men to help us cut wood. He told me I was the first white man he had seen in several years, and he was very friendly. We ate a supper of sea turtle, stayed there that day, and then went

SOUGHT PLACE OF SAFETY

Doctor Imagined Spanish Phrase Contained Dire Threat. Dr. A. W. Parsons, the oldest American physician, in point of practice, in the City of Mexico, tells a good story of his first experience in that country. As a young man-he had been knocking about western mining camps in the days when gun plays were common. He had just landed at one of the gulf ports of Mexico, and was eating 11 g@'clock breakfast at the only hotel in town. He was seated at the table with several other Americans, all rough railroad construction men. Their knowledge of Spanish was rather limited, and their pronunciation atrocious. At the meal one of the men 'said to the waiter angrily: “Dame la montequilla” (Give me the butter). In good Castilian it would sound thus: “Da-me la man-te-keel-ya,” with broad'a’s and long e’'s. Pronounced by the American it sounded: “Dam-me la man-te-kill-ye.” L

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on to other points, where we saw other Seri Indians, but none of 'them' molested us. In all, we made five separate landings, covering the whole of the island. In the course of the month we went clear around it. : “At Pearl Point I found a long sand bar that is literally paved with the famous pearl oysters, and I have no doubt that there is a vast fortune awaiting somebody who is willing to make the expedition. : - “The chief’s present of a bow and arrow was a pleasant incident. In turn I asked him what of our stores, naming them over, would strike his fancy. He speaks a sort of doggerel frontier Spanish, and I made out, after some reflection, that he thought he would like my shirt. I immediately handed out the present, in fact, I made it two, but he refused the second one, saying, after long thought: ‘I can wear only one shirt at a time.” This shows his simple mind. I am sure he will never wash that shirt, but will wear it till it drops off or is torn to rags in the brush. : . :

“The son took a fancy to my hat,' and, of.course, I at once took it off, and gave it to him, and in turn he! presented me with a wooden crown, | rather ingeniously made of strips of wood, coming together and fastened with a detachable pin, with a knob at ] the end. It is ornamented with red ! and blue stripes. I gravely put on the crown and Ponchito seemed greatly pleased. : . | “We had a hard time getting the snapshot. of the chief and his body- | guard. They would not pose before the camera, because they are terribly superstitious. They believe that everything that belongs to them must go with them, at death, and if any-' thing that is part of them gets away, there wills be terrible trouble in the spirit world. In order to get the chief and the men near him before the camera I pretended to line them up to distribute cigarettes, and while my ! man was about to pass along with the cigarettes I snapped the shutter. |

“I do not know what would have happened to me if I had been discovered in the act of taking this picture. It is the first photograph of this celebrated chief. He is usually reported a cannibal, but my presence to-day in the land of the living is sufficient proof to the contrary. “] saw many deer heads in the chief’s camp and a large pair of mountain goat horns. I would have taken the goat’s horns, but they looked too old and rusty. The arrows presented by the chief are beautiful pieces of native workmanship. The heads of iron, carefully sharpened with pumice stone. I saw them doing the work, and it is an endless job. The head is held in place with .pelican sinews, tightly wrapped. The upper part of the arrow is of willow and the lower part of bamboo, bound with pelican sinews. There are small ornamental bands on the arrow and one of them looks as though it were put on with pitch. “The Seri Indians live largely on sea food, such ag turtle, fish and sea lions. They have prodigious skill with spears and venture out on rough seas in dugouts, that are handled with extraordinary skill. The Seris swim like ﬁéh, and their eyesight, in fishing and hunting, is so keen that they can see almost as well, it struck me, as a white man can with a marine glass.” - The report brought back from Tiburon island by Capt. Thompson is at variance with the traditional returns made by explorers and leaders of expeditions seeking gold or adventure. In the ‘past the Seris have always been pictured as cannibals, ruled by a race of Amazons. Tiburon has been classed as one of the world’s greatest geographical mysteries; and the race inhabiting this unknown island has been unclassified by scientists. Some authorities have regarded the Indians there as “renegade Apaches;” other equally high authorities have regarded them as the “last of the Aztecs.” This name is commonly ascribed to-day to the Seri Indians of Tiburon. .

The young medico promptly stiffened his legs and slid under the table. His astonished table mates looked at each other and then peered beneath the board to see what ailed him. “Is the trouble over?” he asked one of them. “Trouble? What troukle?”’ ' “Why, whatever it was.” : . “You must be daft. There is no trouble, and there has been none.” Reassured, the doctor crawled out rather sheepishly. “The drinks are on me,” he said. “I understood the man next to me to say to that whiter: “Damn ye, I'm go'n’ t’ kill ye!” and I didn’t intend to stop any stray bullets.”—Sunday Magazine. New York’s Numerous Schools. ‘New York city has 20 more school buildings for the opening of the new school year than there were last fall, and they will accommodate 26,000 children. Soon there will be four more schools for 6,550 pupils. The total enrollment this year is 640,000. .

THE ICE-HOUSE FOR THE FARM A NECESSITY NOT A LUXURY

We are told that all things come to the man who waits. This rule, however, does not apply to your next winter’s ice crop, forsthe summer of 1909, nor will it build that ice house that you have been going to build for the last 20 years. The crop of ice provided by nature, many times at your own door, will as usual be allowed to go. to waste, simply - because of its very abundance. 4ce is no. longer looked upon as one of the luxuries, but is now considered necessary on every well-regulated farm, not only for convenience and health, but as an investment that will as a rule .return very large interest on the investment. An ice house such as shown in the three illustrations may be built for a small sum on almost any farm. In fact much of the material for same will be found on " all' farms lying around idle and rotting. The cuts with this short specification wil] explain {how the writer has constructed several such ice houses. The house as shown is 16x20 on the ground and ten feet to the eaves. The roof is very flat and has only a four-foot raise or third pitch. : If it is possible to locate the house

-5 AN\ E / ot it e Y '-':-: G B et s P e BN ‘ Gt a R EICR e | , I g ST =T LR M S e - <)) ,} R e e S (RS L RN el e Lel @ { o ) NGRS EEEa eI e s b e T e =P N L T T o LT S 0] FECAs TS =T =l4B k T P T , MR g e e - U ‘, ua:ﬁa"éae:ueaﬁaeiéj . L R T R N e g Il Cross Section. . on sandy or gravel land it will not be‘ necessary to provide a drainage system .Simply excavate the trenches 24 to 30 inches deep and fill with broken stone to within 12 inches of the top. Upon the broken stone, build - your foundation of brick, stone or cement.

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Perspective View When Finished.

Many prefer the foundation to be of heavy wood timbers, as it is then much easier to keep out air and wind which wcould be fatal to your ice. A house of this size will hold between 60 and 70 tons of ice and it is supposed that the ordinary family will use from four to six tons each month. . Build an ordinary balloon frame with a heavy sill and studs -at least eight inches wide, ten would be better. Toe-nail studs in place and hold them with stay lath nailed on the outside. Now cover the inside walls with any rough lumber, nailing it wellSdo each stud with two or three ten-peR nails. The outer walls may be co¥y: ered with stock boards, boarded and down, or with six-inch drop siding, the latter to be preferred. If the siding be used, the wall may be filled as the siding goes up, while with the stock boards, the spaces must be filled from the top. The plate must not be nailed in place-until all of the spaces between the studs have been filled with sawdust, charcoal or fine chaff, sawdust to be preferred. The roof should have 2x6° rafters for a house of this size, but 2x4 timbers should be used for a house much smaller. = The roof may be covered 'with shingles or any of the prepared roofing felts. Let the eaves extend out over the walls not less than 18 or 20 inches to protect the wall from the sun. - The spaces between the rafters are left open for ventilation and a six-inch space is left at the peak of the roof its entire length/and a cap or cover is placed over this opening as shown. It should set at least two inches above the roof and be held in place with three-inch blocks nailed to the points of each rafter. A point not to be overlooked is that an ice house that will keep the ice must have a free circulation of air at all times above the ice but that the slightest current of air below will melt the ice very fast, also that an accumulation of water under the ice will be liable fo melt it very fast. The sills must be set in mortar, and after the house has been completed go over ihe foundation both inside and out and.fill every small hole with mortar and be sure that you have left no place for the air to enter. - The door at the rear is used only for filling the house with ice and as shown one stud is left out and the boards both inside and out allowed to project over the door studs. Loose boards are then filled in as the house is filled with ice and the space between the door boards packed with sawdust. The two front doors both" open out. The inner door is single and the outer door double, that is, two thicknesses of boards are used, one placed up and down end the inner thickness nailed ‘horizontal. Both doors should shut close and tight, and if nécessary have heavy, thick wool cloth tacked around the edge. e e As explained above, no drainage system will be necessary where the ground is sandy but.if the ground is of a clay nature, an underground drain must be built. Lay a wooden pipe in the ground, two feet below grade and about 16 feet long, allow one end to come imside of the ‘house

about three feet and fill in the floor with dirt to give slope to the drain. Covet each end of this drain with broken stone and fill with dirt to top of ground on the outside of house and fill the trench on 'the inside of the house with sawdust or straw. All ice houses should be painted or-~ white-

Tg T Vo -] 1 ” = i e . { |- 4 = i F 2 S 2 El L E g /C¢ : Nosan g ¥ . | B . B 2 5 I ‘V,i £ g ;;~_-.-.'.:.-(: -.—-:!-. ; ‘ H Cooling iHed; -1 g - - .0.l : 3 § {Poom : 5" é . 3 e e2] 'vmm’ Ground Plain—l6x2o Feet.

washed pure white to proteét them from the sun. e -~ The dotted lines on the floor plan show how one-may easily build a cooling room in an ice house and as no extra ice will be required to operate the_same one should be built by all means. Eggs, fruit, butter, etc.; stored over night may be taken to town in much better shape and will usually bring a better price. The walls may be of any lumber that will keep the sawdust from sifting through. As will be seen, doors open from the smalil hall;, one leading to the cooling chamber and one to the ice room. When filling the ice chamber, place eight or ten inches of sawdust or chaff on the floor first, pile the blocks as shown in the section, leaving ten or twelve inches between the ice and the wall on all sides, fill the spaces between the blocks of ice with broken

ice and pack the open space between the walls of the house and the ice with sawdust as the house is filled. If. weather'is cold and freézing when house has been' filled leave the doors open/ for several days before closing. After the ice is packed cover the top at least 18 to 24 inches deep with the sawdust or chaff, but do not allow the iee or the covering to interfere with the free circulation .of air béetween the open spaces of the rafters at'the eaves of the house.—Wallace’s Farmer.

- PLANT BREEDING : By Prof. N. O. Booth. While it has been known for years that there was a sex in plants the, practice of pollinating a chosen plant with pollen from another chosen plant is even yet in its infancy. These parent plants are chosen on account of certain qualities which it is hoped to transmit to the offspring and a wise" selection of parents is the Ssecret -of sucecessful plant breeding, : Variation in plants is ' infinite, no two being exactly alike, and this fact gives us an opportunity to select with certain objects in view, encouraging selected characters and suppressing others. -These variations are of two general sorts; bud variation and seed variation. The first term is given to those varieties which arise in different parts of the same plant; each bud, and the branch arising ‘therefrom never being quite like another bud, and its branch. Seed variation is that variation which shows in . different plants when they have been propagated by seed. The variation in this latter case is almost invariably greater than in the former. ‘Plants vary from a good many different causes, some of which are known and some others beyond our Kknowiedge; the one, however, which chiefly concerns us in this discussion, is dissimilar ancestors. A plant, like an ‘animal, tends to reproduce the characters of .its ancestors and if:these be dissimilar, the offspring will tend to vary, taking after one or another, or -combining the gqualities of several Thus plants grown' from seed will vary to a great extent in proportion as the parent types were or were mnol alike. Breeding dissimilar forms is commonly said to break the type; that is, it increases the tendency to vary. The breeding of similar forms manifestly has the opposite effect of fixing the type. This latter point is of great importance in breeding plants which are habitually propagated from seed, like our garden ‘vegetables. Here, after a certain degree of improvement is effected, the fype must ‘qualities will be reproduced from e it i e R e e Tl RN R e R L e G