Ligonier Banner., Volume 39, Number 24, Ligonier, Noble County, 8 September 1904 — Page 2

Conditions of the Present Cotton Crisis in England Great Br%jtain’s Greatest Industry Sadly Hampered for Lack of Raw Material. | j

: ANCASHlR}E.——Enghand is anxiously | looking forward " to the new cotton crop from America. | The partial failure of last year's erop and - the high price demanded for this staple -product- brought dire disaster to Lancashire industries from which it is hopefi the new crop will rescue them. ! Statistics tell us tha{t the cotton industry is England’s greatest industry; but a visit to Lancashir} will bring home the truth of that stdtement more convincimgly than any artray of figures. It is only necessary to see the gigantic warehouses of Manchester and the long procession of ‘“‘lurries” Lpiled up with hy-dranlically-compressfed shirtings and calicoes through its|streets, to realize what-is the ‘magnituhe and importance of the industry of which Manchester is the center. The numberof mills in Man-chester-itself is morefcomparatively limited, the tendency be}!ing to separate the places of production and exchange. How vast and complicated is the process of the disposal of the manufactured article a glance into the huge cotton exchange which stands in the heart of Manchester will show. - Good citizens of Manchester point with pride to the size of the exchange and its 2.000 members who 3swarm on the floor and overflow into the adjoining streets. Practically, only manufactured cotton is dealt with in Manchester, dealings in

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“spot” cotton—that is, cotton in bals, ready for delivery—being confined to the Liverpool exchange. Liverpool, curiously enough, has never been a manufacturer of cotton, and sees cotton oniy in transit on its way to and from Mag@x chester in one form or another.

To see cotton in the process of manufacture it is mecessary to leave that not very lovely 'city and journey to towns even less lovely. The visitor can take his choice of 50 good-sized towns within 20 miles of Manchester. He may go to Oldham and find a town the size of Edinburg quivering with the vibrations from countless mills; he may go to Bolton anpd find a town larger than Dundee, with mills in almost every street. Ash-ton-under-Lyne, Heywood, Middleton, Castleton, and Rochdale will give him ample opportunity of a further study of the process of manufacture, if his educa-

e o | I R [ :"i ; '4‘ /18 I‘“‘ ! é ("’tl;l‘ N A S R TR _ »‘{ I\ A S “ b\ W M‘ DR 0 ABS il BT e/ N W :::;//‘p';,"\\ ) e 1 ||| PP 7 '!,‘ ‘\(“u ;l‘ "‘l 1 \!!"\“\ p / i': A\ 1 | o \ \(\\",\ \t“ ._“:\\‘ 7 {\\ i f \\\\\\ \\' = AN N TS TN R, (e 9 il )7 AN, ] (A ¥ . i ~ YAI B v 2 J] ”;Muisé,uf S ‘!f" : S 5 ilil l / ;“;?,:, "/j‘ /': -df ', @, "/,_;/-////* I N~ 7N : “DRAWING"” THE COTTON, tion is not yet completed. One thing he will find difficult to decide is, which is the ugliest ofrall these swarming hives of industry. The cotton trade has brought many blessings to Lancashire, but it has destroyed the beauty of one of the prettiest counties in England. How pretty it was may be judged from the few remaining spots of beauty which the eotton mill and coal mine have left untouched.

In every respect the cotton trade is unique, but perhaps its most striking feature is the relations which exist between employers and employed- In no other industry is there the same mutual confidence and respect between masters . and men. Since the great strike, and its settlement by the Brooklands agree_ment, there has been peace, and the terms of that agreement seem to render any future strike out of the question. Under that agreement the representatives of the men have access to the books of the employers, and so the slidingscale of wages can be easily determined without friction or suspicion. ; Much misconception prevails with reB T e R R R A PR S e i;’"_‘

gard to the cause of the cotton crisis, and much indiscriminate criticism has been passed dn the American speculaters in “futures.” Although the action of those speculators has been detrimental to the trade,inasmuch as their dealings have tended ito unsteady the market and cause unnecessary fluctuation, speculation alone is powerless to fetter a great industry. The causes of the crisisareto e traced back far beyond the handful of gamblers in the New York or the New Orleans “pitfs.” The direct cause of the depression was the shortage in last year’s cropsi Within recent years there has been a tendency towards shortage, and that tendency was last year accentuated. Even if there had been no larger shortage, sooner or later a crisis would have come. fThe producing power of the world has g}own, and the area of cotton cultivation has not kept.pace with the growth of the manufacturing capacity. In a way the stoppage of the Lancashire mills may in time hurt the price of American ¢btton. England has for some vears been experimenting in a small way with the growing of cotton in its African dependencies. A-small degree of success has been attaired along the west coast of that continent and also in tho Soudan. but so.long as the American supply kept .the spindles going the experiments :attracted but little interest or attention. Now both the manufacturers and the working classes are clamoring for the development of the cotton

resources of Africa. They are calling the present crisis a sharp lesson in “latent imperialism,”” and say that had the latent cotton-growing resources of the empire been developed the crisisin the cotton industry could not have occurred. Government officials point to the fact that cotton of good quality has been grown for centuries in West Africa. Cotton, too, of a promising quality has been coming from the Soudan in small quantities; but Lancashire, satisfied with the American supply, and failing to foresee the “lean years,” forgot to “think imperially.” She has belied her proud boast of anticipating the thougkt of the rest of England, and her want of foresight has cost her dear. But the lesson has been learned, and with characteristic energy Lancashire has lost no time in taking steps to guard against disaster' in the future.

The shortage from which Lancashire is now suffering has perhaps only called attention to a problem wtich will be solved in time to avert a greater catastrophe to Lancashire and the empire. When the manufacturers of Lancashire found themselves face to face with the crisis -they rose to the occasion with admirable courage and energy. They instituted general short time—that is to say, it was agreed that the mills, instead of working 64hours a week, should only work for 48 hours. Recently it has been decided to still further reduce the working hours to 40. The object of this reduction was to reduce the demand for the raw article and prevent the: price from rising beyond a certain point. Had manufacture proceeded at the ordinary rate the price of cotton would have risen to such a point that manufacturers would have been unable to sell their products at a profit, and financial disaster would have overwhelmed Lancashire. Moreover, the reductions of output tended to minimize any of the evil effects of the speculation of the “cotton kings” in New York. The hardships entailed by short time have been borne without a murmur by the men, who are, naturally, the first to suffer from the crisis. Indeed, it is not alone ‘the men who are the sufferers. In almost no industry does female labor play S 0 lgnporta.nt a part. It is a common thing to find husband and a wife and children working practically side by side in the same mill. The workers, both men and women, recognize that the steps which the masters have been compelled to take are in their ultimate interests, and they cheerfully bear the immediate loss for the sake of the future, ‘Normal times are shortly expected to return; In the opinion of those best qualified to judge, the mills, on the arrival of the new crop, will be able to resume full time in October, and the crisis, 'the severest since the great cotton famine during the civil war in the Unite?xstates,’ will be over. :

| His Credit Was Good. “What was the price of it?” ' “Five dollars.”’ 4 “D’sou pay him net?” “Noj 1 paid him nil."—Eouston Post,

TREATMENT OF OBESITY. Great Caution Should Be Exercised in the Effort to Reduce : the Flesh. Many fat people have done themselves much harm by injudicious dieting in the attempt to reduce their superfluous flesh. It is a very simple matter to take off fat—anyone can do it by systematic starvation, but it is dangerously easy to reduce ‘the vital forces at the same time, and it is far better to be fat and hearty than slim and broken in health. The problem of how to reduce the flesh and at the same time maintain health and strength is one that has taxed the thought of many physictins, and has not yet reached a satisfactory solution, says Youth’s Companion. : o It is important for the physician to know, before beginning treatment, what is the cause of the obesity—whether it is an inherited tendéncy to put on flesh, or is unwise eating; and eating may be unwise as regards either quantity or quals ity. The patient’s habits must be known, and his or her idiosyncrasies as to various articles of diet; and the kind of obesity must. also be taken into consideration—whether the plethoric or the anaemic form. In short, it is the patient that must be treated, and not the disease. .

: It is possible here to indicate only the broad principles of treatment which it is understood must be modified more or less in almost every case. The treatment is dietetic and hygienic, for there is no drug capable of reducing flesh that will not at the same time probably reduce strength. If the person is a large eater the total quantity of food must be gradually reduced by decreasing the size of each meal a little—especially of breakfast. The eating of salads and green vegetables is advisable, but the starchy foods, such as potatoes and cereals, should be very sparingly used. For the same reason bread must be in great part given up. ~ Desserts and sweets of all kinds, especially candy, should be absolutely forbidden.

Fat, strange as it may seem, is less injurious than sweets—indeed,.it should never be entirely excluded from the diet, although it would be better to eat of it (in the form of butter or fat meat) very. sparingly. Skim milk or buttermilk may be taken, and so may eggs and meat, the latter once a day only. Tea and coffee may be drunk, but not with meals. Water should be taken only between and before meals—not while eating. Alcgholic beverages must not be used at all.. Exercise in the open air, preferably walking several miles a day, is imperative.. : AN INSOLUBLE MYSTERY. Pickled Pork Disaster That Befell Two Pennsylvania Dutchmen, Hans and Fritz. Gov. Pennypacker of Pennsylvania was reviewing the state militia at Gettysburg. A young staff officer described to him in a low voice some unimportant error that had been made, relates the New York Tribune. “But as to the cause of the error, sir,” he said, “that is a mystery.” Gov. Pennypacker smiled, “If it is a mystery,” he said, “it is like thé pickled pork disaster that befeil two Pennsylvania Dutchmen, Hans and Fritz.

“These two men bought a lot of pickled pork in partnership. They put it in a barrel, and stored it away in the cellar of Hans’ home. Now, Hans, thongh a Pennsylvania Dutchman, was dishonest. The combination is rare. “Well, the morning after the deal in pickled pork, Fritz met Hans on. the road. !

‘“ ‘Good morning, Hans,” he said. ‘ls there any news about our pickled pork?’ “‘Fritz,’ Hans answered, gravely, ‘there is news, and bad news. A strange thing has happened. It is a mystery to me.’ -

; “‘Well, Hans, tell me all about it,’ said Fritz. _ .

“ ‘Fritz, my friend, it was like this,’ said Hans. ‘This morning I went down cellar to get a 'piece of pork for my breakfast, and I put my hand down in the barrel, and I felt around in the brine, and there was no pork there. It was all gone—all gone completely. So then I turned up the barrel, and, as true as you are alive, the rats had eaten a hole clean through the bottom and dragged the pork all out.’ “Fritz was.amazed and stunned. ‘“ “Why didn’t the brine run out of the hole?’ he asked.

“‘Ah, Fritz,’ said the other, ‘that’s the mystery. That’s the mystery.’”’ :

Oranges Filled with Jelly. Take half a dozen oranges that are perfect; make a hole at the stem end about half an inch in diameter; take a teaspoon and remove the pulp, and then soak the oranges in cold water for an “hour; then scrape with the spoon until they are smooth inside; rinse with cold water, and drain on a cloth and put them in ice box. Prepare pink and clear orange juice,withthe juiceof twolemons added. Fill half of them with the pink, the other half with clear jelly, and when they are set’ wipe clean and cut each orange in four quarters. Heap them in 2 pretty glass dish for the table.— Household. ; Asparagus Soup. Slice the stalks crosswise, cook in salted water with a few green onions or a slice or two of old onion, a little spinach or parsley, if at hand, and add butter the size or a small egg; rub, when tender, through a colahder and return to the liquor; thicken with a scant tablespoonful of flour stirred into two-thirds teacupful of eream, and add a teaspoonful of sugar, if liked. Serve with tiny crackers, hot and crisp from the oven.— People’s Home Journal. :

Melodrama. : “My darling,” cries the hero, throwing off His disguise, “I am he!” : “And I,” falters the heroine, laying aside her reserve, “am she!” 4 Meanwhile the villian cowers in the corner. . \ “I am it!” he gibbers, for he has gone mad under the scrain. : Men may come and men may go, and all the time melodrama in its essestials is the same old story.—Pittsburg Press. : Drought in Roumania. Drought has almost destroyed the corn crop in Roumania, and the government has prohibited its exportation,

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RELIGIOUS INSTRUCTION HAS A PROMINENT PLACE. THE BASIS OF EDUCATION Was So Considered by the Founders of the Empire’s School System, Says Prof. Patten of North- _ western University. Berlin.—The founcers of the present plan of school training for the German youth proceeded upon the conviction that definite religious character lies ut the basis of all true education and citizenship. Therefore in all the schools the first study one meets on the schedule is.““Religion.” This is given for two hours a week during the entire school course, except perhdps in Bremen and Hamburg, where it isomitted during the last two years. The child goes to school at six years of age. He is required by law to attend the common school studies until he is 14. He may go further, in the higheér schools, until he is 18. At the latter age he is supposed to have completed his education for business life, but is just ready to enter upon his professional preparation in the university. During the years of his school life he has thus become familiarized with the Scrip‘tures and has been instructed in the things a Christian ought to know. i 1 have been investigating : this instruction of ‘“religion” in the Prussian schools, studying the plan 'and’ the method of instruction, in several of the ‘most famous of the Prussian schools. No stranger is allowed to go to a school as a casual visitor. He would be turned ‘back by the vigilant “porter,” whe carefully guards the school from all intrusion of unauthorized visitors. One must obtain special permission from the minister of public instruction, which has to be secured through the American ambassador. Having secured such permission, I selected the Friederiche Wilhelm gymnasium and its preparatory school, together with the Kaiser Wilhelm real gymnasium, as desirable. The director of the school received me cordially, introduced me to the teachers, gave me the schedule of the school work and invited me to select the classes which I desired to inspect. Thusl was present from day to day listening to the recitations, observing the method and noting the material gone over. At six years of age, for the first half year, the little tot is set to learn three simple prayers and about ten passages of Scripture: These he is to know thoroughly. They are gone over again and again. The second half year this material is doubled. The third half year further memory material is given, and in addition thé Decalogue is learned. Thus onward step by step the child isled into a knowledge of the history of the Old Testatment characters—patriarchs, kings, poets, prophets, the New Testament writings, with the life and teachings of Christ, the Acts, the Epistles, ete. The German youth is also instructed in the principles of church history and in the church creeds. Here comes now an interesting question: Since these chil-

TRADES OLD LOVE TOKENS Society Man Puts in ‘“Hock” Symbols of Affections Belonging to Girl Acquaintances. : A society man whose perfect dancing, according to the Baltimore Sun, is the envy of all the men he knows and the admiration of all the women, stopped on Charles street the other day to greet an acquaintance. : “I'm amusing mself Fhis morning selling old jewelry,” said the society man. “Old jewelry! Whose?” queried his acquaintance. : : “Why, the returned love tokens of a lot of girls I know. Things they have given men whom they adored for 4 brief season and with whom they exchanged gifts of jewelry, which, like the' cat, ‘came back’ when a coolness ensued. ‘“But the funniest part is their reasons for parting with these souvenirs of affection—they want the money to buy mementos for other men who have supplanted the first in their changing affections. Hence my mission to the pawnshops and dealers in old gold.” = He drifted away to seek 2 sign of three balls, humming the waltz that was played at the Spielgartenfest and jangling in his pockets the love tokens, some of which were worn as pledges of never-dying affection on that occasion,

dren must come from homes of ¥arious religious beliefs, how is trouble in this direction avoided? ' Everybody is supposed to be .Evangelical (that is Lutheran), Catholic or Jewish. The dissenter, as such.-{,has no standing. The vast majority of the population in Prussia is Evangelical. All the teachers belong to the faith and the plan of religious instrictions assumes this as the prevailing faith. But in order to satisfy Catholics'and Jews, wherever there are in any school ;large numbers of such, the Catholic priest or the Jewish rabbi comes in twice a week and instructs his respective flock. In sorhe parts of the empire where Catholics predominate the Catholicinstructionand Catholic teachers ars found in-separate schools. Yet it cannot be said that the Catholics or Jews are altogether' satisfied with*this arrangement, for the atmosphere of the school and the personality of the “Evangelical”’ schools are not to their liking, and there is a steady move for independent schools. What now is the value of this religious instruction in religion? . ’ To have an education permeated with knowledge of the Bible and the relation of the Bible to character and civilization is certainly a good thing. Morally and religiously it is surely beneficial. Intellectually it is also very desirable. An educated man should certainly be able to interpret his own literature. He assuredly cannot do this intelligently if he be ignorant of the Scripture, which the best.writers so constantly use. The German boy is far ahead of the American boy ip his knowledge of the Bible. Our American boys who come to college are notoriously ignorant of the Scriptures. The German method of inparting Scriptures seems superior to our American Sunday school methods, for the boy is required‘éo know this as he does every other subject. His teachers in ‘“religion” are thoroughly equipped, strong mien, skillful teachers. This cannot be said of our average Sunday.school teacher in America. Yet it must be conceded that mere knowledge of Scripture history, etec.. does not necessarily make a religious person. That depends upon the attitude of the will, which may accept or reject the religious ideals as a guide in practical life. : : There is much unrest over this matter of religious instruction in the schools. Radicals in religion claim that the instruction is old-fashioned and narrow, not up to date, out of line wijh modern investigation. The social democrats, who are opposed to the state church, are not in favor of it. Yet it must be said that the teachers themselves feel the need of improving the method and of enriching their work. At the core, however, it is good, and is only to be deprecated if it means that by this method alone ‘“Religion” is to be taught. It must be reenforced by the home and the church. : ! We are agitating in America anew the question of religious instruction in the schools. It is nothing short of a calamity that the Bible is practically cast out of our system of instruction, through fear of sectarian bias. We are vet, it must be hoped, to find some way of placing this classie, along with the other world classics, in the hands of all our college men and women as an instrument of their culture. : AMOS W, PATTEN.

DYE-MAKING PROLONGS LIFE Manufacture of Colors from Coal Tar Has Good Effect—Malignant Diseases Unknown. The best and healthiest gade is that of dye-making from coal tar, There is no manual work that comes near it, for tar and the smell of it is the best of all tonics and tissue builders. The average life of a tar worker comes out at 86 years. The mortality is 80 per cent.lower than in any other factory trade. Malignant diseases are almost unknown in aniline dye factories, and even in epidemics the workers suffer very little. And there is nothing like a tar works for keeping off influenza. Yet the work of actually making the tar, which falls to the gas and coal wofks, is virulently unhealthy, because of the sulphyr fumes; but when the tar is “finished” it brinis with health and strength, and the weakliest men improve while working it. Eighty-six years is a marvelous average when we remember that the average length of life for the whole population is only 49. - : A Sight Draft. e “Thé bill for the picture;” said the tattooist, “will be $50.” , “All right,” replied .hlz‘, customer; “Just draw on me.’—Houston Post.

POINTS ABOUT CAS STOVES With Proper Planning They Can Be Used Cheaply and Very . Satisfactorily. If a gas storeis cared for properly in the everyday routine, it is a simple matter to keep it clean. It need never be blackened, but a weekly washing inside and out with soap and water and a stiff little brush, followed by a thorough drying off, with the oven burners lighted, will keep it bright, says Good Housekeeping. The daily care means an immediate removal of anything spilled or spattered on the stove or in the ovens. The slide tray under the burners should be washed daily, serubbed, if necessary. Otherwise it soon becomes crusted over with dust and grease. If the gas flame is red or blows, try relighting, first letting the gas flow a few seconds. If this does not remedy the trouble, there is probably a collection of dust or other foreign matter, which interferes. Brush out the burner openings carefully and then light the gas directly at the cock. in order to burn out the dust. A persistent trouble of this sort should be referred to the gas company. b

In lighting the oven the torch or pilot } should always be used and then turned | off. This is simply for lighting, not for 1 heat. Another precaution, which ‘cer- | tain housekeepers have been known to | neglect, is never to leave the broiling pan in the oven, when it is not in use.s It becomes roughened and burned if left in the heat when empty. One little | habit of ill-regulated gas burners is | their “popping” when lighted. This is J the result of an oversupply of air and can be regulated by turning the “mixer,” the open cap-shaped arrangement close to each handle. After seven or eight years’ use, the oven may need a new lining. It is economy to have it put in as soon as it is needed. "

With proper planning, a gas range can be used very cheaply and that without deprivation in any line of cooking. Some appliances which make this possible are the steam cooker, which cooks many dishes over one burner, and the section saucepans in groups of two or three, which can also be used over one burner. Many housekeepers have found a one-burner oven which sets on the top of the range a decided economy and say that it soon pays for itself in the gas saved. This also solves the probleny of a warming oven, the absence of which is the one objection to the gas range.

For most families, it is worth while to have sheet-iron baking sheets made to fit the oven. And a slide tray for the bottom of the oven, like the one under the burners, makes it easier to keep the oven clean. Another appliance, whica

is new, is a wire screen for the top of the broiling oven. This is of wire netting strengthened at the four sides with strips of sheet iron or tin. It actsasa flame-spreader, and prevents ~ the scorching ‘of any food which is being broiled or roasted in the lower oven. It slips in on the upper support just below the flame, while the meat or toast is on the shelf below. A toaster for the top burners is made on the same principle, the toast being held on two wires just above a small wire 'screen of similar construction.

A cast-iron lid for the top burner is a great convenience for heating flatirons and for cooking griddlecakes, while a sheet-iron Ilid, which becomes nearly red hot, is excellent for toast making. The range should be set on zinc for convenience in cleaning and its position in the room should be carefully considered. If possible, haveitnearthe meter, thus saving superfluous pipe-laying, also have it near enough to the window for coolness but never in a draft. If one will take the trouble to read her own meter, which is a simple enough matter, she will find it quite worth while.

WHIMS IN DRESS DETAILS.

Decrees of Fashion in the Matter of Adjuncts to the Season’s Costumes. .

The narrow belt is a thing of the past. Bags in burnt orange tint are the latest. '

The new styles call for button trimming. ’

Plenty of batiste is used, and any amount of lace.

Jeweled lace is to be used for yokes, tabliers and fronts.

-Braided handles in brown tones appear on the newest tan bags. 4 To match costumes' in various shades there are bags of mottled seal. Chameleon taffeta is the modernname for old-fashioned shot silk. Linen coats are elaborately embroidered, often with a touch of gold. The kimono shape remains a favorite for smart cloaks for day and evening wear. ol

Dust cloaks are now regarded as deserving of as much attention éjz the frocks themselves. Chenille braids in various colors and in shaded effects will figure largely in next season’s millinery. The bird of paradise plume will divide favor with the ostrich feather during the coming season, says the Brooklyn Eagle. ;

Every tone of mauve and every shade of brown mixed with yellow and green figure on the dresses and in the millinery for summer wear, although white is the leading hue. ; f Sweet Plum Pickle. : Wash and prick large egg or blue plums. Make a syrup in the proportion of five pounds of sugar to a pint of vinegar; spice to taste with cloves, cinnamon and mace, bring to a boil, skim and drop in the fruit. As soon as the plums are scalded through take out the fruit and pack in jars. Cook the syrup until quite thick and pour over the plums. Seal. If during th: first month the plums show any signs of fermenting, which they seldom do, set the:cans, uncovered, in a kettle of cold water, bring to a boil, then sea! again.—N. Y. Herald. - Cheese Custard. ¢ :

Butter a baking-dish, put in a layer of bread cut in pieces one inch square with crust removed, sprinkle thin-sliced zheese over the bread, dust with salt and paprika, or a few grains of cayenne, Add other layers of bread and cheese, seasoning as before, using in all half a small loaf of bread, one cup of cheese and half a teaspoonful of salt. Beat two eggs silghtly, add one pint of milk, and pour the mixture over the bread and cheese. Bake about half an hour in & mogderate oven.—Boston Budget.

A 0 J“ ga (Qﬁ G A JETEXR ;‘?/. A 2 ‘ ﬂ@ 7, . ’2! LD GBS UANSS Sy v N RBs =t ORIGIN OF ANIMAL HUMPS. French Writer Presents a Theory Which Is Interesting Scien- ‘ tific Men Everywhere. | An interesting study of the origin of animal humps, such as are found on the camel, and a comparison with curious lumps that occur on=the neck and shoulders of native porters in Madagascar, which appear to have arisen from anal¢gous causes has been made by a French writer, M. Devaux, whose paper on the subject, read originally before the Societe de Biologié, is thus noticed in the Revue Scientifique:” - ‘ “M. Devaux was struck with the hump found on the back of the neck of Malagasy porters. This class of persons is alone affected, and the origin -of the tumors may be quite well determined. They - consist of large wens, often three -in . number, one on the neck and one om each shouldar, and due to traumatism. In fact, the Malagasy porters carry two burdens, of almost equal weight, suspended at the ends of a bamboo pole resting on- the shoulder at its middle: They walk thus for days with;minimum weights of 40 to 60 kilograms (88 to 132 pounds). They change shoulders when tired (which explains the two humps), and for this purpose they slide the pole (which is greased) over the muscles of the neck. Besides thig, the bamboe pole, while resting oﬂ"? the shoulder, -is always in contact with the neck, which explains why the middle tumor is _the largest.

“The mechanism of the formatign of humps in the zebra, the blson, an%‘ the dromedary is identical, according to M. Devaux—a curiousg and interestinganalogy. In the zebraand bison-the hump is found just at the level of the angle of flexion of the neck on the vertebral column, at the moment when the animal browses—a very pronounced angle, beeause the neck is relatively short, and the natural tumor, therefore, develops at the exact place where the cellular tissue is compressed by the knotty apophyses of the last cervical vertebrae. In the dromedary the hump in the middle of the-back is found at the angle of flexion formed by the vertebral column when the animal kneels, and here also the apophyses form a bony eorner > which penetrates roughly into the cellular tissue. In all these cases the pressure results in the formation of serous pockets, subcutaneous injury, and the accumulation of serum; only in theanimal these wounds are of internal origin; while in man they are external.

“The author should have tried also to give a similar explanation of the double hump of the camel, which is much less easy to understand. . . . The nutritive reserve which would appear, from the standpoint of natural selection; to be the reason for these humps, may possibly be localized in points that —other factors have already indicated. In any case the animal’s hump .is hereditary. May it become so in the case of the Malagasy porters?”’ . . )

ALARM THAT WORKS WELL.

Any Bright Young Man Can Make One at an Expense of But a Few Cents, = .

A young man with any mechanical -ability can easily make the following electric-alarm. It will ring at the hour set, and will keep ringing until the switch is turned off. There is no rolling over for another nap. - The necessary materials are an electric bell, a few feet of annunciator wire, a switch, a dry battery, a left-handed screw of any size wire and thread (it can best be made from one and a halfinch stove bolt), a square piece of Norway iron, say one and a quarter inches by one-eighth inch thick, with a hole tapped out in center for left-hand bolt to fit, and a piece of brass three-quarter inch by two and a half inches. Any piece of spring metal will do if you cannot get brass. : The alarm illustrated is mounted on a neat little box; e, about 15 by 6 inches. It holds eight batteries, - Akhough one is all that is necessary forythe alarm, by using several and a switch of several

A@) G Rl — a D e COMPLETED ALARM AND PARTS. points you can ' connect with other apparatus. ¥ 1 Screw the bell on box in any desired position. Fasten on switch, the most convenient place beingat one end. Place battery inside box. To make circuit connecter screw a thin piece of board on back of box at ¢. Bore a small hole in this exactly same height as center. of ring which winds alarm spring on back of clock. Next screw on a small piece of iron, n, over hofe, and through this put bolt, k. half its distance. Screw on board one end of brass piece; 8, so it will just touch bolt, k. On the other end of bolt place a small piece of wood three-quarter inch by one and oneguarter inch. Saw a slit across one end to admit alarm ring. A small hole can be bored through the wood and the bolt screwed through, which will hold. Countersink head three-eighthsinch. =

Now wire from one pole of battery to binding post on bell, opposite post on bell to post on switch, point on switch to brass, 8, on board; e. Next wire from iron, n, to battery. Now you are done. . When the alarm- goes.off the unwinding of the alarm spring screws the bolt against the brass and malkes connection. To make a neat job, run wires insideé of box, ‘with small nail holes at posis to run through.—E. A. Watson, in American Agriculturist. ; ° Any Way Out of It. ‘ Mrs. Flareup—l believe that nothing: would make you so happy as my death. ~ Mr. Flareup—Oh, I don’'t know. A ' divorce would suit me just as welL—’-‘ | Ally Sloper, sl et

LATEST LIFE-SAVING GUN. Improved Means of Sending a- Line to a Wreck Highly Praised -by Technical Men, When, owing to fog or storm, a ship is wrecked anywhere along an inhabited coast, prompt efforts are made on shore ® to rescue the ' passengers and crew. Where a regularly-organized life-saving service exists it is customary to keep, in addition to a suitable boat, means for throwing a line!to the stranded vessel. ‘This, having been made fast to the ship and also on land, is used as a sort of railway on which a peculiar form of buoy, or a life car, is made to travel toand fro. To establish the first: communication with the wreck it is customary to attach one end of the line to a light projectile that is fired from a gun. If the aim is aceurate and the velocity sufficient the shot will go over and beyond the vessel and fall so as to bring the line within the grasp of the sailors. The rest of the work is comparatively easy. One of the latest improvements in such work relates to the form of the gun. Unti] recently the latter has alL—‘ N b > }WJ o ‘y’é 7L4 ll‘ e — i [ . o R % W T . 'ﬁ\\\*\ SRI 8 AR e MM i =/ IR 1 /// = "/""’, ] //’////// 17 e \EUII e e ) - ; ;‘E/ll" " &l’ ,’,{‘, // -‘/ /4";/"::' ); ! / "! /j, /1 W ":‘:."‘;;:' Sj ! ,l;".’:."i:‘;:‘.,."”';;‘ \ [ i e\ > | e ———A oe e e NEW LIFE-S'AVING GUN. . ‘ways been a muzzle loader. By degrees a breech loader is now being substituted. To get the best results the gun should be adapted to conditions of darkness, cold and wet weather, which conditions ar# directfy opposed to the successful working of the muzzle-loading gun, with its ‘unprotected powder charge bags, 'its open bore pointing skyward and closed at the lower end, forming a natural receptacle for water, and its open igniting primer and wooden carriage, which’ must be securely tied down to prevent recoil. Speaking of the new system, the Scientific American says: “The improved life-saving gun__is ‘considerably less-than -three feet 'in length, and is built of steel and a special bronze alloy, which resists:tae action of salt air and water. The gun tapers from the breech, where the greatest strain comes, to a diameter of five inchesat the muzzle. A special self-locking mechanism, at once the simplest and havirg the fewest working parts of any yet devised, closés the rear of the bore in such a way that any water finding its way-inte the gun will be instantly drawn out. ‘The firing hammer with its safety devics is actuated by a lanyard, and relies wholly on the pull of the gunner, all the springs and delicate latches ordinarily used in army cannon being _entirely eliminated. To prevent the troublesome and dangerous jumping back of the gun when fired it is provided with simple liquid recoil checks attached to the trunnions and operating very similarly to the common door check. Instead of having the powder charge in a'loose woolen bag open to moisture, it is contained, together with its primer, in a hermetically sealed bronze'cartridge core, which slips easily into the breech of the gun. After the cartridge has been inserted and the ‘breech closed the projectile carrying the line is inserted in the muzzleand shoved home. This projectile is a cylindrical shot, rounded elliptically at the inner end and having means for securing the shet line at the outer end.” ) i

THE TOOTHPICK INDUSTRY.

One County in_Maine Supplies Ninety - Per Cent. of the Product Used in America.

“The fame of American manufacturers may be said to be in everybody’s mouth,” sazd the representative of a Maine toothpick factory. “Up in Maine, and particularly in' Franklin county’s wide stretches of ‘white birch, are the miils that supply 90 per cent. of the toothpicks used in this country. £

“Poplar wood is sometimes used; but the white birch, on accolunt of i{ts pliabil~ ity and forest odor, gives a practical “monopoly to Maine forests. During the spring over 100 men are employed on machines each of which can clip out almost a million a day of the sharp wooden slivers that help to keep down dentists’ bills. “What are termed the fancy or orangewood toothpicks are not made in this country, nor could we duplicate them at four times the price. In the country districts of Spain and Portugal these picks are sharpened like needles and smoothed laboriously by young girls who are paidthe munificent sum of five cents a day. “The Japanese toothpick is probably the best and is in increasing demand. This toothpick is fashioned from very fine reed; and, while delicate and thin as-tissue paper, it is stronger and more pliable than our clumsy product. - “My experience teaches that tha American habit of chewing a toothpick on the street and elsewhere is decadent. However, without this gratuitous advertising, the demand is constant.”—N. Y. Sun. : o

RICH MACHINIST A REALITY

Once Abhorrent to Men of Fashion, "~ Millionaires Are Now Proud : of Skill in That Line.

I “fn my time,” said an old broker to a Cincinnati Enquirer reporter; “machinery was al;horrent to men of fashion. Black grease, befouled hands, revolving wheels, and the ugly odor of ooil were things unknown in good society. Comsider the change. The motor car, the naphtha launch, the automobile boat and the motor cycle have made machinists of us all. It is as needful for a millionaire to-day to be wise about spark plugs, oil-cups and battery wires as it was needful in the past for him to be wise about cobs, hackneys and high-steppers. Machinery plays so big a part in the luxuries of modern life that a rich man to-day, is proud of being a good machinist, just as he would have been proud ten ago of being a good fencer or ‘w iy Y sR A TR